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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http : //books . google . com/ p^ T H R MONTHLY REVIEW; O R, I.ITERARY JOURNAL: Fiom January to June, imiujwe. M,i)CC,LXXVII, By several HANDS. VOLUME LVI. ::SC LONDON: Printed 6>rR*GEiFFiTH8: And Sold by T. Bbckit, Corner of the Adelphi, Strand M,DCC>LXXV1I» TABLE T O T H E Titles, Authors Names, &c. of the Publi- cations reviewed in this Volume. N. B. For REMARKABLE PASSAGES, \n thc Extra£fSy fcetjie INDEX, at the End of the Volume. British Publications. ^\ For the Contents of the Foreign Articlej, in the Appendix, fee the laftPage of this Table. ACA»iMT,Itoya]. SeeDxscouiss* AOtlCULTUSA, 67 At KIN on eke Application of Natural Hifiory to Poetry, 339 All the Worlc*t a Stage, 395 American War, Parr.phiets relative 10, 651 '♦S* »S*» a29» 400. 4^7» 47? Ai«i>a I B tfn the Goaoriboea, tig ANSTY*t Latin Epift ley 156 I tranflated, 479 Answer to Burke*» Letter to the She riffi of Brifto), '' m. by Topham, Antioiabolaby, Apfial to the Unprejudiced, A«T of Conterfing, Asset Ears, a Fable, Athins, Spirit of> ATscovca*s Semiramis, B iEattiiN Bffayi on Titith, Be A UT 1 11 of Biography, Beatan. SeeBoxHiLL. Bj^vxah, aa Indiia Pafloral, 469 47* 66 480 »91 41S 66 &c. 409 69 >S7 BcN Mo s Die ax's Inquiry, 196 Bcntley*s Phalarlsj new Edit* 133 Bl A I a *3 Sermons, ayS Bos TH VICE on the Extraflion of the Chryftaiinc Lens, 219 BoxHiLL, a Toem, 3131 Ba K M N K a on Concert Mufic, ib. Ba I Er ber. r:ption of London and Weft- nrvtnfler, 6<^ BaucKSHAW^s Trial, 333 Bau^TUiy of Cicero, tranflated, 8S BuK*KB, John, bis Tr;in(Ijuon of Tif- fot*5 Letter to Zimrricrman, 481 — — , Edmund, his Letter to the She- riA's of Bj tflol, - 46y — ^-— ', Anfwerto, 469 Sutler's Faft Sermon before theHoufe of Commons, 78 C. ('^Amerom*s Vcrfion of Fingal, i85 i CardAle*s Ir q iry, 40X Cartwiight*s Letters on Fenriale Lou- cation, 39t CiiAMFioN*sRefleflions on i^arties, &c. 66 Ckandlbr*! Paraphrafe on the Gala- tiAi.s, &c« , 16 X A a Cha* CONTENTS •/ CHAtACTXiiSt of Sutefmen, a^o , by Lord Cheflerfield, 293 I ■ f ■ reviewed^ Chaiade, Treatifcon, 394 CNBSTIRriE&D. See CMAIACTKSt* Ck I M If B Y s, Treattfe on, 417 CLAiKK*t Abridgment of tbePftAalSU' tutet, ^lO CoMBKEy. Dr. hit Traoflation of Theo- ' ddret, ^» m hi? Pnblicetieii of Sir Chr. WendetiM't ^ook of InftrEc- tsons, 4^ Conduct of the Primitife Fathers, 486 CoKfiniBATlONi on the OlBce of Co- roner, a 30 Coop EB, Mrs. her Jane Shore, 6S ■» Dr. See Letter. CbikttPifnvtftct with the Renew crt, 1^0, %y% ji«, 407, 487 D. DA.CosTA*sConchol6ey9 9E Dale*8 Supplement to Calcula- tions, 155 Dabwall*s Political LamcAtatioos, 390 DltiTf natlbht). See ^tohi. iDtLieATE Grimes, 475 Dt LoL'UE*s Hiftor}rof tht Fhgellanti, Bts Enfans, M. his Lettre a Mad. Montague, 153 ■ ■' ■ tranflalcd, ib. D1A80LIA0, 155 » Additions to, %%$ DlABOLADV, 155 DoBsoM, Mrs. bet Dialogue tn Friend- fliip, ftS9 PoDD*8 Oration at Free Malbns* Hall, IS* Double Delusion, 309 DbwNM Alt's Infancy, complete, y^s DucHSssof Devonlhire's Co vtr, 477 Dui^x ofDevonihire*sBull, 478 1:. "tTDwAEDs'sFofliology, 151 J2/ Elects ICAL Eel, 313 fiLEGY on the Death of Sir Charles Saunden, 478 ; on a Ltdy's Lbnet, 4-9 XMEasoN'sMifcelianies, 68 Sn F I E L D*s Biographical Sentaons, 403 Img LIS 11*9 Elegy on Adminl Saunders, 47« £rsjcine*s DifcoorTe on the American War, 401 — — .^— Equity and Wifdom, &c* — Reflexions on the Confe- quences. Sec, ib. Est AY a, Commercial, &e. ^ 149 Etert Farmer his own Cattle DoAor,. F. FAcTs, authenCie l^irrative of, rela- tive to the Cedars, ftc. 153 Fakck's Account of an improved Steam Engine, ^,3^ Falconer's Experiments and Ooferva- tions on flxibU Air, &t. 304 Fab ME B on Chrift's Tempution in the Wildcrnefs, 3d Edition, 314. F ABB SB un the Rickets, zit Fen», Inquiry into the great Level of, 39* FiBBtB*s Travels through Italy, aS Fib ST of April. 394 Fitzgebald's Letter to the Dire^tura of the Eaft India Company, 398 Flagellants, Hiftory of, 35S FoBPYC£*s Addrefles to Young Men, .353 FoBEloN CornfpcnJenci, See Reviews for March, p. «itf ; May, p. 38a. See alfo (tor the Contents of thefe) the Caieral Jndeje, FoBSTEB*s Voytte found the World, 266 ■ continued, 457 Fbee Theughta on the American Con* tcfts, 4^5 G# Gamblsbs, a Poem, 479 GstLEBT*sMetalhxr^cCh^n)ifb7, ia Gem TOO Laws, 368 Gb A Y*s Latin Odft ifnitattd, 3 14 Gbiffith, Mrs. her Trinflation of Pes Enfans* Letter to Mti. Montagu,. >53 , Dr. his Obfcrvationt ou Fevers, %%j Goats Beard) a Fable, 1913 Goldsmxth*s Survey of Experimtntai Phtlofophy, 329 Gu Y fti cancerous Cafes 48a T TActEY, tPoete» 15^ JLj[ Hamilioa, Sir Williafh, his mtfg- nificent account of Vefuvius, Jlrc. 380 Hamway's tbt ENGLISH BOOItS. IlikMWAT^t Solitude in Impriroamenty Haimowt of Troth, Part II. 485 HAWKiKs'iHiftoryofMufic, 137 - contiaoed, 270 Hbatr Hilt, a Poem, 31a HsKOic Epiftle from Dooiu Y Ruiz, to ilichardTwift, Efq; 311 ■ Aofwcr frou^ Richard Twifs, £fq; . ^ sn Hii.L*8 Pictas RediJigenfit, 7s HoRJK Solitane, 4S6 HoBKX*! ComaieAtazy om tlie Plalmi, I « Letter to Smith, 403 Hot XL, a Farce, 66 UOMK. See LirK. SeeSuppizMFNT. HuBo't Sermons at Liacoin*s Inn, 20 ■ Fail Sermon before the Lords, HrtHy Sec Hbath- HILL* Lbttbb from Voltiirc to the Freoch Academy, m%^ to Courtney Melmoth, 391 ■ ■ from an Officer at New York, 39$ to Dr. Price, 4^ ^*— to Adam Smith, 40* to Dr. Cooper, 471 LxTTEES on the Worfliip of Chrift, 41 ■ on Materiaiifm, Arc. 8r from M, Montcalm, 306 — : of Valent, 307 ■ to Soame Jenyai, ^3^ ■ from General Wafhingtoo» Lib HAL lofpeaitn of the Gtfpel, LiFK of David Humci teS — . Supplement to, 4!^ Li N D s B Y *t Seqoel to his Apology, 14 ■ Objefllons to, 367 Lion eitricated, 479 London and Wcfbnin^r de&ribcd, 69 LoTT*a Propoials, i^j JA V B S H OB B to her Friend, 6S Inocvlatyon, of the Snull-Pox, ▼indicated, 481 IvQuiRY into the Opinions of the Learned, ftc concerning Chrift, 296 ■ relatini^ to the Fens, 392 < to the Worihip of Chrift, 40 X IxsTBUcTioNS of B Duchcfs to hcf Son, 39» Insurancx in Lotteries confidered, John the Painter^s Motives, 301 ————— Trial of ^95 Ghoft, 477 JoNxs's TraaDation of Cicero's Brutus, 88 JoNNsoif*s Sermoft on the Riches of Cod's Grace, ^^^ 315 7» K Ecio on Secret Prayar, L A/< «n OB HX*a Country Joftice, Part liL 477 I.BTTIB to Lord Chatham, 65 !■ to the Corporation of Sur- geons, 30s ■ to the Duchefs of Devonfttire, 388 ■■ Second Letter to ditto, ^89 M. AcLAiKx'a Letter to Soemc Jo* ._ nynsj ^ ^ 411^ AR TYN*s Addre fs to the lohabitanti of St. Ann, WeftminAer, ^§^ " Elements of Natural Hifloty^ 474 Mason's CarsAacus, altered for the . Stage, 66 Mii.MOTii*s Liberal Opinions, Vols. V. and VI. att Pupil of Pfcaibre^ ib^ Meyfr's Method of making Miasrli Collf^ions, 397 MxLxs»AN, a Comic Opera,. 39^ Minutes of Mathews's Trial at New- York, 2 3« MODfRH TrtTcHer, x^ Monody to the Memory of the Duchefs of Northumberland, »3g Mo N B O'^Pr^lt&tones Medit^^ 3 97 MoNTOALM^s Letrers, 30^ MoR DEC Ai's Eighth Le'.ter, 296 More, MiXs, her Ode to Mr, Garrick's Dog> 314. N. NOoRTHoucK*sHiftorical andClaC fical Dictionary, ago KoRTM Ameflc»n Gazetteer, 70 vi CONTENTS 0/ o. OBjiCTiows to Lindfcy's Interpre- tation of the firft i4Vcrresof John, 367 Observations on We(]ey*s Calm AddrefSy Odi to Dragooj Ogilvik*s Roiia. Second 401 96 Old Serpent*! Reply to the £le£lrkal • Eer, 47g pasiAN. SeeCAMiRov* OvxBBUBYy Sir Thomai^ a Tragedy, 131 P. PAaLlAMBNTAMY Rfgifter, 47ft PiACK the beft Policv, 308 Px A R ex's Commentary on theEvange- lifis, 123 ■ I concluded, 194 Pxa CI VAX.*s Experimental E flays, 120 — — Father's Inftru^ions, Vol. 11. PxTZRs's Agncultura, 67 PaiLosoTHicAL Tran/a6Uons, Vol. LXVl. Part », 373 FoK MAT A — a Gilberto Wakefield, 3 14 P01TICAL Frenzy, 394 Political Paradox, 229 Pownal's Letter to Smith, 117 PxxsTwiCH on Poifons, 302 Pxicx, Dr. his Notions of Liberty re- futed, X52 »M his additional OkfervatunSt Sec, H3 PBiN,c;UkfDircodi:re oi^referving tha HealtBofMunne^s, : ^^9^ Po Es 0 1 T tSiCi Happinefs*- 313 RAsPX*sTranflation of Ferber*s Tra- ▼eis, 28 KxAsoNS for the late Increafe of the Poor's Rates, 309 RxxLtcTiONS on Gaming, &c« 169 RxMAaxs on the Efidence, dec. deli- vered by Mr. Glover, concerning the Petitioa of the Weft-India Merchants, Robinson's • Peace the beft Policy,* 308 Rooxas on the Thirty- nine Articles, 7* Ros I 's Elements of Bofany, 139 RosENSTXiN on theDifeafes of ChiU dreo, 3^C Rowley's Poems, a^f ■ continued, 321 -^— ■ ■ ' concl6ded, 445 Rural Improvements, 67 Rutty's Obfervations 00 the Difpenfa- -tories, ^ 24! — ^— ^ Materia Medica Antiqua, ftc. ih, R Y L A N D*s Preceptor, 7 1 S. SAtTNDXRS, Admiral, Elegy on, 47S Savagx's Tragedy of Sir Thomai Ovcrbury, 131 S cm et ley's Six Quartettos, 31* Scott's lrttrolu61ion to Reading, 158 Select a Quxdam ex Plinii Hift. Nat. 70 Semi a AMIS, a Tragedy, 66 Sentimental Oifcourfes, by t Lady^ Seiaglto, a Comic Opera^ Seemons, by Hun), by Tucker, by Blair, ' by Smith, by Johnfon, &c. I Gilbert's Bill, > on Weft-India DiieafeSj 311 388 480 473 473 RXMXMBRANCXa, RxYOLtTTlON Vindicated, RxvNOLDs's Difcourfe to the Studems of the Royal Academy, 429 EoJBBTSON't Hiftory of America, 449 395 20 •53 «7S lb. 40J 4»7 3»5 — by Enfield, , Si»ir/e, 79, 1:9. 317, ■ on ihc Gencial F^lt, 73. - * 2-7, Sxyffekt's Tranflation of Gel!cri*« Chemiftry, 1 2 Smith's Stite of the Jails, 234 — — Twelve Sermons, 315 I . Hiftory of New-York, 2d Eajt. SMtLLXT'f TranrUtioo of TeleiA. chus, ' ^o Son OS in Selima a»d Asor, 66 Sparmanh's Tranflation ol Rofenftein ' 00 Childrens Difeafes, 305 Speech to the People of England, 307 Stone's Method of difchaiging the Na- tional Debt, 4^3 Storch*s Charge, &c. at Twioing'i Or- dination, 236 SoppLEMENT to the Life of David Hume, 4$t% SwAiNB'a Cattle Dodor, 67 T. ai ENGLISH BOOKS. Vil T. TEais of AInwickf €8 TntoDotivs toConflantia, 313 Thxolocical Survey of the Human Uoderftaading, 236 THZOiBBxa*! Letters on the Worfliip of Chrift> 41 TH0Mr8 0M*s Edition of Paul White- head's Poems, 477 TissoT** Letter to Zimmerman^ 481 ToPHAM*s Addrefs to Burke, 472 Trkatix on the Charade, 394 Ti I A L of Stackpolc, 395 — of John the Painter, ib. TftiPLKR» Vols, in and IV. 483 TtiVM»Rt of Falhion, 156 TsVTK and Error contrafted, 485 T9CKEK*s Series of Anfwers, &€• 145 m^^^^mmmm Seveoteen Sermons^ 253 Twias. SeeHiaoic. Ti^TMES. See Wii.iif» V. 307 66 VALtif8*s Letters^ VAVGHAK*aHMd, ViNVs attiring the Qrace^ 395 VlACGIANA, 54. Viss*8 new Spelling Book, ^ 73 VoiTAifti^s Memoiri of iiit own Liie, 46 ■ continued^ 103 -concluded, 173 ' - ,ch Academy, bit Letter to the French S«9 W. WAir in KLD*s Latin Poemr, 314 WANDESFORor, Sir Chriilo- pht'r, his Book of Inftrudioos, 483 Ward's Natural Hiflory,. 474 War ton's Poems, new Edition, 311 Watkinson Ot\ Inoculation, 481 Watson's Hift. of Philip II. of Spain, 244 ____ concluded, 3^5 WisT-Iwniin Difeafes^ practical Re- marks on, 480 Wisliy's Hiftory of England, 71 . — — C»lm Addrefs to the Inhabi- tants of England, 309 — — Obfervations en, 401 White's Appendix to liis Midwilry, 305 Whitehead (Paul) bis Poems and Life, 4-7 WhitwolMtRiCA, newHiAoryof, priotiog at Sienna, ■ S^> Arcere's State of Agriculture aiQong the Romans, 557 pAiLLi't Letten to Voluire on the Ori« gio of the ScicAcet ia Afia, 503 Bible. SeeCHAXs. Born, M. de, hii Mem. of a private So* ctety cf learned Men in Bohemia, 55^ Carraro's Anfwer to the Queftion, *' What are the Requifites in the Art of Obfertf'tKi ?" 492 CnAis, Mr, his Edition of the Bible, CiCBRO*8 Works. See Ernesti, CoraMBAGBN, ¥iJi CONTENTS /«/*^ Foreign Articles. COFBWRAGKN. S«C PuiEl Qu»8- TIOFIS. CoftEXsroNOBMCt ytith the Reviei^erSy Pi la LepJlat'fM. Sec M a p l r . D 1 Pttat d* rjgriculture. Sec A i c E a E , Pecpotism. 8ce Essay. DicTiONMA IRE of the Origin of ttfefol lovc«ti«niy 55^ DiStEETAEIOKE t/llOTIM alU ObjervM^ xiomi S^i/liMiisn, 5^ Dome*! Hid, of thcEngli/h and French in the Eaft-Iodi^, 5S9 Da RocHia, M. Gucrin, hit true Hi^ tory of the fabuloua Ages, 553 ELOczJisFemmit,icc» 8ee Schutzev. E« NE»T I '• Edition of Cicero, 514 £9S A 1 fur It DeJjf>olifme, 4^9^ „,. fur cette Qaeftioflj (8ec« See CAEEAan. mt fur let Laoguci^ Sec Sa- ELiaa. fAo CHEEKS Hiftory of Cardinal Polig- nac, 55^ Oebelin'i PrimitiTC WorW, li^e. Vol. III. , 5I« I^SEE, Buroo de, his Memoirs relative toJnfeas, SS9 CaoRCiA, Relaidon of the SettUnnent of the Seltsborg EmigraDU there, 559 H^ 8 TOE Y of the late War between the Ruffians and Turks, 51 1 „,i of Italian Literature, 531 ^m ■ of the Royal Academy of ' Sciences at Paris, for I77E, Part Ih 54* ^tn of the Society formpd at Am* * .4cr^m for the.Rccqtcrj of drowned * Persons, .5*1 ■ f eritaUr, of the fabulous Ages, 553 ■m of Cardinal Polignac, 556 ,, of the Engliih and French In the Eaft-Indies, 559 ■Ho uBiGANT*s Bible* ofeful Abridgment ly B I Somma'ire, tsCm SecNEBPHAM. J:BX.t2]K>sMA*s EEperimcAts relative tq the eie^rical FhuJ of Leyden, 590 JvEisrEVDBNCB, &c. Principles of. See MoEEAU. tCBEALio^s Hiftory of the late War be- tween the Ruffians and the Turks, 521 Lambeec's Joarii4 of a Man of the World, 533 Ledlite, M. C. a. de, hit Patrtotilm coniidered as an ObjeA of Education, 55« |«BSCALLiEa*sVocabolary pfSea»terms, ilk French aod Engliih, 556 Let TEES AirrOriginc det Sciences, 503 IdABLY oaLcgiflatioaj ^15 Magellan, Mr. his Defcription oftht English OAants and Sextants, 54S Memoi as of the War in Italy, 556 — — — of learned Men in Bobe* mia, 55^ — — rcl«titre to an hiftory of In- feat, ib. M E M 0 1 a B s PoHti^ua & MHitaira tour finvlr 4 rm. dt LoDiS XIV. gr 4c Louis XV. c^r. 541 Memorial d*unMoodaIn, 533 M I L L o T *s Memoiri of Lewis XIV . aod Lewis XV. 541 MoREAu, M. his Principles of Mora- lity, public Jurifprudeocr, &c. ^55 Ke£oham*s Defence af his SyAem re* lative to the ProduAion of organised bodies, 5 IX No VI Commentarii Ac«d. Scicst. Imp. Pctropolitpna, Vol. XX. 5*5 N vov B OJfervaniont Micr^9pi>icbe^ 5 1^ Ofu s c OL I $Mi^JgMti rAgncoUurg, s^S Paolbttx's E(^yt rdativf to Agricul- ture, 561 Par IS, Memoin of the Royal Academy of Sciences of. See Histor y. PaTEIOTISH* §SirJ*EI>LIT«. Peteesbvegh Academy, Memoirs of» Vol. XX. 515 Petit, M. hU T»atUiB on Uv: Method •f governing ^9r.c$, 553 Peize Que£^ions, propofed hy the {ip. ciety of Scietices at Oipen^agiu), 511 QVAPEANT* SeeMA|3Ef.LAM. R.oaSTAN*s Examination of the Second Part of the Savoyard Vi<^r*J Cnnff ffinn of Faith, 55J( Saeljeji*s Eflay on l*aqfuage in gene* ral, and of the French i^ pasticnlar, 557 Saltbbueg Emtgrants^ See Geor- gia. ScHUTZEN, M. his Eulogy of the Wives of the ancient Germans, &c« 560 Specimen Experinumtorum lagenam Ley^ denjem Speffantium, 490 S T o a I a itila Letter at ur a Itattana, 531 TiEABotcHi't Hiftoiy of Italian Ute- ratofft, ib« Toe BE, F. Delia, hit aew microfcopi- cal Obferyations, 319 Teutta, M. his Diflertatloo 00 the Antiquities of Allipba, 56s VocABULAiEE dts Jirmcs dt Marine^ See Lescalliee. Voltaire. SeeBAiLLr. hit * 99e CtriJHan,^ tec. Un Chretien centre S|E Joifsy ib* XiMENBS, Abbot. See Dissbeta- TXpNB 'wrnOf ftc. THl THE MONTHLY REVIEW, For JANUARY, 1777. •■• •■■ •■• •■• ^w^ •■» ^W *■* ^B* '■^^•W^ •■^ ^W* •■» ^W^ '•^ '■^ *■▼ ^^ ^m^ ^W^ ^W^ ^W^ ••* ^W^ ^m^ ▼■▼ '■'' AiLT. I. J Ctmmmtaty m the Bp9k rfPfidms. In which the literal, or hiflorical Senfe, as they relate to King David, and the Peop^ of Ifraely is iliullrated ; and their Application to Meffiab, to the Churchy and to Individuals, as Members thereof, is pointed oat 2 With a View to render the Ufe of the Pfalter pleating and profit- able to all Orders and Degrees of Chriftians. By George Home, D. D« Preiident of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majefty. 4to. 2 Vols. 1 1. is. Boards. Ox* lord printed. London, fold by Rivingtooy &c« 177^* THE acknowledged antiquity of the books of the Old Teftament alone recommends them to our high regardj and when they are confidered as containing a divine revelation^ it will not appear furprifing that they have employed the ftu- dioas attention of thofe among the learned, who were beft ac- quainted with them; and that they have been productive of many other volumes* The Pfalms are an admirable colIe<9ion of ancient poetry, and, viewed in that light only, are highly to be valued : but they are ineftimable, on account of the reli-^ gtous and moral purpofes which they are calculated to pro- mote They have accordingly met with many expofitors. Thd ancients* as this Writer properly obferves, were chiefly em- ployed in making fpiritual or evangelical applications of them; The moderns have fet themfelves to inveftigate with diligence, and afcertain with accuracy, their literal fcope and meaning* Piety, and devotion, he adds, charadkerize the writings of the ancients ; the commentaries of the moderns difplay more Iearn« ing and judgment. To bring them in fome degree together, ia the deugn of the work before us, in which the Author has not laboured to point out what feemed wrong in either, but to cxtrad what he judged to be right from both ; to make, laya he, the annotations of the latteri a ground- work for im^ Vol. LVU B provcments 2 Horned Commentary on the Book ofPfalmi. provements like thofe of the former ; ^and thus to ccnflrud aii edifice folid as well as fpecious. Dr. Home cxpreffes, in ftrong terms, the refpeS and grati- tude due from all lovers of the facred writings, to thofc wlvo have laboured in the field of literal critici/m j of whofc works he has endeavoured to avail himfelf : but he apprehends that tht fpiriiual fenfe has not been fufficiently attended to; and this confideration, we are told, gave birth to the prefcut Commentary. By the /piritual Jenfr^ this Writer does not merely underftand that nativral cxpohtion and application of the Pfalmift*sexprcf- fxons and fentimcnts by which the piety of the Reader may be awakened and cheriflied, and he may be comforted and anima- ted according to his circumftances and duties : but he means by this phrafe, the prophetical or myitical fcnfe ; fuppofing, in the words of one of the Fathers, that, ** almoft all the Pfaltfis are fpoken in the perfon of Chriil, being addrefled by the Son to the Father, that is by Chrifl to God." Such is this Writer's general notion, and on this idea h« prccceds, not wholly ncgUding what he terms the literal fcnfe, though attending principally co the other. * Where, fays be, the literal fenfe was plain, it is noticed only Co far as was neaffary to make an application, or form a reflexion. Where there appeared any obfcurity, or difficulty, recourfe was had to the belV critics, and that folution which feemed the mod fatisfac- tory, given in the concifeft manner. Much labour hath here been 'bedowed, where little appears. The plan of every Pfalm hath been attentively (ludied, with the connedlion and dependence of its pares, which it is the defign of the argument, to each pfalm, to exhibit in one view, and of the Commentary to purfue and explain from be* ginning to end.— The rcfulc of fuch critical inquiries as were found necefTary to be made, is given in as few words as poffible ; often, only by inferiing into a verfc, or fubjoining to it, that fenfe of a word, or phrafe, which feemed, on mature deliberation, to be |he bed ; as ic was deemed improper to clog, with prolix difquiii- tioDS of this kind, a work intended for general ufe. The Reader wilU however, reap the benefit of many fuch, which have been carefoily confuked for him. And he will not, it is prefumed, have reafon to complain^ that any verfe is paHed over without a tolerably confident interpretation, and fome ufeful improvement.' But the Chriftian redemption is. Dr. Home apprehend?, the chief fubjefl of ihefe divine hymns; which for the greater part are to be confidered as the language of Chrii^ and his Church. To fupport this fcntiment, he alleges fcveral confi- derations ; fuch as that, the ancient Jews were taught to re- g:jrd the McflUh as the capital objedt of the Pfalter; that the ' primitive Fathers of the Chriftian Church united in fuch an explication; and above a)], that many paflages are cited fi»m her.ce by Chrift'and bis apoftles^ and applied in this manner. Wharcvcr Hoflti^^ CoWuA:n1dry on ih Sooi if Pfibnfi 3 \ Whatever miy be the opinion of thbfe.who penife his vo- lumes, the pious and learned Writer exprefles, in a very ftrong tnanner, the fatisfa£lion he has found ih compofing them. On this topic he fpeaks with a kind of enthufiafm^ and breaks out in the following rhapfody : . ^ Could the Author flatter himfelf, that aoy one would have half the pleafurii in retdisg the following expofition, which he hath had in writing it, he would not fear the lofi of his labsnr. The em- ployment detached hini from the buftle and hurry of life, the din of politics, and the noife of folly ; vaoity and vexation flew away for a feafon, care and difquietude canie not near his dwelling. He arofe, frefli as the morning to his talk ; the filence of the night invited him to purfue it ; and he can truly fay that food and reft were not pre- ferred before it. Every Pfalm improved infinitely on his acquaint- mnce with it, and no one gave him uneaflnefs but the lad ;• for then he grieved that his work was done. Happier hours than thofe which have been fpent in thefe meditations on the fongs of Sion, he never expedls to fee in this world. Wtry pleafantly did they pafs« and moved fmoothly and fwiftly along; for, when thus engaged, he counted no time. They are gone, but have left a relifli and a fra- grance oh the mind, 'and the remembrance of them is fweet/ We congratulate the Author on the pleafure he has received from an employment, fo ^ell fuited to his character and fta- tion, efpecially in the retirement of a college. How far his judgment, as to the application of the greater part of the Pfalms, is confonant with the TkuTH, we do not pretend to determine. The double fenfe of prophecy, is in itfelf a difli- culty, but it feems that its reality cannot but be admitted by cbnuftent believers in a revelatioil. It has found able advocates of later years ; from fome of whofe writings, fuch as thofe of Lord Bacon, Bp. Chandler, Bp. Lowth, Dr. Hurd, Mr. Mer- rick, and Mr.-Mudge, pertinent quotations are here produced. Thefe authors (to whom feveral others might be added, as, t>articularly, the learned Mr. Pierce of Exeter) fupport the in- terpretation of fome Pfalms from which citations arc made \ti .the New Teftament as prophetical of Cbrift, and fome of thefe writers, to whom may be added, as quoted in this perform- ance', the great Erafolus and Dr. Allix, favour that more go- neial expofition of the Pfalms, in this manner, for which Dr. Home pleads^ and on which bis commentary proceeds. But though it ihould be allowed that there are hymns ia this coUedion written under the influence of the fpirit of pro- phecy, which, enveloped in a kind of allegory, predial gofpel times and events, it is not eafy to admit that fuch a fentiment Ihould be extended in the degree to which it is carried by this Commentator. There are paiTages cited in the New Tefta-* ment which may receive a good fenfe as illuftrated, or ful- filled^ under the Chrifiian difpenfation, vvhile they might not B 2 originally 4 Home*; Comnuraarj in tbi Boit •fPfalms. originally point to thefe times; though there are others which feem immediately and at firft to have regarded them. And as to applications of this kind made by the Fathers, the argument from hence lofes much of its weight when it is confidered that they fometimes ran into very wild and extravagant conjedures. St. Jerome, it is well known, as our Author properly obferves, when grown older and wifer, lamented that in the fervors of a youthful fancy he had fpiritualized the prophecy of Obadiah before he underftood it. If it is granted that other Pfalms than thofe which have a dire£l prophetical afped, or are quoted by the writers of the gofpcl relate to theChriftian fcheme and its author, where Ihajl we ftop or confine our fupppfitions ? And does not this open the way to myfticifm, conceit, and confu* fion ? Dr. AlliX) indeed, feems to furnifh us with a rute, when he fays that Cbrift and his apoftles, in their quotations, give a key to their bearers, by which they might apply to the fame fubje^ls the Pfalms of the fame compofure and expreffion ; but we apprehend that Dr, Home hath pafled beyond this line. He acknowledges indeed, very freely, that the mode of inter- pretation which he efpoufes is liable to abufCf andi bath been abufed; aiid we agree witli him, entirely. In what he adds from Dr. Hurd, — *« men of fcnfe will conHder that a princir ciple is not therefore to be rejeSed, becaufe it has been abufed ;'* but acceding to this, we cannot but doubt, whether, though from pious and good intentions, our Expofitor, through ai^ attachment to a favourite fcheme, has not proceeded fomething farther than he is warranted to do by fcripture and reafon. A vtry devotional and edifying ufe may be made pf this part of the facred writings, without indulging the imagination that the far greater number of thefe Pfalms are prophetical of the Chriftian redemption. We fhall here infert fome quotations from difFw-ent parts of the work, by which our Readers may form their own judg- ment of it. Pfalm I. ver. i. BUj/eJis the nmn that luMttb not in the eounfil of the ungodly t nor fianditb in the ut they addrefs themfelves to the mind of the intelligent beholder in* another way, and that, when underftood, a no lefs forcible way, the way of pi^ure, or reprefentation, So manifold is the wifdom o( God; fo various are the ways by which he communicates it to men I' XX. ver. 3. Remember ail tby offerings, and accept thy burnt facrijict, * As Cbrift, in the days of his fieih, offered up, not only prayers and tears, bot, at length, his own moil precious body and blood, the church here prays that the great propitiatory facrifice may be had in everlalling remembrance before God, and the merits of it be conti4 nually pleaded in arrefl of judgment, and .accepted for herfelf and her children.* ^ XXV. ver. 13. His foul Jhall d-well at ea/cy Hcb. lodge in goodnefs : Ver. 14, Thefecrtt, Hth, fixed counfel, Or defsgn of the Lord is nmth them that fear him ; and he imHI Jheis) them his eouenant ; Heb. and his covenant to make them kniv it» XXXVII. ver. 25. / ha^'e been youngs and now am old, ygt have J not feen the righteous forjaken^ nor his feed begging bread, - 26. He is ever merciful and lendeth : and his feed is bleffed, * So hr is charity from impoverilhing, that what is given away, like vapours emitted by the earth, returns in (bowers of blefiiogs^ into the bofom of the perfon who gave it, and his ofi^pring is not the worfe, but infinitely the better for it. The bread that endure cth, as well as that which perifheth, is his» and the bleflings of time are crowned with ihofe of eternity.* ver. 37. MarJ^ the ferfea man^ and behold the nfright ; for the end {/"that mam is peace. , .« - • « Mftei Horne'i Ccmmentary w the Book ofPfalms. J ' Afier taking ^ view of tho(e fhort Jived honoars, which the world fetteth on the heads of its mod favoo/ed votaries, let us tura Oiir tyti to ** the perfed and upright one/' let us behold the perma- menc greatnefs and the nnfading glory of the Tree oi Life, which is in the midft of the paradife of God, whofe leaves are for the healing of the rations, 'ind whofe fruit is the fruit of" peace/* LXV. ver. 9. Thou * river of God ;" and the bountiful provifion made thereby, for the relief of that fpiritual famine, which had been fore ih all lands. See Ifai. 1\% 10. Rev. xxii« 1. Amos viii. 1 1. ver. 13. The faftures are clothed luiih flocks : the ntallejs alfo ar$ covered onfer ivith corn; thty flxiutfor joy, they aifoftng. * The happy efFeds of Xjod^s viiiting the eartn with rain, are vaHies covered with corn, verdant meads, and thriving flocks. All thefe ideas, in the prophetical fcriptures, are frequently transferred to the times of refrefhmenc and confojation of peace and fruicfulnefs, in the church, which breaks forth into joy, in the one cafe, as the- world is always ready to do in the other. Manifold and marvellous, O Lord, are thy works, whether of nature, or of grace ; furely, in wifdooa and ' loving kindnefs haft thou mad^ them all; the earth ia every fenfe is full of thy riches.' LXVIII. ver, 13. Though ye have lien asnong the pots ^ yet (hall ye be as the ivings of a dove covered lyith ftlver, and her feathers tuitb yellow gold, * By ** lyi^g among the pots'* or in *^ dull alid aihes" is evidently denoted a Itate of afflidion and wretchedneft like that of Ifrael in Egypt ; which was exchanged for one of the utmoft digaity and InleDdor in Canaan ; ore as difFerent from the former, as a caldron, (Kfcolonred by fmoke and ibot, is from the bright and beautiful plumage of an eaftern-dove, gliflering interchangeably, as with filver and gold. Thus the church of Chriit, emerged from a ftate of pcrfe- ciition and tribulation, into one of fplendor' and magnificence. And fach is the change made in the fpiritual condition of any man, when he pafles from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the fons of God ; he is invefted with the robe of righteou&efs, and adorned with the graces of the fpirit of holinefs/ In a note on the former part of this verfe *^ lying among tlie pots," our Commentator obfervea that his ingenious friend Mr. Parkhurft, in his Hebrew Lexicon, confiders the word * C?nfl2^ as fignifying Rows of ftones, on which the caldrons 9r i)ots were placed. Lying among thefe, denotes, he remarks^ the mo(i abjedi flaviery } (pj this was the place of reft allotte4 \fl t|)e vilcft flaves. So our Tranflators are (aid to reader the J$ 4. Wpr4 y HorneV Comnnntarj on ihi B^et •f Pfidms. word in the margin of Ezek. xl. 43. Dr. Chandler adopts the fame interpretation. We cannot but take notice here hovr differently Dr. Durell underfiands the paflage, who fuppofes the word to (ignify *^ fheep-folds,'' and thinks the verfe, to« gether with the next, carries in it a reflexion on fome of the tribes of Ifrael which did not affift Deborah in the battle againft Sifera. When there is a variety of criticifm on the fame text, itferves chiefly to confound the Reader. However that which Dr. Home adopts, feems probable and fatisfadory. In the commentary on this Pfalm he acknowledges his obligation to the late Dr. Chandler, ^ whofe admirable expofition of its li- teral, or hiftorical fenfe, in his Critical Hiftory of the Life of David, he fays, he has followed, and alfo his very ingenious divifion of it into five parts, founded on the fuppofition of its being performed at the removal of the ark.' Vcr. 14. WbtM tbi Almighty fcatHrid kings in it, it hjums white as Jmw in SsIm0m. ' The purport of this difficult verfe feems to be, that all was white 9M foow, i. e. all was brightnefs, joy, and feftivity, about mount Salmon, when the Almighty, fighting for his people Ifrael, vanquiihed their enemiei, in or about (hat part of the coantry.' XC. ver. 1 1 . ff^he knt'UHtb tbi power tf tbim mmger f ive verfe that the Hebrew word fignifies, in general, ^^ a current of water," which maj be either turbid or overwhelming, or a clear and gentle ftream. * Hencet fays he, arifes an ambiguity in the interpretation of the words^ which may be expounded either of the fuffertags Chrift tafted^ or of the rcfrefliments he experienced } either way the fenfe ia good, and true, as it relates to Mefliah. The idea of a «^ brook in the way^ or the r9ady* feems to favour the expofii-' tion of afflidions and fuflFerings. But, it is added, I advance it, as becomes me to do, with great deference and fubmlfliooji' fince Bi(bop Lowth and Mr. Merrick are of a-different opinion* Dr. Durell, we obferve, is of .the fame opinion wich thii Author. CXIX. ver. 1 18. Tbw haft mddim ikvm aUtim tka trrfrm tif ftmtmiis^firthtiriiieiit isfaijb^. , * The dreadful jodgmenu which God, finom time to tune, in dl mgt% of the world, hath executed, and which he iBll can and will 4oco» cote on impeDttent fianert, aflord a kind admonitioa and a powerfid motiTe to obedience. At no force can connterad the power of God^ fa oo '* conning'' can deceive lus wiidom, bat aHUl always, in the end, miferabJy '* deceive*' thofe who tmft in it, andempla^ it agaioft the couofeli of heaven, '* their deceit, or fabtilcy, is faldiood^ It will fail and ruin it's owners. Of thu, hiftory foroiibes inftancea in abundance. And it will be evident to ail the world, when fim* plicity and innocence fliali reign trionphant, with the Lamb, on mount Sion ; and deceit and guile ihall have their portion with the ierpeat, in the lake of lire/ JXX. ver. 3. H^lmt /ball h ghfim um^tbit, «r n»bMi JbrnO bt dm§ umio tba, tbw falft Ungmi f 4. ^b»f arrowt of tbt mghty^ nviib rs«b ' Some render the iirft of thefe two veries a little differendf f ^ What ihall a falfe tongue give thee, or what ihall it add to thee/** the lenfe will be much the fame, whether the pfalmift be fuppofai to addrefs his queftion to the falle tengne, or to him who is the ownet of it. The purport of the queftion plainly is this ; what profit oc advantage, do you exped to reap from this pradice of lying and flaadering; what will at laft be it's end, and its reward? Then foU loweth the anfwer, ** Sharp arrows of the mighty One," who is the avenger of truth and innocence ; with a fire that barns fiercely, and boms long, like that which was made of ** juniper,^' or feme wood aiiMi in Skofe days, remarkable for increaltng and retaining heau Puniihmenu juftly iaflided on a tongue, the words of which have been keen and killing as arrows, and, which, by it*s lies and calnm* nies, hath contributed to fet the world on fire. We read in the gofpel of one, who exclaimed, ** Send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, aad cool my tongue ; for I am tor- pleated ia this flame.'' The above is a good explication of the verfes, but may it not be queftionable whether the words, ^« Sharp arrows," &c. 2 are ]• N[ptnf/ Ccmnuntary $k ibf B^oi rfPfalms: are not a continuation of the quedio^ in the former vcrfe, and a lively reprcfcntaciofi of the nature of malice, flandcr, &c» and the injuries received from them ? A£ the conclufion of the commentary on the hundred an4 tweaty-fecond Pfiilm, we haye chjs obfervation : ^ ^ Theodore Zjuinger, of whom, fome isocount may be found in Thixanut, when, be lay 911 his death bed, took hi^ leave of the ifvorldy in a paraphrafe o^ (he* forej^piog Pfalm, giving it the fame |orn» with that given to it abovb, viz. as the Chriliign's afplration after the heavenly city, and his widies of celedial peace to' the . Church on earth. I have never been able to get a fight of t^e ori- ginal; but one mayventnre, I believe, to fay^ that it has lod no- thing in a tranflatiOtt of it^by tbe late learned and pious Mr. Mer- rick ; which is fo excellent, that I mud beg leave to prefent it to tiba Reader* '• Some jof the lines are retained in his more literal poeti- cal verfion, pnbliihed in 175c. It noay ferve as a finiihed fpecimen of .the poble and exalted file which a Chriftian may and ought to make of the Pfaims df David.' This pleaiing copy of verfes accord- ingly follows, i>at it .is of too great leogth for us to infert in our work. • • . ' CXXVII. ier. a*. 'It-Is 'omiMfirytu t$ rift up garfy, to Jit up latt, /• ua thi brtai tfjirrmns : fot/o bt gifweth bis belrvtdjltrp. ' * Tbe pfalmift doth not, certainly, intend to fay, that labour and diligence are rain, bnt that they aDe fo, except the Lord be with the labourer : the buinefs^ is not to be done by all the indullry and pains, all the carking and caring in the world, without him ; whereas, if kis aid be called in* if part of .our time be fpent in prayer, not the whole of it in prayerlefs toiling and moiling^ our work will become cafier, and go on better, aiblicitude and anxiety for it*s fuccefs and completion, will no longer prey o» our fninds by day, and break our reft at night; we (hall chearfully fulfil our daily taflcs, and then, with confidence and refignadon, lay oiir heads on our pillows, and God will ** give to his beloved'' a fweet and undillurbed ** fleep,** which ihall fi( them to return, every morning, with renewed vigour and alacrity, to their (Uted employmenu. This feemeth to be the import of the verfe. An obfcurity has been occaiioned in the tranfla- tions, by rendering the adverb, *-y&; *' /o he giveth his beloved fleep," in which form this lad part of the verfe will not connect with what goes before. But if tbe adverb be tranflated (like it's kindred Hebrew particle) **/urtly he giveth his beloved ileep ;'' or, as Dr. Hammond renders it ** J^net he giveth his beloved ileep;" the diffi- culty will vanifli, and the fenfe appear to be as above. Nor can we eafily find a more profitable piece of indrudlion, with regard to the management of all our concerns, temporal and fpiritual. PVom the above fpccimens the Header will perceive that this 19 a very pious performance. The Author appears to poflefs that vrdfftftcd roodnefs of heart whkh is of fterling worth. Hia {1 -:n of !"/e.>If^'y indeed will not perfeftly fuit every tafte; .1 ='y as ;li {b.)rt prayers, which are occafionally intro- <: \ .1 r £cnci;;lly, if r.ot entirely addreflcd toChrift (oftea ' ' X 4indc| Horne'x QommenUry §h ibi Book $fPfahns, if tinder the appellation, Jifu) which, to fome perfons, yrrll no^ jfeem quite fcriptural and juftifiable. Yet, pn thp whole, his publication has great merit ; it recommends to our attentive regard,* an important part of the facred writings ; it iikiftrates theia; and it prefents to our view a great number of pleafing, folid, and edifying reflections. The Pfalms appointed for the public fervice Of our Church, isn particular da)rs, are ^ere iii that view explatned, which is one ufeful part of thefe volumes ; for it niuft often have been painful to many to hear theni re«« peated by numbers oh thofe occafions, who cannot be fuppofed,' in fome'inftances, to have proper, if any, ideas tcT the words- they utter, or to fee any prbpvie|;y in their beinj; appointed for thofe times. • ! l- : : . . Dr. Horne expreflfes himfii;lf with greats dsudolir artd modeRr concerning the reception of his work, jmd^liftt tfifftfrent expljV cation which many efpoufe. As to hinlfelf,-hd-fays, * From the mod fober* deliberate, and attentive furvey of tb^ fentimedfs/ which prevailed on this point, in the fird ages of the Charch, wheii' the apollolical method of citing and expoundtpg- e bodies. On the other hand the clafs of falts^ being made to comprehend all the acids, alkalies, and neutrals, many of which are artificial fubflances, and many others, fub- jcfls of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, is not a mineralo^ gical but a chemical divifion. The fame may be faid ofjulpbur^ Mnfidered as the inflammable principle, exiiling in the feverai forms of bitumen, brimflone, refins^ oils, and balfams. Thefe dbiefiions to the method^ however, do not afFe£l the matUr of thif part of the work ; which, as well as the two other general beads, is either extraded from the moft approved Authors, or added from the writer's own obfervations and reflexions. We ihall juft remark with regard to an extenfive tabU of fiha'fns annexed, that there may be danger of its mifleading the lefs attentive reader, from the manner of placing the articles in etch column, which is juft the reverfe of that ufed in the com- montablis of affinities. Iii this, the fubftances which have the greateft affinity with that at the head of the column are, lefa naturally, placed the moft diftant from it. The procefies'of which the praflical part of this volume confifb, appear, as far as may be judged without adlually trying them, to be judicioufly contrived and accurately direded. They are in general fuch as are the foundation of the principal arts and manufadures of which mineral fubftances are the ob« jcas^ GcUcrtV MitaUurgtc Chjmiftrj. ij jeSs, and will, doubtlefs, be ufeful and acceptable as well to the philofopher as the artift. We cannot help expreffing dur regret that the foreigner who has tranflated this valuable work, Mr. John Seiferth, has not been fenfible enough of his deficiencies in writing the Englifli language ; for if he had, we cannot doubt that he would have coniidered the revifion of his performance by fome Englifh friend as a matter of eflential importance. That elegance of ftyle is immaterial in a work of this nature, we are willing to admit; but furely a fcientific fubjed requires, at leaft at much as any other, that corred ufe of words, and proper difbibution of the parts of a fentence, without which a writer's meaning cannot be conveyed with accuracy and perfpicuity. It would be an endlefs talk to point out all the inftances in which the true fenfe of a paflage i% either obfcufed or perverted hj this tranflator's ignorance of our language. Moft of thefe, it it true, may eafUy be redified by a perbn acquainted with che« miftry ; but their efied is extremely difagreeable to the reader. We may add to this, that the frequent deviation from the re« oeived manner of anglidfing chemical terms, is not only per- plexing, but hath a tendency te unfettle a part of our language which as yet has icarcely acquired ftability and confiftency. ^ ^ One fiqgular mode of Ipeech which repeatedly occurs in thit work, is not only contrary to the genius of the Englifb tongue^ but to that of every other language that we are acquainted with, as well as to common (enfe. Inftead of procefies to diflblve the fixed or volatile alcalis in fpirit of nitre, for inflance; we here meet with procefies ' to diflblve the fpirit of nitre with a fixed or volatile alcaline fait ;' and other procefies * to difTolve the acid of vitriol, that of fea-falt, and vinegar, with alcaline falts.' Our Tranflator further affirms that * fixed alcaline fait diflUves water ;^ meaning hereby, no doubt, to infinuate that water diflblves fixed alcaline fait. Inftances of vicious, and frequently unintelligible, phrafeology are to be met with in almofi: every paragraph : but even, on a curfory perutal only of this tranflacion, we have obferved errors of a more material kind, and which refped the fcience itfelf.— « Thus at page 22, we read that * iYitfoffil AUalij combined with the Vitriolic acid^ produces a medicinal fpring water fait, fuch as that of Epfim in England, &c. — This is called the bitter purg- ing fait.'— The meereft Tyro in chemift'ry now knows that the combination abovementioned conftitutes Glauber s fait \ and that the Epfim^ or hitter purging fait is a combination of the vitriolic acid with the earth of Magmfta.^^V^e know not when the ori- ginal of this work was firft publifiied $ but fuppofing it to have bc«n written before the true nature of thefe falts was known, it was ceruinly the duty of a tranflator to correft fo flagrant a miftakc-^A ffill more fliameful error occurs in procefs 3, where dire^ions jyj Lindfcy'j Sfqidel to bit jfpohgf: diredions are given * to procure a fixed alcaliiie Tale from filt^f petrc by deflagration with charcoal.* After the dcfcriptiori of the procefs, we arc prcfcntcd with the following : OBSERVATION. < Though it is true that this fixed alcaline fait arifes partly from the coals burnt off with it ; yet whtn [it isj conjidered what a fmall part of aihes can but arife from thefe few coals, and liow little fixed fait thefe few afhes could produce ; it is not very plain from whence fo great a quantity of fixed fait can arife as is obtained by this operatien/ From this obfervttan^ K (hould feem, that either the Author^ or his Tranflator, or both, were ignorant of what has been per- fectly well known for at leaft half a century paft; that a fixed alcaline fait is one of the two neceilarily conflituent principle! of faltpctre, or nitre.*^And yet, on turning over a few pages, wc find (procefs 7) in the diredions given to obtain nitre, tbat^ in order to procure this fubflance * a fixed alealine fait mud be added to the nitrous earth, if it is not contained already there- in.'—Here the wonder, excited in the preceding obfervation, ceafes at once ; and we now find that the fixed alcali, whictv appears aftir this operation, adually exifted in the faltpetre, and was probably added to it, biforg the procefs commenced.-^ We could produce other inftances; but thefe, we think, are faf- AaT. III. Mr* Lindfejr'i Sequel to bit Apology concluded^ See Review for Odober, p. 269. ^ IN the fixth chapter of the fequel, Mr. Lindfey enters into a free difcuflSon of the opinion of thofe Chriftians, who main- t^'n, that Jefus was the- miniftring angel, or agent of the Almighty, from the beginning of things ; and, confequently conduced the Jewifb ceconomy, as well as the gofpel difpen- fation. This opinion has lately been well fupported by the very ingenious and learned Benjamin Ben Mordecai *. Our Author, whofe primary dcfign is (if we miftake not) to main- tain that Jefus was, with regard to his nature, in all refpeds like unto his brethren, and confequently had no exiftence before .the time of his conception, controverts with decent and manl/ freedom, mixed with the utmoft refped and good -will to the perfon of his opponent, the various arguments of this celebrated writer. He exhibits a remarkable example of Chriflian charity as well as an illuftrious proof, that the liberty claimed by the true Proteftant, of abiding by his own fenfe of fcripture, may be cxercifed in its fulleft latitude, without in the leaft endangering * Of his work, fee our accounts in the Review, vols, xlvii. 1. and ]i. The Jaft part was lately pablilhed, and will foon be farther no« ticed in oor Jonrnal. GhrifKan ChrifTiari pcdCf . When learned men engage in the purfuit of fcripture knowledge, with a determined purpofe that neither the emoluments annexed by the eftablilhmcnt to a particular profeffion of faith, nor the penalties ixicnrred by a def;;(5)ioa from it» (hall influence their condud, it is next to impoflible that their controverfies can be hurtful ; the love of truth alone direds their pens, — the fame love of truth will calm and corred every unworthy paffion of their hearts ; while the ferene and peaceful temper of the writer will infenfibly infinuate i^fclf into the breafts of his readers. On this account we review with pleafure the produflions of a Ben Mordecai and a Lindfey ; not only on account of the fatisfadtion we receive from the perufal of their learned works, but alfo becaufe the charitable fpiric with which they exprefs themfelves with rtfpcSt Co the per^ns whofe opinions they controvert, tends to confirm us in our favourite principle, that religious liberty, enjoyed in its fuUeft extent, is the true and proper parent of religious peace-1^ and, that the impofitipn of articles and fubfcripiions—rtbe ap- pendage of emoluments to a favourite fyflem — the denial of a toleration — and the inflidlion of pains and penalties on account of religious opinions, are necefTarily produdive of mutual jea« loufies, — furious controverfies, and commotions, which not only difturb and difgrace the religion of the peaceful Jcfus, but have been alfo known to threaten diforder and confufion to the ftate. . To which of the prefent difputants the fupcrioricy of argup mrnt is to be allowed, our Readers muft determine for them- felves. We (ball only introduce one quotation from this chap- ter, wherein our author affigns his reasons for controverting the opinion of a perfon, with whom, in many important points, bb profefles to agree. * 1 confefs, from the firll, I was concerned to differ from a writer {6 truly learned, able» and worthy ; and I hciltated a long time, whe- ther 1 (hoold not pais by his work entirely. For it is compofed with ib mach accuracy and judgment, and fo vad a compafs of learning introduced upon the fubje6l, thac although I thought 1 faw his error through the whole, I might be doubtful of being able to develop ic ID fucb a manner as that others might fee it. How far this has been done, my readers will judge. But affuredly I fhould have been far from engaging in an oppofition to one who is fo noble an advocate for the Urtft unity of God in bis firil letter; and in his lali letter gives fuch a jaU and rational view of fome of the principal doArines of Chriftianity^ if I bad not believed, that the Centiment concerning Chrid, which h« defends, , would, if it fhould prevail, retard the progrefs of tbegofpel, which I faw him to have equally at heart with myfelf. For I am perfuaded, that his arguments, however plaufible, wtil neirer bring the jews to Approve a fyflem, which condemns all tfaefr anceftors as guilty, during the Mofaic difpeofation, of dire^iTtg their worlhip to an objeA contrary to the \ery defign of their law. Mad CO (he primary article of their faich ; viz. That Jehovah, the ' one f6 J«uidrey*i Sijtul U his Aptitgj. Me fupreme God, was to be worlhipped, and no other. And a new objed of worfhip, and fubilitute of deity, found oat by Chiiftiana for the Jews, which their fathers of the circumcifion never owned, and theif fons now univerfally deny, will not be likely to remove the 'jprejudices of unbelievers againft the bible. * It maft alfo appear very extraordinary and unaccoan table, that this great fuper-angelic fpirit, by whom all things are fuppofed to kave been made, ihould have been honoured and worlhipped as God during the times of the law, and yet after his condeicenfion and fnf- lerings for the benefit of mankind, this divine honour which had Ibeen paid him (hould be in a good meafure withdrawn : for our Aa- thor, in letter the third, page 105, with his nfual candour, ewnf» ** That it is ceruin, that Chrift is no where diredly commanded to be prayed to, through the whole New Teftament ; and that many of thofe who allow it to be defenfible, do not confider it as a duty | and -^tvf feldom if ever pradlife it.' The aim of the feventh chapter is to favour the humanHiy of Jefus in thd moft obvious meaning of the term ; and our Author introduces a great variety of arguments and teftimonies to (hew ^ That Chrift was not the fupreme God, nor a great angel or fpiritual being animating a human body ; but a man like our- ielves, faving thofe extraordinary gifts of a divine wifdom and power, by which he was diftinguiflied from the reft of man- kind/' For thefe arguments and teftimonies, the former of which are urged with great acute nefs, and the conclufions drawn from the latter maintained with an equal degree of learning, we muft of neceffity refer our Readers to the S£(^£L itfelf. We can- not, however, difmifs this interefting chapter without fubjoin* ing fome of our Author's remarks, and his general conclu&on from the portions of fcripture appealed to in fupport of his pica. ' The four Evan^elifls, who have recorded the foregoing parti- cnlars of Chrill's birth, childhood, his gradual improvements in mind and body, and all the other marks of his being truly a man as themfelves, thereby fufficiently difcover their own fentiments con- cerning him. And the accounts which they have preferved in their hiftories, of the converfation and intercourie that they and hia Apoftles had with him, plainly indicates, that Uiey all along took him to be a man, their countryman, a fuperior prophet of God, and not God, or a great angel in an human form. To tranfcribe from them all that relates to this point is unnecdTary. In the other books of the .New Tefiament we have the following teftimonies concerning him.' After reciting thefe teftimonies, Mr. Lindfey proceeds as follows : ^ Soch is the do6lrineof the fcri^tnres throughout, concerning the aatnre and perfon of Chrift; which when generally received and acknowledged, and the day feems now approaching, will remove the FfM/ offiuci which tarns many from the goijpcl, and conciliate Jews, Mahometans, and unbelievers to it» , • The V Lindfey'x Si^el to his Apology^ i y ' The pemiiflion and long continuance of an error fb very confix tlcmblc «s this, is very horobling: but it fhoald not ilartle or diflurb Qt* We (hould not view it as a natter peculiar to Chriflianity, or 4s affeding the evidence which we have for it. We fee that the divine government over mankind, admits of great and lafling moral darkoris and depravity. In what a proftrate date of Ignorance of the Bong that made them, are by far the largelt part of the humaa raca now, and have been for ages ; and yet they are alfo the children of God» his rational offspring. Among ChrilHans, the idolatrous sworfliip of faints and images has lafted near fourteen hundred years, and the adoration of a God tf fafte^ Dei panarii, not much (hort of m thoufand ; and both are fliil maintained with great pomp, and fup- ported by the fupreme authority throughout France^ Italy, Spain, Germany, &c. And yet thefe corruptions of the'truth are not by Proteftants fuppofed to argue any defedt in the gofpel, as if it were not fnfiiciently plain on thofe points, and exprefs againft them. * Thoiis who have objected to the feotiment here maintained, that it is contrary to and inconfiftent with other declarations of the New Teftament concerning Chrift, will do well to confiderthe folution above ' given of tho(e fuppofed contrary declarations. But flill more (hould they attend to the infuperable difficulties in which their own fchemes are involved : namely, Hmn thifiiprenu Goi^ or tbefirft crtated Sfirii €Ould beepmi an infant^ and from a ftati tf cbUdiJh ignoranct and imhe" €ilUiy^ by Jlvw degrea^ acquire ponuers and knowledge : How tbe temp- toHons of ^worldly things conld hi any aihtrtment^ any trial of 'yirtui to Qodf or to tbo firft troaiid Spirit » AiTuredly thefe llriking human ap- pearances, thefe fadts joined to the prophetic predidions concerning Chrift, to his own, to his Apoflles declarations, that he tvoj a tnani leem utterly inexplicable on any other fuppofition but that of hia being really fuch.' After a gentle repreheoiion of a groundlefs charge brought by the dean of Glouceger againft the maintainers of the Soci« jiian fyftem, Mr. Lindfey proceeds : * Is not the example of Jefus^ the fpn of Mary^ a roan like oar- ielves in all things, but ol unfpotted purity, benevolence the moft adive and difinterefied, an integrity and fortitude fuperior to everf tfial and temptation, with the moft profound humility and piety to«. wards God ; is not this more level and fuited to mortals, more ufeful and encouraging than the example of the incomprehenfible God. or of the firfl of beings created by him, and creator of all things under hiffl, transformed into a human creature, if fo aftonifhing a transfbr" matioo was in either cafe poffible ? And is it not a more juft and worthy idea of the parent of the univerfe, that out of his love to hia frail degenerate offspring, he (hould by an exprefs melFenger invite them to return to their duty and true happinefs, with an afforance of pardon and his favour, rather than to paint him inexorable, uo- fbrgiving, determined to punifh to the uttermoft, had not lAiother Being, more merciful than himfelf, interpofed, and appeafed, and latiiSed him by fnbmitting to bear the whole load of his wrath and difpleafnre due to wretched men, the intended vidims of it ? Such- mifreprefenution of the dodrine of xevelation brings undefcrved re- proach npon itw Oae>is forry to read the following account in an Rir. Jan. 1777. C *ble jg Llndfey*/ Sequel to his Apology • able fnbdern writer, who fpeaking of inan*t *' repentance, forrow, humiliation, contrition at the thought of his bad condudt;'^ goco on to fay, " He even diftruila the efficacy oi all tht/e, and naturally fearf, left the nAiifdom of God, fhould not, like the nueakue/s of man. be pre- vailed upon to {pare the crime, by the mod importunate lamentations of the criminal. Some other interceJJUn^ Jpme othir facrifice ^ fome other atonement^ he imaginei muft be made for him, beyond what himfelf is capable of making, befoce the parity of (he divine juflice can be reconciled to his manifold offences. The doctrines of revelation coincide in every refpedl, with thofe original anticipations of nature ; and, as they teach us, how little we can depend upon the imperfec- tion of our own virtue, fo they fhew us, at the fame time, that the mttft /0(u;/f/ji/ interceffion has been made, and that the mod dieadfui atonement has been paid for our manifold tranfgreirions and ini- quities *•'' Had this Author confulted the Bible itfelf, he would have found it to fpeak a very difTerenc language. For Almighty God {here declares, that he wants no foreign interceffion, no fatisfadion, no dreadful atonement to be paid, but is entirely fatisfied with the iincere repentance of the finiier himfelf, and requires no more to re- ftore him to his favour, lihtn the nuickid man turneth anuay from his fwickidiufi that he hath committid, and doeth that tuhich is lawful and fight^ hefhalljave his Joul alive, E/^ek. xviij. ^27. And Chrilt him- fcif informs us, that it was purely out of bis benignity to the human race, that God appointed him' to be the inllrument of his mercy to tbem, John iii. 16. Cod fo lof there be any one do6lrine clearly laid down in the facred writings, it is this, that God made the world, by himfelf, without any afliftant or underworker ; that there are not more creators than one. * Mofes, who treats of the firft origin of all things, delivers the dodrine with great folemnity, and grounds an important religious or* finance apon it : In the beginning God created theheanten and tht earthy Gen. i. 1. See ii. 3. vi. 6, 7. In fix dayt the Lord made hea^jen and forth, thefea and all that tn thm is, and refted the fervent h day, luherc fore the Lord hlffed the fe^enth day and hallcwed it, Exod. xx. n. Seexxxi. 17. * The fnbfequent prophets repeat and inculcate the fame great tmth, but incidentally only, without fufpeding chat any Ifraelite could ever imagine that there were more creators than one : O Lord Ged cf bojls^ God of Ifreely that ehuelieft between the chernbimt, then art the Qod, e*ven thou eUone, of edl the kingdomt tf the earth ; thou haji made * Tbe»fy of Mural hniiiuttis, by Dr. Adam Smith, p. 160. heaven Lindfey'i Sequel to his Apology. . 19 ikuiviH ani earthy ^fa. xxxvii. 16. Thus faith thi Lord, thy Rcdeemtr^ nnd be that formed thee fr§m the nvomh ; I am the Lord that makah all tbimgs ; that ftnuhuh forth the /?ea'vtns alone i that fprtadith the earth abroad hy myfelf xliv. 24. Thusfai'h the Lord, the holy one of Ijraol^ amd hit maker ^ I ha*ve made the earthy and erealed man yfon it : I, e*ven my hands have ^retched ont the heavens, xlv. i j» 12, See alfo Jer. X. 12. xxvii. 9* Neh. ix. 6. } Something forelf would havif dropt from the holy fefus, con- cerning fo remarkable a circumilaoce in hiilory, if the luorld had been nuute by him. On the contrary, he continually fpeaks of him- felf as a prophet or n^clTenger of God, fent by him, which the apoflle Jokn records of him no lefs than thirty times; and he calls God his Father, the common father of himfelf (John xx. 17.) and of the reft of mankind; from whom he received life itfelf, and all its powers (John vi« 57. V. 19, 30. viii. 28). And great as his endowments and divine powers were as the Mefliah, the Son of God, his conflanc phrafe by which he denoted himfelf was, the fon of man, * The evangelids and apoftles, in this refpe^tt, fpeak in ezaft con- formity with the language of their ancient prophets, and of Jefus their mafter { that the living and true God, the Father of aU, was foie creator of alt things. John i. 3. Jll things were made by Jt, (viz. the Logos, wifdom of God J and nuithout it avas not any thing made ibeet luas made. Ads iv.- 24, 30. Lordj then art God^ which haft made heeeven assd earthy eutd the fea^ and all that in them is ! — grant that JSgms amd venders may he done by the name of thy holyfervant (not child) Jefus» See Ifa. xlii. i. Ads iv. t^. In this prayer, the Apoftles ^y\t Jefus, after his refurredion, tbefervant of God who made heaven and earth. See alfo Rev. iv. 10, 11. xiv. 7. * There are neverthelefs four pafiages in St. Paurs epidles, which have been commonly underfiood to fpeak of Chrift as creator of the viotXA, via, Eph. iii. 9. ColoiT. i. i6. Heb. i. 2. and Heb. i. 10 — r2. After fome preliminary obfervations, refpeding the real na« ture of Chrift's kingdom, Mr. Lindfey proceeds to the cxami* nation of thefe texts ; in the difcuffion of which, he difcovers great critical (kill and ffrcngth of judgment. We dofe our Review of this excellent publication, with Mr. Liodfey^s conclufion to his work. * I have now finifhed what I had to offer upon the exiftence, the true nature and dignity of our Lord Jefus Chrift, and have born my teftimony to what I believe to be the truth. It is from the facred writings only that we receive our information concerning him ; and thence we are to determine, amidft the various condufions that hava been drawn from them ; 1. Whether Chrift be the fupreme God, equal to the Father } 2. Or generated before all time by the power and will of the Father? 3. Or, he then firll began to exill, when born of. the Virgin Mary? This lad opinion has appeared td me to have the fuffrages of the holy fcripcures,of Chrift himfelf, and his apoftles ; and on this ground I have pleadeci for it. If the arguments attedf^ed are weak and in- MkitAt, the dodrint they fapoort will fall of itfdf; but ocherwife, C 2. it 7 20 Bijbop Hurd*i Sermons at LincMi Inm i; will in time make its wa4 by its own light and evidence, and prc- vSil. Wc iirc wont, through various prejadices,^ to form wrong judgments of things, and to hold nothing excellent in charaders, but what hath the flamp of years and antiquity upon it; and hence fome may perhaps at firft feel fome reludance, and bediftnrbed at folate a date being afligned to our Lord's exigence. And yet every thing is of yefterday, except the great eternal himfelf. Go back millions of millions of ages, as far as thought or numbers can cany, and when yoa are arrived at whi^t you call the antienteft of created beings ; yet eternal ages mud have paffed before that creature came into being, and eternal ages have always been pad and always are to come. ' Adorable, ineffable, majefty fupremel Jehovah, that inhabited eternity, whom no creature hath feen, nor can fee or comprehend ! Shall we not bow down' before thy footftool, and acknowledge thy^ peerlefs, unfathomable glory and perfedtions ? Uow ihall we give thee an equal amid (I thy works ? Ye in heav'n, On earth, join all ye creatures, to extol • • Him F1R^T, HIM LAST, HIM MIDST, Him without emo*. For of him, and through -him, and to him are all THINGS. To HIM THEREFORE BE GLORY FOR EVER, AmEN f/ ^ Milton*s Faradife Lo(}, Book v. -f Romans xi. 36. ... K-v A?A Art, IV. Serfums fnachtd at L'tn^Ms Inn^. httnjuteu the Ytart 1765 and 1776: with a lar^ Difcourfe on Chrid's driving tbi Merchants cut of the Templ$ \ in which the Nature and End of that famous Traofadaon is e^plained^. By Richard Hard, D. D. Lord Bifhop of Litchfield and Coventry ; and late Preacher of Lincoln's- Inn. 8vo. 58. Boards. Cadcli. THOUGH fcarccly any thing new can be expeded upon moral and religious fubje£is, yet every thoughtful and ferious reader muft be pleafed'to fee important truths placed in a clear and (Iriking point of view, by a writer fo honourably dif- tinguifhed in the republic of letters, as the prefent Bifhop of Litchfield and Coventry. The fermons now before us are not of the popular kind ; they are more addrefled to the underftand« ing than to the heart and the afFeftiohs. Thofe who cxpeft to have their taffe for novelty gratified, or to fee points of curious fpeculation difcufled with critical accuracy an4 preciflon, will be difappointed in the perufal of them : for the preacher has too juft an idea of the end of his office, and the decarutn of his pfofeffipQ.atl cjiara&er, to make, from the pulpit, an oftentatious difplay of critical acutenefs, eloquence, or erudition. But thofe who are defirous of having their underflandings enlight- ened, and who, confidering religion as a reafonable fervice, as their brighteft ornament in profperity, and uieir firmed fup«« pjrt in adverfxty, wi(h Co be confirmed and eftablifhed in S their Bljbop Hurd*x Sermons at Lincoln* s Inn. 21 their belief of the great principles of it, will be pleafed with the many judicious and pertinent obfervations which his Lordihip has made, upon fubjeAs that relate to their higheft interefts. Thefirft is a plain, ufcful difcourfe, from Matth. xiii. 51, 52. Therefore every fcribe which is inftru£lid unto the kingdom of heaven^ is like unto a man that is an houfi>older^ &c. Both thofe who are 1 inftpMAed to difpenfe the word of God, aiid chofe who hear it, l/ft^f' / may be greatly benefited by an attentive perufal of this fermon ; / the former may learn the duty of a Cbrijlian fcribe^ and the latter may learn not to take offence at the minifiry without caufey and fo deprive themfeiyes of the fruit which they might othcrwife reap from it. The fecond, though a fhort, is indeed an excellent fermon* The advocates for religion ifiay learfi from it the proper method of defending Chriftiahity, and thofe who fit in judgment upoii them may, as they ought, learn to be more modeft and lefs pre- fumptuous. From iCor. x. 15. I /peak as to wife men: jitdge ye , what I fay-^hxi Lordihip obfervet that the Chriftian religion^ . divine as it is in its origin, fubliaie in its precepts, and profound ia ict myfteries, yet condefcends to apply itfelf to the rational faculties of mankind ; and, fecure in its own native truth and evidence, challenges the wife and learned to judge of its pre- tenfioni. The declaration of the text therefore, he tells us, may be confidered as a (landing precept to the minifters of the a worfd, to fpeak as to wife men ; and to the hearers of it, to ufe ^^ their beft faculties, in judging of what they fay. After obferving that the religion of Jefus was dcfigned for the inftruAion of all forts and degrees of men, he tells us, there ought' to be a difference in the mode of teaching its faving truths, according to the capacities of thofe to whom they are addrefled. ' To PLAIN AND ILLITERATE MEN, who have DO pfejudicCS tO' COantcraA the virtue of God's word» and no pride of reaioo or fcience tt> qaeilion its authority, the true and proper way is, no doubt, to leprefeiic the great truths of the gofpel, Amply and clearly, accom- panied with its more general and obvious proofs, and enforced upon them with all the earneftnefs of exhortation. T\ith protfs^ and this exhortatiom, carry fnch light and force in them, as may be reafonably cxpeded to have an effed upon all men: yet to the wis s, who are prompted by their cnrioiity, or habits of enquiry, to ajk area/ofi of the ktpe that is in us *, and who are qualified by their parts and todies to judge of fuch reafon, we are intruded to addrefs a more elaborate amfiier^ or apology. • Theqaeition then willbe^ Om what principles such Apo-^ LOOT MUST BE FORMED? A queftion the more important, becaufe the apologies of all times have been too generally conftru£ted 011 * I Pet. ill. 3J ■ C 3 faifc 22 Bijbffff Huxd^s Sermons at LincaVs Inff. falfe and p.ernicious principlea; onyiif^ as cannot fupport, but rathsf tend CO weaken and difgrace, the veiy caufe they would defend, ^ Such were the apologies, many times, of the antiutt Cbrifiians^ who would incorporate with the divine religion of Jefas the vain dodrines of the gentile philofophy : and ^ch nave been too often the snore modern apologies^ which debafe the word of God, and corrupt ic with the dreams of oar prefomptuous metaphyfics. * Our religion hgs fufFipred much in both thefe ways: not, thtl reafon or philofophy of any kind^ truly £o called, can diflfecve tnQ caufe of a dMHi religion ; but that we reafon and philofophize faljely^ or pn Letters* lUft}^ Hiisd't Sttmm MVtfU^rPs'iA. 1^ L6Ctcfs« ' Wc cann«t deny ourfelves the pleafure, howevier, of tarneflly recommendiiig what the preacher advances upon thef MAedt off^litme/t^ to the admirers of Chat celebrated work. rrom — im honour preferring one another^ he takes occafion to explain the nature^ ground^ and right application of this duty* He flicws that our obligation to the pradice of it is founded etk the cicareft reafons, taken both from the nature offnonj aiid thd gtmus ef wr holy reiigion. But the whole difficulty^ as he db- jlbryes, lies in the praSice of it. * It U evident eaoogh* fays he, f/6ili What has been faid*/ TBa^ die moral and Chriflian doty 6f pre/erring one anther in hiiMr^ lefpe^s only focial p^aoe and ch^arity, iVid ttirnlinates^ id tfib ^d and edification of oar*. Chriftiah broths/ It^ ufe is, to ibfteif tU^ mindsof men, and to dnr«r them' frbm tlMfkVa^ef itrftkicy; t^luch' engenders aany vices, and diforedits tikf i^iittoiei< tbenifelves. But' when men had experienced^ the benefit 6f tliif (idtnplying (emj^r,* and fonher faw the ends, not <)f clh^y oafly, bdt of SEiiF^rN^KU^,' that might be anfwered by it ; they coiAfid^ttd'iio Fdnget it^ joil'pdf^^ pofe and application, but Iretched it to'thftt-oflidiHik fedii1ity,'^d' extreme fervility of adulatien, which we- too dft^n dbferve anS fa* ment in poUihed b'fe. / ' Hence, that infinite attention and confidc^atleii^, which^ is fb* rigidly exadked, and fo duly paid, in thd eoAinierce of the ^orld ; hence, that ptoflitntion^ of niind> whicfa^ ti^ilves a* man no wil), no ientiment, no principle, no charadler v ^H which difappea^' under the uniform exhibition of good-man Aera : hence>tHofe infidi'ods 'artsr, thofe ftodied dif^^niies, thofe obfequious flatteries, nay, tbofe af- fcded freedoms ; m a word» thofe multiplied and mcdly- varied fhrint of infinuation and addrefs ; the diref^ aim of which may be to ac* mire the fame of politenefs and eood^breeding, but the certi^nef- fed, to cormpt every virtne, to iooth every vanity, and to inflame* every vio^, or the hnmanr heart. ■ ' Thefe fiital mifchieft introduce thetHfelVes under the pretence ' and femblanceof that iimautity, which the t^t encborages atfd en- joins, fint the geuniMO virtue is eafily diiUnguilhed from the cotin* • ter/eie, and by t£s following plain Jfgnt. * I. TavB FOLiTENBss is modcft, unpretending, and penertHis.' It appears as little as may be ; arfd, whisn it dbes a cbnrte^, wOold willingly conceal it. It chnfes filently to forego its own claims^ not officiouily to withdraw theta. It engages a man to prefer hie neigh- hnr to hem/elf becaufe he really efleems him ; becauie he is tebder of his repotation ; becaofe he thinks it more manly, more Chrifliant todeicend a little himfelf, than to degrade another. •■-it refpeifts, 'in a word, the ertdit and eftimatien of his neighbour. ' Tl» nmhic of this amiable virtue; false politetiess, is, on the other hand, ambitions, fervile, timorous. It affedls popularity ; is^ follicitoos to pleafe, and to be taken notice of. The man of this , charader does not offer, bat obtrude, his civilities : Hecaufe he would merit by this afiidaity; becaufe, in defpair of winning re« gard by any worthier qualities, he v^ould be fare^ to make chfe mdft 9f 86 Blfl>9p UjdtA^sSirmffns m Linalns Inn. of this ; and, laftly, becaufe of all things he would dread, hy tba QmifTion of any pandilious obfervance, to give offence. — In a word, this fort of politenefsy refpedls* for its immediate objedt^ X^at favour and confideration oi ovLt neighhoxir, ' * 2. Again : the man, who governs himfclf by the fpirit of the apoHle's precept, expreiTes h\% preference of another in fuch a way as is worthy of himfelf : in all innocent compliances, in all honed civi- lities, in all decent and manly condefceniions. ; . . ' On the contrary, the man of the world, who reds in the letter of this commkira, is regardlefs of i\ktmeant^ by which he condudla- himfelf. He refpe^s neither his own dignity, nor that of human nature* Truth, reafon, virtue, all are equally betrayed by this inpple impoftor. He aflents to the errors, though ihc mod pernr* S'oas ; he applauds the follies, though the mbft ridiculous 4 he fooihs le vices, though the mod flagitious, of other men. He never con* tradi6b, though in the (bfteft form of iafinaation ; he never difap- S roves, though by refpedfiil iJlen^e; he neier condemns, though ^ be onW by. a good example. In ihort, he is folicitons for nothing, tiiit bV feme dudied devices to hide ffom others, and^ if poffible, to g^.uate to himfelfy the groflhefs of his illiberal. adulation. ^ * 3. Ladly, we niay be- fure, that the mlimate ends, forivhich thefe different ohjeds are pnrfued, and by fo different means^ mud i^fo lie wide of each other* ; . * Accordingly, the traly polite man wonld, by all proper tedi- xhonies of refpe^, promote the credit and edimation of his neigh- boar, becaufe he {ees» that, by this generous confideration of each other* the peace of the world is in a good degree preferved ; iecaufi Ke knows that th^fe mutual attentions prevent animoiities, fofcen the fiercenefs of mens manners, and difpofe them to all the offices of be- nevolence and charity ; haanfe^ in a word*, the intereds of fociety are bed ferved by this condnft ; and huaufi he underdands it to be lufl doty* to Uvi his miighionr. ' ' The falfely polite, on the contrary, are anxious, by all means iivhatever* to procure the favour and confidieration of thofe they coA- ▼erfe with* ^mij/^ they regard ultimately nothing more than their private ' intered ; /#Mi^ they perceive* that their own felfidi defignt are bed carried on by fuch praAices : in a word*, becanfe they love tbtmfel*uis. * Thus we fee, the genuine virtue confultt the honour of others by worthy means, and for the nobled purpofe ; the counterfeit, folicitt their favour by didioned compliances, and for the bafed end. - * By fuch evident marks are thefe two chara^ers ditUnguifhed from each other ! and {o impofTible it is, without a wilful perverfion of our faculties* tomidakein the application of the apodle's pre- cept; • It follows, you fee, from what has been faid, " that integrity of heart, as Solomon long iince obferved, is the bed guide in mo- rals f •'' We may impole upon others by a diew of civility ; but the deception goes no farther. We cannot help knowing, in our -f * The iniegritj of tbt nf right Jball guide, them. Pior, xi. 3. pwn S!fi^ HurdV Simmt at LlmMi Inn. tj ■' own cafe, if we be iogenuoasy when this Tirtne retaini its nature, jmd when it degenefties into the -vice* that afnrpt its aanii^. .To ^san^ elude, an hon^ ittan runs no rifle in bemg polite: . Let ds^nlyr^- /^a ourfelires ; and we ihali nuisly do amifi, when, ^ni^wpotatrzd" The tenth feimon (hews the inftrtiSion conveyed in the a^ of our Savioiir*s wajhing the dffcipUx fief. Thi^i; h6 obferfos, W2% an emblennatied the defign of introducing to the acquaint- fnoB of ^^e £iigii(b readet^- jAie'iccountif urhich have been lately puhliihcd of. the travels of feveVal Idarncd forei|aers; fhainent iqr ,tiievrl(lall in v^fioua teancbes of Natural Hi3x>ry } particularly withi^ped t6.the taternal flrudure and^ produc- fions pf.ibfi^ <;trttr)— lb wonderfit), — fo varioiisi*— fo rich^ — fo bcautifolj<— jfo ufeful; — and fo little known to the' general!^ of maokind^ AsP^^^^y^ArbtrU LitUrs to Barm Bcht^ [fh>m tKe Qprmaii].;^!! ||^ Na^tural Hiftory of Italy, here t&e the lead ; 2tad we hope to fee them follbwed, in due time^ by the fame writer^^ mifleralogical defcription ef Bpbmia ; the voyagesW/f/- hnto Fgrthf from the Italian-; and BaronBoRN^s joorney into tti BMnnat^Tr^tnfyhmma^ and Hkngatyy from the Gbrman: from all of whicn« the ftock of mineralogical and botanical knowledge, in this country, may gain a v^y conflderable augmentation. With refpeA to Italy, ic is juftly remarked,' by the learned Tranflator of die letters before us, that, by a ctaiEcal education; we are imperceptibly, from our infancy, made acquainted witH that country; and that, being favoured by nature, or < infpired by faflikMDr wiith a taftefdr Arts and Sciences^ it is with pleafure and improvement that vre afterwards travel over the Alps, and tbat we perufe the defcriptions of this beautiful divifion of Europe* < Hapi^,* proceeds Mr. Rafpe, f ■ ih its climate, and diHiagaifhed by theingenoitv of its inhabitants, it has twice, under the Romans and Popes, with an almoft nniverfal fway, prefided over the better pisrt of the world. At two different periods it has nurfed and im* y proved the Arts and Science's* In former times, it handed them down by the Roman Colonies to diftant barbarous nations. Since die laft Gothic a^ei, they revived again in the geoins of Petrarch, Dante, Boctiice^ Raphael, and Leo X. who fpread their glory, light, and influence, over the whole inhabited world ; never, it is hoped, to be loft again» ^ By a jnft return, et ery Art and Science, and •very ciyiliaed nation, have been emnlons to embellilh I:aly, and to give tellimony to its highly deierved celebrity. • In the Article relating to this Gentleman's Account cf/omt Ctrm piam FoUamos^ and tbiir frgju^ions ^ publiihed laft year* t Pref. p. I, ^4r F,cr\)cr*i Tntvels ibrpugb ltaty% ^ Ptr 'oarios eafiu H muUa 4ifcriminfL rtrum TituiimMs in Latium. \ ' ' la confequence, this remarksUe part of Eorope^ haviofi; J>een (o jnudi vifited and examined, and fp ainpfy defcribed by able wntersy BOW atfbrds but few topitt for the iticudem traveller to enlarge upon. There have, however, of late appear^^ fojme defcriptions, wnidi prove, that ingeniioas men may yet coiiiider Italy in a new point o]r view. It would be xxtigrzifiM nbt to acknowled^ the obligations we are ander, to th6 poblieationt of La C&D^amtbe, ^chard, Lf Laade, Groiley, Volckmana,^okzerts, Fortis, Hiedefel, Brydone, mnd Barney ; and k woald ik onlair not to rank lAi. rerber among thoie who found in Italy objefls, ' UpJf fritu mdli vilanmi temp»ra Mu/uJ Mr. R. now proceeds to give (bme account of hit Author ; from which we iball extrad^ the following particulars : ' Mr. Ferbei^ was bom at CarUcrona in Sweden, and had his education at UpiaU that famoni ichool of Natural Hiftory, where ^i«jMw/, Crnt/ledtf and WaUirim^ have fo faccefsfnily fyllematized the different kingdoms of Nature; and where, of .late, fo many cminept Naturalilb have been iofpired with their genius, ferhir caught a troe fpark of it. Not idly devoting himfelf with many Second 'HUe difeiples ofLiitnoBs to the colledion and clafltficadon of plants, he jbetook himfelf rather to the abftrofer fubterraneons king- dom of Nature ; which, from its being furronnded with darkne»» and attended with difiicultiesy has hitherto been too much negleded«( Nor did he cramn his un^erilandinjg with the barren nomenclattires of fcflils. He thought of fatisfymg himfelf; and of improving fcience, for the fcholar and the miner. In this view he examiaed the mines and fmelting-places in Sweden, and travelled, from the year 1768 to 1773, through Germany, Holland, Switzerland, France, England, Bohemia, Hungary, and Italy, in order to enlarge and rtOlfy his ideas, and to gather that various inflru6lion, from the learned and the unlearned, from Philofophers, Chemifts, Miners, and Smelters, which the improved culture of thofe countries ofiers to the obferver. * He made at feveral times a long 0ay in Genpanyi the bed as well as the mod ancient fchool in Europe for miufrf aqd metaU lurgiftf. The old rich mines of the Hartzforeft, wf^h its furnaces, feemed to him remarkably inftruflive in their nature, and in the wife oKonomy by which they are condudled and regulated; and, indeed,, there are but few mines, which, on that account, will bear a com« pariion with thf ip. . • Tlie verjr ufeful Academy for Miners at Freiberg in Saxony fatisfied and roftraded hi|n. The arts of mining, furveying, work- ing, and fmeltin^, are taught there, by able makers, upoa fcienti£c principles ; ^nd in that place he feems to have conceived a thought of enlarging upon Baron Paifi *u. Ohatn^i idea of a phyfical or. fnbterraneout geography, and of cqlledting on his travels as auny. faAs as might generalife them, and reduce the art of difcovering. and purfaing metallic veins to better principles. Hitherto it was entirely left, either to chanc(i, or the fuperftitious ancf ignorant; pradices of common workmen'; perhaps to tbe perlbnid fki\\ andb ' ' nnfyfteoiatic ^0 Perber*/ TravUs ihrouih Italp oofyftexnatic enpirical experience of illiterate, miaeri, which t( courfe if confined to fingle mountains, and fcarce ^ver outlives thfe man. I need not dwell on she advantages of this happy idea; fince, ftom the prefent pjablicatiojXi, and iome others which I ihall fpeak of afterwards, it is obvious h'oW inftru&ive it mnft prove for the art of Mining; which« after the Naatical art. Teems to be the mod com- plictte* expenfive, and hazardous* of all. We find that ih 17689 a perfonal acquaintance took place between Mr. Ferber and his prefent Tranflator, when, from Saxony and the Hartzforeft, the former proceeded to vifit Holland, France, and England. ' We examined* together, fays he, the Habichwald*, near CalTel ; and as, till that moment, he had feen no volcanic mountain, reputed to be I'ucb, he was not altogether fatisfied with my Syllem of the Earth, which in 1763 had been poblifhed at Amfierdana. I was. led to fufped, what farther obfervations have convinced me of, that this bttge and uncouth heap of mounuins is. a monument of ancient ▼olcanic eruptions. He has certainly in thefe Letters on Italy made me large and liberal amends, iince he has confirmed me in my OwoTdeas/ Mr. Ferber, we are here informed, bad particular attention and refped paid to him, in England, by the true lovers and friends to fcicnce : men of liberal minds, who, as Mr. R. cxprefles it, « confider not fcience as a jobb, nor the adite friends of knowledge as encroaching intruders upon their repu- tation/ On this occafion, he mentions Mr. Whitehurft, of Derby ; who, with hofpitable politenefs, ^ and an extenfive, folid knowledge of his country, enabled the learned foreigner to examine the mountains and mines of that county.' — To this wc may here add, with refped to Mr. Whitehurii, that, (as we are informed) the .public will foon be made acquainted with his abilities, and the refult of his long and accurate refearches' into thofe hidden operations of nature, from whence, perhaps, a riieory of the earth may be deduced, more fatisfadory to the philofophic world, than any that hath yet appeared. ' Id 1770 Mr. Ferber returned to Sweden, and was received AfTelTorvn the Royal Departme at of Mines ; but foon after fet out again foFGermany, on the fame errand as before, and which after- wards led vim to Italy. * Baron Inigo v. Born, Coanfellor of the Royal and Imperial Mines in Bohemia, uea living at Prague, had been acquainted with him in his firft journey to Germany, and feized the opportunity of this iecond excurfion with that generous warmth which has made him one of the moft learned and moft liberal promoters of Mineralogy. Having formerly communicated to his friend very inftrudive and entertaining accounts of his own mineralogical travels to the Hun« * One ef the V$kamic mountains, as Mr. Rafpe deems them* which encircle the valley of CafleK See his trcatife, or our account «f it« ivfcrfcd to, ia the preceding note* f ariaa Fcrbcr'i Travels through Italy. '31 garitD tnd TranfylvaniaD mines, he now prevailed on Mr. Ftritr to make him a fuitabie retorn for them by accoants from Italy, whither he went in the latter end of 177 1, after having made repeated and very interefting examinations of the Bohemian mines. * This occafional acquaintance of our Author with Baron Bora proved a great advantage to Qrydology and mineralogy ; fince we mre indebted to it for fdmeof the mod valuable and fcientific accounts hitherto written in any language. Baron Born piibliAied Mr. Ferber^t Letters on Italy at Prugui, 177^. Mr. Ferhtr publifhed not only his own obfervationi on the quickfilver mines at Idria and on the Bohemian mines, but alfo the Baron's Travels to Hungary and Tranfylvania. " ' ' They have been received abroad with juft applaufe; and, as it is prefumed that they will meet with a fimilar reception in England, I have undertaken to lay them before the public, ever indulgent to the improvement of ufeful fcience. As the latter are fhortly to appear^ I (hall here give fome remarks merely on the prefent publication. Mr* R. proceeds to obferve^ that, as before Mr. Ferber, no traveller, has examined Italy in a general mineralogital view, the great object of thefe Letters, therefore, coraes recommended to us by its entire novelty. * loterefling in itfelf, fays he, for the improvement of Phyjical Citgrmfby. and the Natural Hiftory of the Earth, it is the more fo, as Italy offers many inftrudive phenomena to that purpofe, and as the writer of thefe Letters was eminently qualified to treat of them with propriety. I diall not enlarge upon the vicinity of the Alps, the nature of the Apennine mountains, the many marble quarries, the great variety of foreign marbles employed by the Ancients, the alum works at Tolfa and in the Solfatara, nor the increaie of the. fea, which Mr. Ftrbir has taken notice of. The volcanos of this country, however, and efpecially Vefuvius, claim particular attention. * Being fituated in the neighbourhood of a large and populous city,. this mounuin bad ilruck the fancy, and engaged the curioiity, o£ philofophers and travellers ever fince the time of Pliny. However,. the many defcriptions of thefe great laboratories of Nature, which hitherto have been given to the public, are far from being iatisfadory to Nataralifts. Entirely taken up with hiftorical accounts of their various eruptions, and of the horrors and devaftations which have attended them, they indulged themfelves either in fentimental and poetical flights, or in marvellous tales of wonders performed, or rather not performed, by the noHrums of St. Januarius, and the, ceremonies of crafty priefts. They noticed only the apparent devafla- tioos; and did not fo much as imagine that the volcanic and Vefavian horrors are concomitant majeitic eiFeds of the moll aflive.' power of Nature, creating new foflils and land by the greated of all chemical operations. But very few of them, and thofe only of late, advifcd the supplying thefe phxnomena, and the new-raifed volcanic iflaodr, to fome general hypotheiis of the earth: although the- G reeks, about two thoufand years ago, had fet the faired example, in tracing Nature's fyHem bv £milar fads. 1 do not allude to Father l^irihn'i SubttrruntQus PTgrU, in which that credulous man dreamed of 3^ FjcrherV Traods ibrmigh haly% fji ^ ceptral and fabterrancous fire; appearing' no vi^ere except in jhif own chimerical fedions of the earth. I mean to fpeak ^ the better fyftems of Ray^ H^oke^ and Am. Laauof Moro ; which, in a liypothetical manner, by earthquakes, volcanos, and the adionof the jfea, explain, or might explain, phaenomena on the farface of the jNTth, that hitherto h^ been To many ftumbliag-ftones in other oiological fyflemi. Eilabli^cd upon fads, and evidenced by expe- nence and hiftory, thefe are undoubiedly in a higher fcale than thoft jpf Whiiion, Bttrnet, Woodward, and Maillet, in which, fadt arc foppofed, and powers and errors afcribed to Nature, with which Natore appears to be ngacqu^nted. Indeed, they are deficient in many points, and very far from having received from the hands of their authors that latitude and evidence they are capable of, as well in refped of hiftorical truth, as of the nature and iicuation of fbffils and mineral bodies. This, I am perfnaded, (lands clearly proved in imy Sjftem of the Earth ; which, for the honour of Hooke^ and the im- provement of fcience, was publilhed at Amiierdam in 1763. It will ^ther evidently appear, from an improved edition which- I am preparbg» and from what I fubmit here to the judgment of the Reader. * That a Variety ofparallel and horizontal flrata are produced, by various caufes, at the bottom of the fea; that earthquakes have t>roken, difordered, and raifed large parts of them above its level ; that volcanos work both under and above the fea ; and that many IbiCls are duly produced and accumulated by them into hills, high- 'towering over the former plains, till rain and water level them again to the ground; thefe are undeniable fa^s, and, when properly attendedto, with a due refped to fome other phenomena, not only fopport the orological hypothecs now under confideration, but mo^ tertainly give flrongly marked out-lines of Nature's own fyftem. * This fyftem we cannot be thoroughly acquainted with, if thefe 6at lines are not filled up with variety of obfervations ; they alone can give it life, and make it a true pidure of the fubterranean king- dom. Left where philofophers have left it hitherto, it is but a faint conjedural (ketch ; thus finifhed, it will get the exaflnefs of a pidure^ drawn and coloured after Nature; and prove of nearly the fame advantage to miners and philofophers, as well- delineated anatomical tables are of to furgeons and phyficians. ' * I (hall point out where this fyllem was deficient, and by that means (late where it remains fo (lill. * The problem to be refolved was, in general, laid down upon too aarrow principles. It was only to explain the origin of the inequali- ties, and of the (ea-(hells contained in their various parallel ibrata* This, indeed, is but part of the queftion. The higbtr mitallic ami fimpU mountains \ their fi(rures and veins; their rocks, which never contain any adventitious organic body; their di(Ferent relative £tuation, in refpedl to themfelves, and to the many marine or other beds which are incutnbent on them ; have not been properly attended to: till very lately, we were entirely deftitute of fcientific and intelligible defcriptions of mountains and mines, and the refpedive natural fituation of their beds and rocks. This deficiency has beeo» of late, perceived and fupplied by fome ingeaioi;s writers, of difiPereat nationa. .A FcrbcrV travels ihnugb tiafyi 33 MttODft, tl xwill appear from the books already mentioned. The pfoTpeA hat widened, and «^e cannot poffibly, henceforth, afcribe the origin of the many rot:k and (lone beds to a fiogle eanie 1 whether biir favoarate fyllem be an immediate creation, or a general flood, or a general and fucceifive conflagration ) nor are we lo liflen to philo- Ibphers, who boldly could tr 11 tts, Tome years ago, that porphyry is n red mai5, ^Wtd with petrified points of echinites} that columnar bafalt maiTes are tubular corah ; that angels and devils have been the fubahcrn archiceds of the mountains, and many other fuch abToruities, ^a ipfi mtfirrilna 'viii» ' The huherco i)cg!c6led native place of the foiTtls, to ufe the phrafe of Sbakefpeare, gives the /// dina tofuch ttiaginerial nonlenfe, mad tells aloud to every one, who is willing aod able to hear, that Nature, in different times, and under different circurti (lances, by the fblventt of wa:er and lire, uniformly produces, and has produced, that variety of folTils, which caps the furface of the earth and filla our mineralogies. The determination, of thefe various circum (lances, under which Nature produced and depoflted them, !»> in refpedl to the fiflils, what the Linnsan Sexual Syftem is to the plants ; and fhews — not what every foflil is good for, or cOmpoled of«— but a probable rule, by which to find and to pu^^e them under ground, nnd by which we may judge of their origin and antiquity; advan- tages, which can never be expeded from our mineralogtcai fyffems, Uablilhed merely upon form, colour, aind chemical elTays; and which will, perhaps, fome day or other, make thefe enquiries more - aqceptable and fa(hionabIe. Much has been done that way, but much is ffill left iox poilerity ; for which 1 refer the reader to Baron Bora's and Ferber^s accounts of the Hungarian and Bohemian mines, io my Preface added to them, and to the vaff book of Nature, which liet before as. * The earthquakes and volcanos, being the chief tri(ible and ewerful caufek of the inequalities and (liattered coiidition of the face of the earth, (hould loiig a$;o have engaged the phiioibphers to enquire into their nature and effefls. Hypothetical theories we have in abundance ; nay, we may at leifure hours in our clofets very caiily invent new ones, without improving fcienCe. But have we fada enough, well examined and well defcribed? Have we clolely * attended to their various effefls and circumllances ?* did we make fiur allowances for them, when we attempted to apply them to our Drological fyffems \ had we from jail obfervations abilra£led infallible charadiers, by which we were enabled to difcover their former deffraAions and creations, in thofe parts where hiffory left us in darkneft ? furely not ! - ' Mr* La G^ndamint fairly acknowledges, that he and his fellow icademicians were unacquainted with the volcanic prodoflions, when ckcjr were fent to Peru, and frequently encamped for weeks and nMmtht on Pichincba, Cotopaxi, and Chimboraio ; which are, per- kapfy the moff remarkable and inffro6live volcanos in the whole worids * Ami. Lazaro Muro ventured in 1740 to afcribe all the firatified leoottdary mountains to volca&ic eruptions; but he did not prove his ILiv. Jan. 1777 D alTertion; 34 FcrbcrV Travels through Italy. afTertioH ; abd thus convinced nobody ; nor ever wil!» in refpeft ot thofe beds, .which vifibly are produced and depofited by the Tea. * Count Buffon in 1749 prefumed to fay of ^11 the volcanic moun- tains, and the new-raifed idands, that *' they are without parallel beds, and that their materials and fubRances are dellitute of an/ regular portion, prefenting only the diforder of irregular eruptions.*' But what volcano, or what new-raifcd ifland, had he .or other NacuraliUs examined ? none. * Mr. La Condamitu^ after having feen Iialy in 1755. feems to have been the fird who obferved, and told the public, that all the environs of Naples are volcanic; and that the volcanic grounds reach from thence to the very gates of Rome, and its neighbourhood at Frafcati, Grotta Ferrata, Caftel Gandollo, Albano, Tivoli, Caprarola, Vicerbo> andLoretto; thefe have never been noticed by hillorians as being at all fubje^t to volcanic e-uptions. . In this particular he may, perhaps, have been improved by the Learned in Italy, fuch as P. la 7'crre, Gie*u. Targioni Tozzetfi, and Gto'v. Arduini^ who about that time, publiQied their mineralogical obfervations on feveral parts of Italy : " but he was certainly the fiiH, who, on this fide of the Alps, in Dauphine, Provence, and feveral other places, found marks of ancient volcanos ; fo evident, that his only ailoniiliment was, that thcfc his conjeAures fliould appear new, and be thought whimfical^ in a country, where, according to his opinion, in orJer to form the like conjedures, it is fufHcicnt merely to open one's eyes." ' About the fame time, and during .Vr. La Condaminc's abfencc in Italy (1755 or I7>6), Mr. Cir^z/^r^ prefented to the Royal Aca- demy at Paris, a Memoir on the perfect refemblance between the Vefuvian volcanic prcdudlions, aral tlioio which he had found in Auvergne and on the Mont d'Or .^Mms^'ar difcoverits have lince been made in many other p.irts of the wctid ; in which, except thefe unnoticed monuments, no hidorical records were left, a^ memorials of former volcanic conflagrat'cns. * Father La Tofre\ Hiilory of Vcfuvius, and fomc modern defcripw tions of ^tna and Vefuviu?, ihoui;h juliiy confidcred as claflical performances, and written with much hiilorical learning, candour, elegance, and ingenuity, did not enlarge the views of philofophers, nor fpread any remarkable, new light on the fubjed. They were highly deficient in a mineralogical rcfped ; nor had their authors ever troubled themfclves ^ibout the fcicniifx and intelligible denomi- < fiations of the volcanic produdions, or their va-^ious ibte, nature, Situation, ground, principles, and connection with other loi&ls. Of courfe they left us in the dark on all ihcfe fubjects; told us many a pretty tale of marcafite, biiumtn, and precious itones ; and were fair game for the fubtle lava-dealers at Naples, who, like their kindred Italian antiquity-fellers, cannot be (uppofed to be remarkably con- fcientious. I have feen dear-bought pretended Vefuvian precious Hones, which, upon nearer examination, were found to be artificial glafles ; and fome tables, inlaid with pretended Vefuvian and Sicilian lavas, which, for the greater part, were extremely apocryphal, or confiftcd of marbles, * Mr. Difmartft^ an eminent mineralogifl, who was employed for fome time to examine the natural productions of France, obferved 8 .. that f'cfberV Traveh through Italy k- 35. ttiat fome ma/Tei ofprifmatical bafaltes in Auvergne are .immediate]/ . conDeded with the lavas and other volcanic foiTils of that country ; and, being in their fubdance and colour fo nearlyrelated to them, he ventured in 1768 the hypothefis, •* that this fort of (lone is belonging to, and produced by, the volcanic lava currents. I had ever iince the year 1 767, or ever iince my examination of the volcanic productions in HefTe, obferved the fame phenomenon ; and being convinced, by a variety of fadls, that, beildes the fahs and metals* many other foilils receive a determined form by fufion and cooling, as well as by their folution in aqueous folvents; I was the more llruclc by this coinciding obfervation, and faw no reafon why thefe proble- matical rocks fhould not be henceforth confidered as cryilallized lavas. Accordingly I communicated in 1769 an account of the prifmaticai bafahes at Feliberg, and other places in HeiTe, to the Royal Society ; and, >%ith fome further particulars, to Sir W'illiam Hamilton, and to the Royal S ciety in Gottingen. ' If it deferves any praife, to have firlt hit upon a lucky hypothefis, 3t cannot poilibly be denied t6 Mr. De/martfl ; and 1 may be allowed to have fome (hare in it, for being, in point of time, anterior to fo many late difcoverers of Volcanos and volcanic Bafahes; for having confirmed it by fair obfervacions ; and, finally, for having improved it by fome new fadls and views; which in my late Account of the German Volcanos, 1 have laid before the public. Their chief pur- pofe and tendency is, the conjecture, *' that the prifmaticai bafaltes, being, in thofe places where I obferved them, and in many others, near or below the level of the fea, are to be confidered either as lava- currents, cooled in fea-wacer, or cooled in themfelvo under ground without any eruption.'' The fame reafons will (land for MeiT. Ftrher and De/mareftt and for mt^ in reipefl to the firft fcientific defcriptions of the various volcanic, or volcanico- marine, or volcanic paraficical foflils, found in the feveral volcanos of Italy, France, and Germany; by which the purfuit of thefe enquiries and enlarged views, for the improvement of fcience and fome of the mechanical arts, is made eafy and popular. • Mr. Ferher'i account of the Vefuvian lavas alone would give this publication credit. It is not only the firli of that kind, but may juftjy be coniidcred as a ted and direction for other countries, which are dediiute of dill-burning volcanos. Probably it will be foonj^on- £rmed by the mincralogical accounts of Italy of Mr. Guttiard, who travelled with Ferher through a great part of that country ; and, ihoogh in foroc points he did not entirely agree with him, the public will be the better enabled by his accounts co judge of the truth and jnerit of their refpeflive opinions. * From thefe late defcriptions of the Italian and logy have not been, hitherto, fo much and fo generally attended to in England as in other parts of Europe. I am perfuaded that they require only to be exhibited to the public, to engage in their behalf that generous encouragement which has rendered the Engliih Adronomers, Mathematicians and Naturalifls, tytry way foperior to thofe of other countries. Upon a prefumption, that the time for their better cultivation in England cannot be far diftant, I have recommended fome of the enqniries, here fpoken of, to Captain Cooke, who is again to go * on difcoveries ; and I recommend them to the public in general, wiih the iame warmth, wherewith I made fimilar propo&ls many years ago. Whether I Ihall reap any advan- tage from them or not, maybe indifferent tome; bat in whatever proper manner they (haU be attended to, I am fare they will reward their Protedlors, s^id enlarge fcience, which, it is hoped can never be indifferent to them. ' So much for the prefent, of the progrefs, prefent date, and future improvement, of Natural Geography atfd Mineralogy. More might have been faid on this fubjeA, but it is fufficient to have pointed out the view, in which the prefent publication is to be confidered by candid readers.' Thus far have we accompanied the learned Tranflator^ through his curious and entertaiiHng Preface. With refpedt to any ^rther view of the treatife to which it is prefixed, our readers are referred to the account given of it in the Appendix ^ to our ssth vol. (publiihcd at the fiime time with the prefent Review) where a French tranflation of Mr. Ferber's Letters^ . is the fubjcA of a foreign article. ^ (^^pt* Cook failed about four months ago. r* P 3 Art* ( 38 ) An^. VI. An Account and Dcfcriptlon of an improued S^eam Engine i lubiih iJuili. ivith the fame ^antity **/ Fuely and in an equal Space fifTimej raife above double tbe ^aniity of Water than any Leaver Engine cf tbe /ame Dimenjions. Illujlrated ^with a Copper- plate. By N. D. Falck, M. D. 8vo. z s. Law. 1776. THE Author of this performence has frequently paiTcd in revie^v before us, in W\s medical capacity; nor is this the firft inftance of his prcfcnting himfelt to us under the charac- ter of a mechanician. Qur Readers may recollect that, not long ago, we attended him in the recital of the memorable >fforts which he made to bring the late unfortunaie Mr. Diiy and his diving vcflel up to th" furface, at which time w^ gave ^lin account of fomc of the philofophical principles, by which he endeavoured to account for the horrid cataftrophe of that felf devoted projedor. Of thofe principles, that which moit excited our attention was his total and cavalier difavowal of •the well known H.d* ojiatica I paradox ; which he confidcred as • a propofition * incompatible to common fenfe and the nature of thmgs'*. Jf Dr. Kaick be not better ircqtiainted with the powers of water, when adding under the modification o^ Jleam^ or elafiic vapour, than he there appeared to be with it's pro- perties as a gravitating fluids we (hou'd not be inclined to put much confidence in any projefts conceived by him, for the im- .provem-'nt of fo complicated a machine as the Fire Engine; 'cfpecially fhould he bring no proofs, as is the cafe in the prcfent inftance, of his having realifed any of his fpeculations concerning it. On this occafion, we can fcarce avoid claffing our Autht^r among thofe adventurers, who are daily feen decid- ing on the moft difficult queftions, and attempting the moft firduous enttrprifes, merely by the force of their own fublime genius ; without having paffed through the previous ftudy, and patient cxpe«imental inveltigation, which difcriminate the philo- fophcr from the viflonary, and the well founded and firm after tions of fci<.nce going hand in hand with experiment, from the groundlefs, and yet ftill more confident decifions of fancy and inexperience. A> tha' noble invention, the Fire Engine, is a machine of a very expenfive kind» and of great importance to the manufac- :tures of this kingdom ; and as fome of the proprietors of thefc engines may not be profoundly verfed in the niyfteries of fteam, or in the mech mical poweis which are put in adlion by it; "we fti.ill, to prevent thcfe honeft gentlemen from being mifled, to the detriment of their fortunes, by erroneous pretenfions, take more notice of this publication than it could poflibly claio^ from it's intrinfic merit. ♦ Sec Muntbly Review VoL liii. Oflober 1775. page 508. The Falck'j Dtfcription of an improved SUfim Engine 39 The principle on which Dr. Falck founds his propofcd im- provement of the ftcnm engine, confifts in genera) * in the engine having two cylinders ; into which the fteam is let aiter- rately to afcend, by a common regulator which always opens the communication of the Oeam to the one, whilft it (huts up the opening of the other, by which the engine is in a con- tinual zQ'ion-of power. For the pifton rods (by means of a wheel fixed to an arbour) ate kept in a^ continual afcending and defcending motion whereby they move the common arbour, to which is another wheel aiExed moving the pump rods, in the iame alternate direction a^ the pifton rods, by which con- tinual motion the pumps are kept in perpetual action.' By this condrudiion, in Which two cylinders are ufed, inftead of the fingle cylinder in the common engine, the Author pro- pofcs to produce double the quantity of fteam by a given quan- tity of fuel, applied in a given manner. As we do not find, cither by Dr. Falck's defcription of his propofed engine, or by the plate accompanying it, that he applies his fuel differently from others, or difpofea^ it more commodioufly for this purpofe; we do not comprehend the rationale of this propofed improve- ment. If the mere multiplying/ of cylinders will produce fuch norable acceffions of force, and favings of fuel ; we fee no reafon why he limits the number of cylinders to two, arid does not avail himfelf, to a greater degree, of the advantages promifed by this thrifty improvement. . Pafling over the objeflions which the Author makes to thd common fire engines, we (hall only a*:tend the eftimate which he gives us of the force of one of them, that of the York buildings' company. That this is erroneous, will probably appear from the following obfervations, founded on fome data furniflied us by an ingenious correfpondent, intimately acquainted with this fubjcdl. The Author alleges that the whole power of the York buildings' engine, at each ftroke, is equal to 14 tons, and that the pump end of the lever is leaded with 6 tons, in order to raifc the fteam pifton, and to force down the empty buckets. Now the cylinder being 49 inches in diameter, the area of it's pifton is 1886 fquare inches nearly; which, if preflrd by the full weight of the atnr.ofphere, would be in equiitbrio with a weight of 26,404 pounds, or 11 tons 15 cwts. but in order that the pifton fliould be prefled down by the whole weight of a column of air, whofe bafe is equal to the area abovcmentioned ; the cylinder muft be fuppofed to be free from all refiftiti^ matter; that is, to be per*e6tly cxhaufted of air, and void of warm water; which is never the cafe in fuch engines. On the contrary, we have reafon to fuppofe, in confcquence of expcri- xnents which hav^ been made on other engines, that the whole I D 4 power 40 Falck*/ Difcriptim of an imprc^d Steam Engim. power^ exerted )}y that of the York buildings' company, fcarce exceeds 15,000 pounds (6 tons i4,cwt.) or 8 pounds on each fquare inch of the pifton : the ftatical weight likewife of twq columns of water, 13 inches in diameter, and ico feet high (for fucb are the dimenfions of it*s pumps) is equal to about 11,500 pounds ("5 tons a cwt.) or, about 6 pounds for each fquare inch of the area of the pi (ton. The Dodor fays, that there is^ counterpoife of 6 tons upon the pump end. Does he not know that the engine works two pumps, of the fame diameter ; ^iJifUng or jack head pump, whicb is wrought by the immediate impulfe of the engine, and operates when the pump end of the Icvtr rifes ; — and a forcing pump, the pifton of which is prcfrcd down by an ad- ditional weight of lead, and which a£^s when the pump end of the lever dcfcends ? — the weight neceflury for this purpofe needs pnly to be equal to 3750 pounds (the v/eight of one of the columns of water) with the addition of fo much more as is peceflary to raife the fleam pifton, &c. The whole, we may venture to affirm, will fcarce amount to 75PO pound (3 tons 7 cwt.) ififtead of 6 tons, as the Author has afierted. The Author is equally unfortunate in fome of his criticifnr>s pn a brother projeQor-r-not however an ideal^ but a practical projeftor :— we mean Mr. Watt, a Scotch Engineer, who oh* tained an exclufive privilege for an improved fire engine, by an a£l of parliament pafled in 1775* Two capital advantages attend this new conftrudion: for firft, the cylinder is included in a cafe, fo as to be furrounded with hot fteam from the boiler, and is thereby always kept uniformly as hot as the fteam itfelf* Accordingly no part pf the fteam is loft or deftroyed, as in the common engines. In the next place, the vapour is convcyeci into a thin metal veftel, which is perfedly air tight, and which is always kept exhauftcd both of air and water, by means of pumps wrought by the engine itfelf. 1 his veiTel is always kept ' cold, by being immerfed iq water that is conftantly colder than the point in which water will boil tn vacuo^ Accprdin'gly, the fteam which rufl^es into this cold vacuum is fuddenly and perfeflly co^denfed ; fo that it does not oppofe the defcent of the pifton, * which, as Mr. Watt obferve?, is therefore forced ^own by the full power of the fteam from the boiler, which is fome\*hAt greater than that of the atmofphcre.* Our Author, after having given a defcription of this machine^ ip the words of the inventor, exprefles very ftrong apprehen-? fions * th2it wbttt reaily put Into] execution^ it will prove perhaps inferior to the old method he (Mr. Watt.) has with fo much labour and expence fiudied to amend/ He fpeciRes many ob- jections to It, and gives hints of many others which he coul4 mention i and grc^\y fears that Uie inyeiitiQn, ' If put in execu* "■''•■■ iisii Leiiirs en the Wfrflup rf Chrift. 41 ifVtt^<^w»]l neither produce any advantage < to the ownen of engines, or even to the inventor/ He adds however * that he Ihould be very happy to be convinced to thp contn^ry by ocular demonftration/ Now it happens very unfortunately for Dr. Falck's objeAions to Mr. Watt's invention, and at the fame time as fortunately for the completion of his wi(h, laft quoted, that Mr. Watt's fcbeme bas aQually been put into gxecution ; and particularly, that f6me of thefe improved engines have been ere^ed, and are now a&ually at work, in StafFordibire, Shropfbire, and Middlefex. Had the Dofior, before he publifhed thefe doubts, and criti- pifms, and wiihes, ftepped only as far as Stratford Le Bow near London ; he might there have feen one of Mr. Watt's engines at work, which is fuppofed to be the fmalleft in England that is applied to real bufinefs: and yet this fmall engine, as we have been informed, actually raifes nearly four times the quan* tity of water, to the fame height, with the fame quantity of fuel, as the York buildings' engine will do ; which is neverthe- lefs very juftiy reckoned to be one of the befi, of the old conilrudiion, in the kingdom* Befides the reafons which we have already affigned, as induc- ing us to take fuch particular notipe of this pamphlet, we ihould add that we have likewife been incited to enter thus deeply into the fubjedl, from a fenfe of the great injury which the ingenious inventor of the new engine might fuftain, io confequence of the credit or weight which fome perfons might give to the Author's idtal objedions to it. It certainly was neither fair, nor philofophical, in the Autho^ to xiik fpeculativt fioubts againft a promifing invention ; without once inquiring whether the fcheme had been ualifed^ and whether the engine inight not be in promptu to give an anfwer to them :— ^fpecially as his own fcheme, which he wifhes to fubliitute for it, appears not to have advanced towards nality fo far as even the con- ibudion of a working model. *J^ ^^ Ait. VII. letters em the Wwrjhip of Cbrift^ addreffed f the Re^ George Hernf^ D. D. Prefidtnt of St. Mary. • Magdalen College^ Ox/erdy and Chaplain in Ordinary to bis Majsjly, By Theofel^, kvo. IS. Johnfon, 1776. XX7 E have formerly had Qccafion to obferve, that one of the y^ greateft difficulties attending the Unitarian fcheme, is tp explain thofe parages of the New Tcftament, which feem to favour the worlhip of Chrift; and to determine, from them, whether no religious adoration at all is to be paid him, or whe- ther we are authorized to render him a fubordinate wor(hip^ As this is a matter on which the Trinitarians much zfftA xq fnumpb, we have exprefied ouf wiib that it were more dif* tinflly 42 LiUers »n the tVorJhtp of Chrijf. tinftly treated of, by the oppofers of the fupreme divinity of our Lord. Such a diftinfl: confideration of the fubjc^t is prefentcd by the able writer before us, in anfwer to a fermon preached by Dk Home, before the univerfity of Oxford, of which we gave an account in our Review for September, 1775. In the firft I/etter, our Author confines himfelf to fome ge- neral ftriftures upon Dr. Home ; and in the fcccmd he comes to his capital point, which he introduces with the following important obfervations : * You are undoubtedly tgo good a logician, not to acknow- ' ledge, that, if different paflagea of fcipture be contradictory one to the other, both cannot be true. But, it is the univer- fal doftrine of fcripture, that there is only one God, one living snd true God, who is from everlafting, and to evcrlafting. -And, in perfeft harmony with the audible voice of nature, it is the firft and great command of fcripture, Thou fl)alt have m other Gods before me: and this implies, as we are repeatedly taught, thai Thoujhalt wdrfljtp no other God, We learn, again, that the one only God, and fupreme uncountroulable fovereign of the univeife, is, without any variablenefs or Jhadow of turnirig. As believers in fcripture, therefore, we cannot admit that the one God was humbled, or exalted, was born, fufFered death, or was raifcd from the dead. We cannot believe, therefore, that Jefus Chrift is the one God. Inftead, therefore, of reafoning thus, If Jefus Chriji be Jehovah^ he mufl he the obje^ of religious adoration \ and if the objSf of religious adoration^ he mufi beje* hovah'j you (hould rather have argued, y?wr^ J^J^^ Chriji is not Jehovah^ he cannot be the objeSf of religious adoration ; and if reli' gims adoration^ therefore, be intended by ** calling upon the name of the Lord,*' in my texiy Jefus Chriji cannot be that Lordy to whom religious adoration is required to be offered. Befides, Thoujhalt worjhip the Lord thy Gody and him cnl; Jhaft tho:t Jerve\ is the language of Jefus himfelf. And he quoted this paflage, out of the law, to fhew that he himfelf, and all Other beings fliould worfhip no other. He accordingly has di- Tcfted his followers to the Father, as the only o':jcc^ of re- ligious worfliip. When thou frayejly faid he, j/iy, Our Paiher who art in heaven^ and, he thus addrcffed himielf to the woniaa of Samaria, The time cometh, and now is^ when the true worjhip- fersy Jhall worjhip the Father ^ that is, the Father only, in fpirit and in truth. Nay, he cxprefly taught the difciples, that, after his departure from them, th^y Jh.u'd ajk him nothings but thar, whatever they Jhould ajk the Father in his name^ he wouldygive them. If the apoftles, therefore, cither addrefled themfeUes in religious adoration to Chrift, or exhorted others to do fo, they did this, without any warrant from Chrift j indeed, in direft repugnancy to kls commands. But the apoftles, on the contrary, faithf uUv foU lowed Letters en the Worjhlp of Chri/l. 4J lowed the diredions of their mafter, when they inftru^ed others upon this fubjc<3. PauFs dodirine is, that we Jhouid give thanks u»t9 the Father. James fays, J^Jk cf God^ ev«in the Father of Ugbts^ who giveth to ail men liberally and upbraidetb not. And Peter fays. Glorify God ; commit the keeping of your Jculs unto him^ as unto a faithful creator ; humble yourjelves under the mighty hand of God^ cafting all your care upon him. It was HkewiCe the apottles own practice, to pray to Gud, and not to Chriil. My heart's de* fire and prayer to God, lays Paul, for I/rael is, that they might be faved. And Peter praifcd God, and prayed to Cjod, Bleffed be the God and Father of our Lord J ejus Chrijl^ atfid the God of all grace perfeQ ypu. Hence, then, you fli )uJd have concluded^ without attending to many other pjfiages to the fame purpofe that whatever be the meaning of calling upon the name of the Lord^ in the words of your text, wh':foever calleth upon the ttome of the Lord Jhall be faved ^ no fuch doctrine can be intended here, as that we ftiould worfliip Jefus Chrift as God. However, Sir, it wasfurely incumbent on you, to have taken fome little notice of the above paiTages, before you ventured to entitle jour Sermon^ Chriji the oLjeSi of religious adoration, and tktrifire vay God.* Dr. Home propofes to prove, hrft, that Chriii: is to be wor- fiiipped, and from thence to infer his divinity : but our Letter Writer denies both the premifes and the conclufion. * It is obvious, fays he, from what I have already oblerved, that if the word c^tX(%Xi(ryirai, which is rcndred fljall call tfpon, refers to an ad of religious adoration, Paul, who believed ihcre was only ONE God the Father, muft h-we inteii^lal in the text, to point bim out as the object of our homage, under the term L9rd. Joel certainly thought of no other being, but the eternal Jehovah, as the Saviour of men. Peter, quoiing the fame paf- fage, A6ts ii. 21. means lilcewik', the onr God, by the terms, ibeLord, as is evident from his (b paiiiculaily dillmguiihing, in the next verfe, God hinfif^ from the man approved of God.'^^ The Apoftle Paul alfo produces the text as a proof thdt the fame Lard over all is rich unto all that call upon him ; which (hould fccmingly (hew, that he was freaking of calling u[»on the name ofQod. So far is it from being without doubt, that the context trtQis wholy of Chfiji, that the veiy contrary may, I think, be proved. And lo far is the text from intimating, thdt the man^ uJ}o de/ires to be faved, mufi call upon Chriji by prayer, that the context decJares, f thou Jhult confefs with thy mmth the Lord^efus Cbrift, and Jhalt hlifve in thine heart that God hath raijed bim from the dead, thou fl)a!t be faved.* But, allowing that Chrilt is really the perfon mentioned in the icxt, our Author contends that Dr. Home is as far from his point as ever. For he obferves, that the word fTrix^^Xcojup^t, in ' Uc N«w Teftament, (thofe paflages excepted where it fignifies named 44 Litlirs en tbi Wsrjhip ^ Chriff* mamei or Jirnamedy) docs never neceflarily fignify, when fof- lowed by an accufative cafe, to invoke or worjhip^ but always naturally, to apptal tOj to refer a caufe io, or to fubmit te the ju-- Tifdi£iion or authority of another, T'his idea Theofebc« endea* Tours to confirm, by an examination of the paiTages in which the word occurs ; and the conclufion he draws is, that, as it is rnot certain that the Lard^ Ads xxii. i6. fignifies the Lord Jejus^ fo ibould this be allowed, jubmitting to the authority of the Lord is the plain meaning of calling upon his name. In the third Letter, fome other places are confidered, tha^ were produced by Dr. Home, in fupport of the worfbip o( .Chrift. With regard to 2 TheflT. ii. 16. our Author thinks, that the pafTage may very well be interpreted, as if the Apoftle bad here prayed, that the gofpel might adminifter to the Thef« falonians confolation, peace, and joy, at all times ; and tbat God, by the gofpel, might ejiahlijh them in every good word and work. As to 2 Cor. xii* 8. the writer is of opinion, that God is evidently that Lord^ whom the apoftle be/ought thrice, even the God of all grace \ who, accordingly, as we learn in the next verfe, faid unto him, my grace is jufficient for thee. The letter concludes with an examination of two more paiTages, i John v, >3» Hf 15* 3"^ >^>« 2^9 ^2 9 ^^^ ^^^ ^^ endeavour to fliew, that they furni(h no ground for Dr. Home's dodtine. * 1 he fourth letter begins with the celebrated prayer,, as it is vfually called, of St. Stephen, fo much infifted upon in this controverfy. Fart of what Theofebes obferves concerning it, it as follows I ? The pafTage may be rendered Lordofjefui receive nry fpirit^ Kupif Ircra cTiJa*, &c. And when Stephen Jaw the glory ofGod^ and the Son of Man flanding on the right hand of God^ what could be more natural to him, as the follower of Jcfus, than to com* mil his departing fpirit to the God of Jefus, and the God of the •fpirits of all fie/h ? Nay, I infid that this mufl be the genuine lenfe of the paiTage, to make it confiftent with the other parts of fcripture, if your explication of the common reading be pncxceptionably jufl. Bur if Stephen aftually faid. Lord Jefrs^ receive wy fpirit ^ there is flill a wide difTercnce, between bi» addrefs, and Faihr^ into thy han^s^ J commend my fpirit. There is the difference, that iubAfts, between the Father^ who i^ tb^ feverlaftip^ independent, and unchangeable. Sovereign of th^ uiiiverfc, and the Lord Je/uSf who received all his glory fironrm. the Father. Befide*^, Stephen, by calling Jefus Lord^ whicirm was to the glory of God the Father, cannot be rationally fu[> — pofed to have given him the glory of the Father. And, noc — withfhndin;^ what you have alTerted, every one, who calml^lf attends 10 the inatter for a finglc moment, muft perceive ^ iMUrs m the Wnjhip of Chrtft. 45 ■lamfeft: diBFcrence; between applying for refuge to a perfoa whom we fee with our eyes, and praying to the fame perfon as God, when we fee him not. We a(k favours one of another in the language of fupplication, when we are prefent one to an- otber. But, we (hould be juftly charged with idolatry, if we, did the fame thing, in one another's abCsnce. Stephen, there* (ore, when he Jaw Chrift, when he beheld him in.poirei&oa ef that kingdom for which he endured the crofs, wlien he knew kim to be the Mediator between God and man, and appointed lo be the guardian of all the people of God, might really fay^ L§rd Jifks nciivt my fpirit^ without meaning 10 countenance the.pradice of other Chriftians, who have never feen Chrift, of praying to him as God, without meaning any thing more in- deed, than if he had faid, indirectly addrefling himfelf to the Father, ^* O God, I commit myfelf to his care, whom thou ^^ haft made the great Captain of my falvation, and to whom ** thou baft given power to preferve all, who come ynto thee •* through him." Tbefe remarks are important ; and the Author proceeds to confider, with the fame critical difcernment, the fcripture meaning of the word irpoo-xui^fo;, and fome farther paflages of the New Tcftament, which are fuppofed to favour the religious worftiip of Chrift. The writer thinks it worthy of notice, that Z{(3«, or £cP«jbi«(, which he believes, always imply religious werjbipy either true or falfe, is never applied to our Saviour. The letter clofes with an examination of the baptifmal form. Part of the fifth and laft letter is employed in confidering vbat Dr. Home had alleged from the Father.s, from Pliny, and from Lucian. Theofebes, however, takes notice, that neither )he records of Lucian nor of Pliny, nor the opinions of the Origens, the Jeromes, the Polycarps, and of all the other Fathers are fo much as the duft of the balance, in determining the queftion in debate. Several farther tcftimonies of fcripture are colie^ed, which a(&rt that there is but ohe God, and that be alone is to be wor(hipped ; and the whole is concluded with iridures on certain paiTages produced by Dr. Home for the divinity of Chrift. How far the trad before us may fucceed in removing entirely the difficulties attending this important queftion, we cannot de«r lermine; fome may ftill remain, even in candid and liberal •imiKis* But what our Author has advanced is undoubtediy irortby of impartial coniidcration. Amr, fM^ ( 46 ) AfiT. VIII. Hifiorual Memeirs ef the Author of the Hennaeli. Witfr fome orii^inal Pieces. To which arc added, genuine t etters of Mr. de Voltaire. Taken from his own. Minutes. Tranfiated froto the French. 8vo. 3s. 6d. Kearfly, &c. 1777. •tTT H AT a wonderful old man is this Monf. de Voltaire !— » ^^ fuppofing him the author of ihcfe Memoirs ; and we fee little reafon to call the fact in quelHctfi *. At the age of eighty-three, he writes with the vigour and vivacity of twenty- one; ^nd talks of himfelf, his writings, and his fortunes, with an air of eafe and gaiety, which one would rather exped front a frank young fl»»«^, relating his juvenile frolics and amufements^ The fptrit of this man will never die, — whatever himfelf (fcep- tic as he is) may think of the matter; and whatever becomes of the litde tough frame in which it is encafed. But Mr. Voltaire (if it is Mr. Voltaire who hold? the pencil) has not, here, given us a finifhed pidureof himfelf. It is but a (ketch that is drawn, a mere out-line; but it will (Irike the beholder, who has any knowledge of the original, v/ith imme- diate conviflion of the true refemblancc. There are, however, a thoufand particularities which every one will naturally look for in a perfect portrait of this extraordinary perfon, but which, in the prclcnt performance, will be fouj^ht for in vain. Poffibly they are rcferved for our future gratification — let us» for the prefent, pleafe ourfelves with this hope, and in the mean time, wifely make the moft of what we have now iit poflTeflfion. We had an opportunity, a few mon:hs ago, of haftily run- ning through the original French, of thcfe memoirs, — with a fight of which we were favoured by a friend, who brought them from Paris, almofl wet from the prefs : but not having the book now at hand, we cannot pronounce with circumftaniial exaft- nefs, as to the accuracy and fidelity of the tranflation ; all that we can fay is, that it appears to have been done by no incom-« petent hand ; although haftily executed, wiih a few obvious flips, through want of time for rcvjfal ; and, if we are not midaken, here and there a Scotticiim : — ail which may be eafily rciSified in a fccond ediiion. Inhere are interfperfed through the volume, a nui"siber of little poetical pieces, which we do not remember to have leen before ; and which the tran- flator ^ has atte<^e^ 5p. Hj/Urical Mfmoir$ $f the Author rf thi Himf^du been Lieutenant General of the army, and: Ambaflador tX thft. courts of Vienna and London* « The comedy of The Prodigal Son had |reat fuccefs* The. Author wrote to Madetnoifelle Quinaut, <* You can keep Qt)icx pcopie*8 fecrets as well as your own. Had I bceq l^nowQ tQ be the author* the piece would have been damned* Men can- not bear that the fame perfon (hould fucceed in two kinds of writing. 1 made enemies enough by my Oedjpua and Hea« riade.'^ ' But he had foon a croud of enemies of a new ftamp to fa« counter. He had written his Elements of the Newtontan PMb* ffpfyy the principles of which were then fcarce known in Frances but he could not obtain a privilege for it from the Chancellor Agueflcau : who, thopgl^ a man of univerfal learning, havixu; been bred a Cartejiaiij did hia utmoft to difcourage the new dii* coveries. Mr. Voluiie's attachment to the principles of Newton and Locke, was downright berejjf in France. He was attacked on all fides s but be feems to havq^only Uughed at hia bigotted adverfaries. By way of relaxation from his feverer fttidies» iit(' now amufed him(clf in wjiting his Maid ofOrUems.i a perform- ance which does him no great honour; but which ia here fj)oken of in th(; following terms : ' < We have proofs that this piece of drollery was con^fed aU moft entirely at Cirey . Madame de Chatellet loved poetry as mudi . aa geometry, and was a very good judge of it. Although this poem was onlv comic, yet there ia much more fancy in it. than.' in the Henriade ; but it was vilely difgraced by fome (hameids. fqoundreh, who printed it with horrid. lewdi^e&s. The only gpod editions are tbofe of Geneva.' ' Bufinefs carrying Mr. Voltaire to Bruflels, he there met with.. (pL^ycf « the celebrated Roimcau. Thefe two geniufes foon contraiSed a firong antipathy for ^iHi other. Roufleau having (hewn Vol^ Isure a lyric epiftfe addrefled to pofterity, met with this farcaftip / repartee, ** My friend, this letter will never be delivered accor- L ding to its direAion.*' Rouffbau . could not put up^ with this ^ I piece of raillery. The two poets haM ever fiiine bean at mor« j ^'^'^^ ' I Cal enmity I and accordingly, f^Mi^fiafl^i^hifw^ is plentifully. /i ijBLA^ \ abufed throughout thefe memoirs. A ^ But if Voltaire/ailed of acquiring the fr iendlhip of the IwMUf. . w^^A^^-^^"^ 5had ample amends in that of the Itoyal philofopber at Berlin^ ' I While this prince, who is likewife a poet, was hcreditairy prince royal, he regularly correfponded with our Author, and fome. of their letters have been printed ia the colledioo of Voltaire'a works. A tranflation of Frederic's firS letter, with which the correfpondence commenced, is here inferted. It is a long cpiftk, but wcU written, and worthy the geniua of the Kiag^f Pruffia. Pruffii. Several anecdotes of bis Majeftjr are given in the yo* lume before us : to which we refer; Our Author's firff interview with the King of Pruffia was at Meufe, a fmall caftle near Cleves^ foon after the King had fini(bed his great woric, the Rrfutatlm ofMachiaveL In 1740^ Voltaire went^to pay his court at Berlin : before the King was prepared for the invafion of Silefia, Thefe memoirs not being written with the circumftantiality of a Journalj or of a regular, connected narrative* we are not inlormed how long M. de Voltaire refided at Berlin, during this firft vifit; but, in a year or two, we find him again ac Bhtflels, comgoGng his tragedy of Mahomet, which he foon after carried to Life, for reprefenutioii. There was then a very good company ac Lifle, and the play was well performed. The oelcbrafhl MademQifelle Clairon was there, and^ at that early pCf ioci, gave fpecimens of her great theatrical talents. Ttie reprefentation of Mahomet revived the animoftty of tbw*reu bloom, *( Melf'omeoe with Cober air, ** And fportive Thalia wait you there. *» Nor dread the furly Critics frowo, << Whofe only talent is to rail, ** Your merits weighed in even (bale, «* You'U grow the fav'rite of the town, «< Throw off the philofopbic frock, «« Put on th« bu/kin or th^ fock *• My friend, 1*11 do what you adviie, Yourcounfel Teems right, found, and Wi(«, Beftdes, it furts my inclination, S9 ru refume my occupation^ Adic'j then t^ thcfe barren fliadet. Welcome a^ain, ve charming maids* Fate wiird I Aiould be ever changing, Frooi folly flill to folly ranging. So eafy Phillts w:ll ^dmit Th' embroider'd courtier, or plain cit, Thfc humble clerk, the k)rdlrre^or. The pc-ceful quakcr, buhying heeler. By turns ftc hugs thfim in her arms. Each hai for her refif^'efs charms. Or, if you choofe a different f^rain^ So when Aurora gilds the plain, l^orth fl.es the bee to fuck her fweets And fct:Ics on each herb flie meets j Unwearied plies her nimble wings, InccJCjnr works, inccflant fings ; Eagtr I'mcreafc her honey *d ftore. Or from the weed, or from the flower. * And immedlatelv he beeun his Merope. The tragedy of M-jfope ibie Je rtvoU an br'tllant palais Ve ragreable Pbefity jtu pas ei regrent Tbafie Et ie cotburnt & letjiffletu MoH amU Jf x*ous remerele D*un confeil fi doux & Js fain» Vousle vcuJ^i . je iide enfin J§ ee con eil^ a m a diJl.H \ Jt t'd't; tie fjl'ie en filte, jfirji ^it'on %0»t yne Cafin PaJJer Ja Guerrier an Rrhin, Au gras Priear d^une A^ey Am Courtijan, an Cttad'm s On bien, J! votri v§wle» encore, Ainft quuwe abeiJe au matin Va fuccer Us plemrt de Pai/rcre Ou fur t*abjinte ou fur U tbm ; Voujwrg tra^'aii/e & r on jours caufe^ Et ^ouipaitri' fan imief '.ix/tUf Dnirmtt-cui ^ de la rofi. Hiftmcal Memoirs of the Author of the Henriadi. 53 tb« fingulir circumftances attending its reception, than hy inserting his letter of the Fourth of April following^ to his friend Mr. L'Aiflrucbcre, then at Tholoufe. ** Merope is not yet printed, I am afraid it will not fuccerd fo well in the cloFet as on the ft-i^e. — The piece is not mine ; it i9 Madenioifelle Dumeniirs. — What think you of an aer was agatnft it; and at lift, ^frcr ten weeks fearch, he has found a prelate to fi:l iht- place gf a pre- late, in conformity to the ecclefiaftical canons J, I have not the honour of the priefthood ; 1 fuppofc it is pr.per for a pro* fane pcrfon as I am, to give up all thnu -h s of the Academy. ** letters arc not much favoured. The Tneatin has tc-ld me that eloquence is expiring ; and that he endcavctured in vain ta re/ufcitatt it by his firrmofii?, but that nubcdy had ffcon(iedW\m% be meant nobody had lijitned to him. *♦ The Abbe LangUt is juft imprifoned in the Badile for having written a book of Memoirs, already w-cll known, ferving tor a fupplement to the hiftory of our celebrate! de Thou. The^ indefatigable and unhappy L-mglet did a fignal fervier to all* who wiihed well to their country, and to the lovers of hiftoriral ici'earches. He defcrved a rccc mpcnce, and at the age of fix'v- eight be has been cruelly thrown into pri.'on. ' lis tyrannicaf. Infer e nwic Mel'toee pirosy pone or dine v:tei\ ■ ■ ■ - ■ • I • Hence the ridiculous cui^om of crying ihe Author, the Author^ when a piec^, whether good or bad, focceedsthc firll night. i The Academy confab of foty members. J B«^ a Iciicr d.ied the 3d of M-rch, 174;, from the Arcfabifhop of Narbonoe, it appears that that preiace gave up hit pretenfions in £afour of M. de VolUiie. E 3 «* Madame 54 Rtm^rls OH tbi BuiUings^ Pl£lwn$^ bft. §fRmi* << Madaixse de Chatellet deiires her complimen(s.-«*She mar- ries her daogbter to the Duke de Monteneio, a iwsirMti^ thiii- boed, fwartby, flac-cheftcd, highi-Dofed, Neapolitan. — He is lk>w here, add is going to rob us of a jo)|^ pkimp-cheeked French girl. — FaU it wu ama.* . V • We have ^iven the foregoing verfiu to M. de Fourmont, i« the tranflator s imitathn^ as a fpecimen of the manner in which \ifi has attempted to render M , de Voltaire's poetry in the fplrit of the oriffinaU In the continuation of the article, we fiiall have occafion to feled ibme other paflfagcs of the lame kind % but, for the prefent, we muft make room for other ftfbjods« (7f bi refunud in 9ur mxt.) ^ 8^'- J . Li. I > . ■ ■ . Art. IX. ViAGCiAWA, #r ditaeM- Remarks 09 the BuiUinis^ PiawreSf Staims, Jufiriptitns^ l^c. §/ j/ftciemi and M$dfr9 Jtmmg^ lamo. 3 t. 6d. bound. Riviogtoa. WERE bis Holinefs, the Pope, to fell the city of Rome, by au&ion, this x}ook might ferve as a catalogue of ch« forniture. We cannot upon the whole confider it in a miicli higher cbara^r, thouf)pi it is often interfperfed with criticifms in the technical fiyle^ and here and tiiere enlivened mfh ' apep4ptes : So Smirk, when, half his cufiomers withdrtWB« The few remaining yawD* or (eem to yawn^ To roufe their fpirits and their eyelids rear» ipiies all the genius of the audioneer; Their 6rowfy ears afiaili with wondrous (bonds Of Prefco, Unique, Arabefque and Grounds, Rons the whole range of Difetlaoti o'er. And tells fuch ules — as can be told no more ! This, however, is not altogether the cafe with the c^mfctm^ before us. His criticifms in general feem to be founded in truth and nature, and fome of his tales mof be told again. We {ball prefent our readers with a few of his detached accounts, remarks, and anecdotes \ and iirft with that glorious monument of ancient magnificence, Tbe AMPHITHEATRE. < The Amphitheatre, built by Vefpaiian, is one of the fineft l^nd moft perfed remains of Roman magnificence. It wa« iituated * near the Cploflal flatue of Nero§, and not far from the reiidence of the Emperor ||. It is five hundred and fifty ♦ Vid. M^fiei of Theatres, p. 33, wfco is totally of another Ppinibn. S This ftatue, of which the rays of glory were twenty-two Aet iq Ifogth^ is mentioned by Martial. Vid. aftra ColofTus. ep. a. lib. i. H ^^i^Vf ill ;he teiitre of ant^ent i^ome. Yenqd, p. 34. Itmtris Mr the BmUings^ PtOttriS^ ^cj/Rm. i^ feet long^t four bwidred and feventy broad, and one hundred aad fixcj high, fufficient to contain eighty thoufand people ibated^ and twenty thoufand ftinding. The orders of arcfai- •Cefiuretbat adorn this building are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian^ mod Compofire ; the (tone with which it is built is the fame that was ufed in many of the antient edifices of Rome, an locruftation of the aqua Albuneaf, between Rome and Tivolu It is remarkable that this water depofits its ftoi»y particles fo faft^ 'and in fuch quantities, as tb choke up its own channel. * The entrance to the Amphitheatre is by eighty areade^, ft^Aty-fix of which were for the people, two for the gladiators, and the wild bcafts, and two for the Emperor and his fuite, who came all the way under cover from the royal apartments:t« The wild beafts were not, as has been imagined, in this Am« phitheatre, kept in dens under the arena, but were regularly brought fiXKn places fet apart for them, called Vivaria*. The Vivaria of Domitian are ftill to be feen. By the great freedoih of iDgreTs and egrefs, the many thoufiuids that were prelent it die Amphitheatre caiiie in, and went out, with as much eafb afnd conveniencel as Mnfeom CapiieUnam. their tfieir feveral curidlities, and brought home what was peculiar to each. The ftatues of the captive kings that are to be feen in this place exhibit a ftrikrng inftance of Roman cruelty, I ■lean in their want of hands and arms; there are two of them, one of which is without the former, the other the latter. It fliould appear from thefe teftimonies, that /peak too plainly to be miftaken, that the cuftom was, however cruel, and un« worthy of a great people, to maim the principal captives in a sreac triurofrii, in order to increafe their humiliation, by ren- dering them' totally helplefs. This is too true ; neither can it with the leaft Ihadow of probability be objected, that the ftatues alluded to are fragments; fince it is manifeft, on infpe^ion pnly, that they are finifhed things, and what the artift intended they fiiould be. For nothing can be clearer dian that the one never had more than one arm*, or the other more than one hand. I do not, however, remember any Roman hlfiorlan to have fpoken of this piece of wantonnefs ; they feem to have been afhamed of that part of their charader, and to have done dieir utmoft to fink it on pofterity. This, perhaps, may lead us to fufpe& their great and conihmt profeiBons of magnani- inity and ^nerofitv to their e^iemies, and te^d to give their outcry agamft the Carthaginians, for cruelty, an air of ground* lefs invefiivCy more than well-founded accuiation* Or, after all, if Hannibal defibrved the opprobrioiis terms of dirus and perfidusj with which they conftantly loaded himf, they appear at leaft to have an equal title to them. . The ftatues of Caftor and Pollux are at the bead of the ftairs that now lead to the Capitol. They are remarkable in being portraits of Caius and Lucius, the two nephews of Auguftus : but the chief reafon for makhig particular mention of them, is rather to remark, that pupils, which one of thenx has, do not feem to fucceed in fcaipture, and for the moft part produce an indeterminate eSed^ from an injudicious attempt to combine form and colour ifL OQe and the fame fubjed. In the court to the right hand of the Capitol fquare, on entering from the fteps, near the Coloflal heads of Domitian and Commodus, are fome very &ne mnains of a lion devouring a horfe, great favourites 'of Michael Angtlo, and from which an ingenious % countryman of our own has made frequent Qudies with uncommon fuccefs. The Coloflal figure of Roma Trtumphans is quite edipfed by the ioimitable beauty of a weeping province carved on its pecleftal. . h has been copied by Pikler, and is well known to the ad« **See the froDtif|^iece to Piranefi's Colonna Trajana* TJiere are &BM which have neither hands nor arms, t See Horace and ytfj^ |;!k«ibbs, mirera 6o Rmarh »n the Buildings^ PiOunsj tic. of R§mi^ mirers of fine engraving. In the rooms above ftairs are depo«> fited various relics of nne art and curious antiquity, fuch as the Antinous, and the * Gladiators ; the bull of Ariadne^, and the wolf ftruck wiih lightning, of which it has flill the marks very plainly to be difcerhed. Cicero f fpealcs of this as ba[>- pening in his time. There is alfo a colledion of pifiures belonging to the Capitol, among which there are many great mafters. Before I leave this hiil, I may with propriety fpeak of the fepulchre of C. Bibulus, of the days of the republic, on account of its being (ituated at the extremity of the Capitol, towards the Campus Marcius, near the Via lata. Piraneit obferves, that both this, and the monument of the Claucian family, were without the walls, till Trajan widened (htm in order to include his Forum within their circuit. The tomb of ^ibulus has two fmgularities : it is of the Tufcan order, and its I pilafters are narrower at the top than at the bottom. It .* The dying Gladiator may be faid to be great, tho* not noble» tlie didinAion of the Have ftill remaios in the cord about his neck, and is prefervrd in his countenance. i In this is the true idea of Graeqian beauty, which confided in a Jifplay of the exprcflive parts of the face, and a fuppreflion of thofe that added little char«£ler to the countenance. The forehead is very low, and the cheeks arc kept down. ' The pigeons drinking on the edge of a vafe were a prefent to the Romans by a king of Pergamus. Pliny fpeaks highly of them as. a very fine nofaic. TKe^ were found in Adrian's vilU, and pur- chafed fo^ two thoufand pounds, or four thoufand zequins. An artift in Rome not long fince agreed to .copy l^Kisf^ for a thoufand .crowns. He took two years to finifh the work, but was three years about it, with :he afliiliMAce of a man for eighteen months. The copy is fnp* pofed to be as compleat as the original. -f Romulufquc & Remus vi fulminis i£li conciderunt. die. de Divinat lib 2. £c in Orat. Cat. v Tadus eft etiam ille ^ut hanc urbem condidit Romulus. The ftatues of the Pagan deities were often ytry much expofed to the inclemencies of the air. See the diftich that ferves for a motto to this work, which I fliall here traaflaie : ** Hail! queen of ci'ies, martial Rome, Tny fame (hall nought entomb; For without the power to Hy. , With thee refts vidory." and the Anthologia, p. 496. See Paufanias in his Attica, p. ^t. edit. Kuhn. The above epigram was found at Rome, on a llatne of vlflory, whofe wings had been burnt off by lightning. . II Pilafters are ufaaliy without fwelling or diminution, the fame breadth at the top as at the bottom. Some moderns have thought proper to diminiOi them at the top, and to make them fweii in the middle, Vid. Manfard. alfo tiro oflfends againft the rule of Vitnivius, as Vcnuti obferves, in the proportions of its bafe, ¥riiich inftead of being half tb« diameter of the column in height, is a little more than a third* The ancients, as has been before hinted, did not always adhere fcrupuloufly to the fame rules of proportion in all cafes, but varied them as the circumftances of fituation, or the nature of the building might require/ Though the Author feems not to be doubtful of the favage treatment of the Romans with refped to their triumphal cap- tives, yet he has, in our opinion, hazarded the feverity of his icrpeachment too far. Parcere fubjeSiis was a rule with this brave people, and had it been cuftomary to maim their captives lor the purpofe of triumphal humiliation, fome idea of it would have paflcd to us from the feverai writers that have defcribed or aliuded to that exhibition. Perhaps they had few captives more ferocious, or on whom they might have been ex* pefied to cxercifc a more humbling difcipline, than theBritons^ yet had thefe pcifoners been deprived of their arms or hands, the poet would have been abfurd enough in faying, httertexti toUunt AuIaaB*itannt. But how (hall we get over tbis^ that 'the ftatues are not frag- ments < but finiflied things and fuch as the artifts intended tiiey fiioHld be?'— furcly, with very little diffictilty ! Can any thing be more obvious than to fuppofe that many of thefe captives might lofe their limbs in the decifion of the day ? and would not fuch form a proper fuite for the car of the con- queror ? would they not moft effcSually (hew the valour of the vidor in the •* dire-difputed field?" — if fo, the fculptor muft of courfe have reprefented them as they appeared ; and this reprefentation would by no means prove that they were maimed for the purpofe of the triumph. Our Author intimates that the Roman writers would be alhamed of tranfmitting to pofie- rity fuch an inftance of inhumanity in their countrymen ; and that this might be the reafon of their filence on the fubje(9— but would not the fame motives have operated with their (culptors ? for they too worked /Eternitati ; and many of their Ikbours have dcfcended to us. We are of opinion then* not- withftanding the dedu£lions of this writer, and the (xonmtplecc* of Peramft^ that the Romans (land clear of this heavy charge. Had this traveller been as little (killrd in the fifter arts, as he appears, from his tranflation of his motto, to be in poetry, we (hould have let him reft in peace. But now we attend fcyn to SANTACROCE. * In the palace of Santa Crocc is a fine colleflion of piSures. The firft of any note is Job on a durghill, funounded by his 7 friends i^. Rmmrh m ike BuHB^gSyPiaum^ t^c. dfRmii friends and comforters. The man in armour, with bit banda uplifted, is fingularly bold and ftriking; the attitude is pecu- liarly happy in the ezpreffion of womler and furprize* The figure of Job is highly difgufling ; bis body is repreieoted full of boils and fores, in a pofture of the moft patient refignation. The confcquence of fuch a reprcfentation, that descends too minutely into loathfome particulars, is obvious ; it deftroys adl greatnefs, oKtioguiflies every thing; that commands refpea, or fias'the leaft tendency to the fublime. Juft as has been ob« ferved of Hefiod's defcription of Melancholy; the tetrible it Ibff in the naufeous *• This pi(9ure is the work of the great SaTvator Rofa. The next capital piece is the Aflumption of the Virgin, by Guido : there are three of them ; one here, one at Caftlefranco, near Bologna, and at Dufleldorp; all originalt and very well preferved. I might mention the Seafons, by Albani» but the King of Sardinia's are greatly fuperior. The' Ault to be remarked in thefe fimibed piSures, if there be any^ a in the compofition } it is a little too much dUperfed | a defeft oft^n repeated by this mafter.' The obfcrvations in the above article are very juft; be{ide» Hefiod, among^ the poets, there are many pailages in Spencer» and ibme perhsps in Milton, on which the fame objedions may fin, and where» according to Longinus, the terrible is loft ia the naufeous. In each of the following articles there is fomething curious^ SPADA PALACE. < The ftatue of Poitpey in the fenate-houfe, at the feet o( which Caefar fell. A fine pidure, bv Girrardo, della notte^ or candle-light piece. A Dido, by Guerchin, on the funeral pile ; and a Cleopatra, by Trevifiini. A ftatue of a fioic, very. food. There is an anecdote with regard to the ftatue of ompey, which is worth relating, though it has b^n told before. When the ftatue was found, it was in fuch a pofition^ that the head lay on one man's ground, and the body on ano- ther's. A difpuce arofe between the proprietors ; to whom the whole of the ftatue belonged: they both claimed it; one at being in pofleiEon of the moft noble part, the head; the other of the greater, the body. Not, however, being able to adjuft. the difpuie, the matter was referred to a third perfon, who ad* TiGrd each to take bis part, which accordingly was done, after feverbg the head from the body. The Pope, bearing of thia- eeuiuble decifion, . purcbafed the body of the one, and the head of the other. This was the caufe of the jundure which is very - diftioguifliable in the necfc of the ftatue.^ * Loagbus, &&. 9* •Tbie VII,LA A.LBANI. * Thit ViU4 QC^fty bp fairly confidered as the reQdeace of ^ Rcfnaiq fens^toj:, who; had grown old in colic^og curiofitica. 'tfhc nqufc, ia RoqEia^i» the furniture Roniany the gardens and- the jiorticos all pvit qs io mind of antiquity ; and at every tura; we. air pseiented with Grecian orators, Roets, and philofopfaersb I.D^mUI begin with tbf houf<;. * Iiuthe ftairrqiifb is a,l;urge ma(k of red iEgyi^ian marbl^ dift fenred formerly for a-window^ the light ea^Fing at the- mouth* It is round, and about three feet aodi a half in diA« meter. < At the. fe/;»)nd landing- glace is a has relief of Hercules^ and ^e He^idest very iip^ a^d not unlike Adam and Eve at: t£e tree of knowledge. < The pillars of the firft room you are fiiown into above, are gV^l-antiqiie of three I^nds* perQcQ, gold, and p^glia, oc ftraift colour* < A fine ca^iopust in bafalt. * A profile oi Plotius, very beautiful* * A. young Kero, the fjsgne head as on the medals f; < A/stiopvs in has relief, with the medallion under it : Th^. fdief is the fi^ of life. '* The gallery of thjs villa is the richeft in. thcswocld, in all forts of carious marble, has .relief, and Mofaic, from the defigtia of Raphael's Arabefques, irUerfperfed with original cameos of an aftoniihing magnitude. The quantity of them is incredible^ and at the fame time fo well aborted, that one would think thgj had been made for their places* The cieling of the great Muery is painted by Mengs. Apollo in the center, and the Mufes in eompartments around hiou Apollo is himfelf a bad figure. The Mufes are fome of them portraits, and very fine in their different charaders. Among the curiofities below ftairt are fome alabafter figures of an enormous fize, feven or eieht feet ia diameter, and a pillar of the fame materials, twenty teefi* high. ^ An ancient landicape* * AJiftof Euripides's plays, on marble* * Bafts without end of gods, and demi»gods, and fo forth, which nuift be fees to be reliflmi ; for things -that zrc not very cxodlent, will never bear defcription. This villa ipight have had ^ m g^ter number of articles, in a nobler fitle, for the money laid oat on it> had not the expence of the gallery rendered it im- prafiicable to make the reft proportionaL * Copied pxobtUy from an hiefogt?pbick.fimDd in Egypti f r. tf* Denarii Vid: Valllant.. A^sftini* a. Mn •4^ Rmarh 9H ihe BtdlSngSi PiSfwns^ (^c. ifRmf.^ * In one particular the villa of Cardinal Albani muft l^e con« fidered in a different light from almoft all others in the coontry*. It has been begun, and compleated, as it were, by one perfon, ^ which is hardly the cafe of any befides itfelf* The Cardinal has had great leifure, and every opportunity of purchaflng almoft at his oven price; otherwife, it would have been impoffible for an individual to have paid for fo much treafure. The Abbe Wincleman contributed much, I believe, to the order and arranirement of the colle&ion, and was of great ufe and affifU ance iio the cardinal.' MADONNA DEL POPOLO. < In the Chgi chapel is a ftatue of Jonah, from a mould* iiig by Raphael *. It has great merit f ; though the idea of it * be much borrowed from the Antinous. * There are fome very elegant ornaments, of the architec-* tural kind, by Sanfovino, at the eaft end of this church, whick (how the rapid piogrefs of tafte at (he revival of the arrs. ^ In a chapel about half way up the church, on the right hand, is a curious infcription, which feems to fay, that a cer- tain difeafe was known in Europe, before the difcovery of ^ America, and confequently not firft introduced to us from that country, as has been generally fupppfcd. The infcription fays, MARIO. ANTONII. EQUITIS. ROiMANI. FILIO. EX. NOBILI. ALBERTORUM. FAMILIA. CORPORE. ANIMOQUE. INSIGNI. QUI. ANNUM. AGENS. XXX. PESTE. INGUINARIA. INTERIIT. AN. SALUTIS. CHRIStlAN/E. MCCCCLXXXV. DIE. XXII. JU,LU, HEREDES. B. M. P. S. PIETRO IN VINCULIS. * S. Pictro In Vinculis is in one of the fummits of the Efqui* line hill, built with the remains of part of litus's baths, and fianding on the ground of Mecaenas's gardens. * Mofes at the tomb of Julius the .fecond, by M. Angelo. The {latue is a very fine one, and full of majefty, though in * Bollori fays, he chiiTellcd it alfo himfeli". V. Pitture del Vati*-* cano, p. 64. f t Perhaps to fay only that it has great merit, is to fpcalc too coldly of the produdion of fo great a genius. Many people confider it af ^ the greateft effort "of-modcrn fculpture, and few upprcjudiced perfons would exchange it for the moft eftcemed remains of antiquity. X Columbus difcovered Cuba and Hifpaniola in 1493. The" fotfthern cntineni was not dil'corcred till four years afterwards, by Americus Vcfpufius, who deprived Columbus of the hoAour of givipg naote 10 the country. Monthly Catalooui, American Csnirtiverjyl 65 fMtkj points extravagant. I could not, however, find in what it refembled a goat, an idea Mr. Richardfon feems to be very fiond of. • S. Peter in prifon, by Dominichino. A very learned dif- tgreeable picture. One figure is remarkably forefhortened, * There are many learned landfcapes decaying on the walla (by Gafpar Pouflin, with figures by Nicholas) that are little obfervedt nocwithftanding they have great merit. They are painted in diftemper, they relate to the li^e of the pretended fbttnder, Eiifha* I ftall juft mention a flory that is introduced into one of them, that is not a little remarkable. The angel of juftice is represented pointing at the Almighty delivering the Alices to the Roman emperor, with orders to revenge the death of Chrift on the Tews. Our Saviour is fitting under the Father^ and Titus (landing at an altar. The legend fays, that Titus confulted the prophets whether he (bould fucceed in the fiege of JeniiiileQi*' We recommend this book to young travellers, as it wil} iiiflruA them both what to feek, and how to judge. ^ ...^.^ \±J MONTHLY CATALOGUE, For JANUARY, 1777. Amehican Controversy. htt. 10. A LittiT to Lord Chatham^ concerning the prefent War of Great Britain agaioft America; reviewing, candidly and impartially* its unhappy Caafe and Confc^uence ; and wherein the Doctrine of Sir Wilham BlackHone. as explained in his Commen- urics on the Laws of England, is oppofed to Miniflerial Tyranny, aad held up ia Favour of America. With fome Thoughts on Government. By a Gentleman of the Inner Temple. 8vo. is« ' Kearfley. THIS fpirited, bat very inaccurate writer, is warm for liberty* and for the claims of AoiMca, as connefled with what he ^pptdiends to he the real iocereft of this country, as well as with the COiamoo rights infeparabk from the very idea of a free communiry. lb|f» amidft the horrid dm and difcord of thefe violent times, it c^BOt be expe£led that the voice of any pacific remonftrant will be ]ieicd*-^iir Templar, however, has notfajng vtry new, or material, CO oftr to the confideration of the contendii^ parties. But we fup- pofe he coold not have refled content, without entering his protefl yinft the meafores of admin iilration ; and be thinks * the people this country cannot be too often reminded of their [perilous] ficiudoot under profligate mioiilers .' — as he fiyles the gentlemen who art* by writers on the other fide of the queftion, Hyled, ^' Tht King's Friends.'* Rbv. Jan. 1777. F Art, 66 MoMTHLV Catalog UE» Dramatic. Art. II. RefieSlions on the State of Parties \ on the national Debty the Neceffitj and Exfediency of the prefeut War wtb America. 8vo. 18. 6d. W. Davics. This refledlor is a moft unbounded panegyriH on gOFernment, and a mod malignant afperfer of the Americans. Art. 12. An Appeal to the unprejudiced \ or, a Vindication of the Meafures of Government, with Refped to America. 8vo. ia« Oxford printed, and fold by Riving ton in London. This yir/7( advocate for adminiilration appears with great dif* advantage, by coming after the able writers who have figured on both (ides of this important queilion. — The tide of this controverff feemsy now, to have fpent itfelf, and to have left only the mud be- hind.— The dectfion is left to the fword. Dramatic. Art. 13, CaraSfacusj a Dramatic Poem. Written on the Model of the ancient Greek Tragedy. Firft pabliihed in 17^99 and now altered for Theatrical Rep refen ration. By W. Maibn» M. A. 8vo. IS. 6d. Dodfley, 1776. That Mr. Mafon has been happy in the alterations which he ht» made in this drama, in order to adapt it to the Engliih fiage» is evi« dent, from the fuccefs with which the reprefentation hath beea attended at the theatre in Covent Garden. The alterations however are not many ; bui they have been made with judgment by the Author himfelf ; who has dedicated it to his learned friend Dr. Hurd, Biihop of Litchfield and Coventry, in a pretty fonnet, equally worthy of the patron and the poet *. For the red, we refer to our former account of Caraflacus, where it firft appeared in print : See Review, Vol. 20« p. 507. ^ ^ c Art. 14. Semiramis, a Tragedy, as it is performed at the 1 hearre Royal in Drury lane. By George Ayfcough, Efq. 8vo. is*lSd. Dodfley, 1776. Nearly a Itferaly but not a literary tranflation from a tragedy, bear* ing the fame title, written by Voltaire. — Voltaire had the confidence to ihoot in the fame bow with Shakefpeare, and failed; Captain Ayfcough has given Voltaire his revenge. f^ Art. 15. The Hotel -^ or the Double Valet. A Farce, of two A6ls ; as performed at Drury-lane. By Thomas Vaughan» £fq« 8vO. IS. Beckct, 1776. Taken from two farces of Goldoni. It has neither novelty of chn- ra^er,- nor humour of dialogue ; yet the incident of the valet hiring himftlf to two maders, is attended with fame laughable circan* ilancei* C Art. 16. Songs^ t>uets^ Trios, &c. in the Dramatic Romance of Selima and Azor, as performed at Drury-lane. 8vo. 6d. Wilkie» 1776. Not above the level of operatical poetry. C^, • The original poem was, in like manner, addreffed to Dr. Hord, in an elegy, which we find reprinted in the third edition of our Ao« thox's poems. 8vo. 177 3# HVSIANDRT. Monthly CAtAtoouB, HuflanJry^ tsfc. Husbandry, &c. Art. 1.7. H^rah Improvgments : or, Eflays on the moft rational *>, -^ Methods of improving Eftates ; accommodated to the Soil, Cli* ^ 4^ mate, and Circumttances of Engiand.^^vo. 98. boards. Dodiley* . ^ A great variety of Remarks, on mofl branches of hufbandry and ^ ^ &rming, and which appear to be the refult of pradlical obfervaytion» ^ are to be met with in this work. The importance of fuch a trcatife^ a (appofing it the genuine produ^ion of an experienced and judicious toltivator^ is fufficiently obvious. It is not, indeed, to be expe^ed that eveiy new book on this, or any other, fubjefl. (hall contaia many improvements that are abfolutely new to the world ; yet if, among the moltiiude of fuggedions thrown out, in fo lai-ge a volume as this which is now before us, one erroneous praflice is reformed^ or one nfefal difcovery made, the purchafer is amply repaid the ex- pence of the book. — With refpe£l to the ornaments of fiyle, they are nutters of inferior confideration. If the writer on Hufbandry of ilgricaltnre is juft in his reafbning, let us excufe him a few Hips in triamar and good Engllfh. The Author of Rural Imfroaitmintt is lomeumet a little defedlive in point of language ; and fome of his obfervations may, perhaps, be found rather fuperficial ; but on the whole, many ufeful hints may be drawn from his very mifcellaneons performance. Art. 18. jfgricultura : or the Good Hufbandman. Being t Trad of ancient and modern experimental Obfervations on the men vegetable Syftem. Interfperfed with exemplary Remarks on Uie Police of other Nations ; to promote Induilry, Self-Love, and Poblic Good, by reducing Foreils, Chaces, and Heaths, into Parms. Together with fome Obfervations, Sec. ice. By Matthew Peters ; Member of the Dublin Society for the Encouragement of Hufbandry and other ufeful Arts. Author of the Rational far* mir •, and Winter Riches f. 8vo. 3 s. fewed. Flexney* Mr. Peters, who appears to be an honefl fanguine Hufbandman, ku brought together a great number of mifcellaneous obfervations* fnm which men of pradical experience may colled many good Liats* Farmers who read, may be fuppofed fuperior to that obfti- sate prejudice which adheres inflexibly to old methods, and fpurns alliaftrndion that leads to improvement ; yet much caution is necef- iuy where rifks are great, and gentlemen-'farmers often fuffer fererely hf jrielding too implicit credit to the pofitive aflurances of writers oo^^ Agriculture. ^ ^1^ Art. 19. Every Famar his own Cattle DoSfer : containing a full *V..^ and clear Account of the Symptoms and Caufes of the Difeafes of Cattle, with the mofl approved Prefcriptions for their cure, &c« &c. By John Swalne. lamo. zs. Richardfon and Ur- qnhart. CoUedions of recipes are fo eafily to be made both for man and bcaft» that they ought not to be trulled to without great caution. It • See Rev. vol. xliii. p. 312, f Rev, vohxlvi. p. 119. Fa ^ 68 MoifTHLT Catalooub, Mathematics. i^ vam to cxpcft the ordinary dafs, even of proftficd cattlc-doflors^ ft) be what a countryman would call high leamid\ to underfland ana- tomy, or anv fuch kind oi outlandijh f^lijh fluff \ fo that a fenfible farmer or grazier, whofe interefl will prompt him to obfervation, may perhaps as w^ell be his own cattle doftor, as foffrr himfelf to become the property of any illiterate Mayerlbach of % farm yard. Hence, out of a fmall compilation of this kind, fomethiog ttiay enhance to be picked, worth the parchafe. ^» Poetical. ^\ Art. 20. T^i Tears df Alnwick \ a paAoral Elegy, in Memory of the late Dnchefs of Northumberland. By a Student of the Middle Temple. 4to, i s. Dodfley. From * the fuddfnnefs of the thoug^ht/ the • (hortnefs of ihe Hme/ and the Author's ' eager defire' to pttolifli his poeoi * in due feafon*/ ke hopes for imJulgtnct. — and he needs it. There are faults in this elegy which may, perhaps, be excoied* ^m the foregoing conTideratlons ; but (in a poem of this kind, in which the bard« duly impreflbd by his Aibie6t» ^\\\ neTer defcend (rom the dignity of woe} the gro^nefs of the following line is un- pardonable : • The Dt$nor*8 palm with (hare of profits ^rfA/V— — * ^rt. 21. Jane Shore to her Friend: a. Poetical Epiftle by the Authored of the Exemplary Mother, ScC 4to. i s. Becker* 1776. r The writer of this little poem, Mrs. MariA Sufanna Cooper, having made feveral fuccefaful attempts in the humble walks of novel* writing, is now beginning to climb the fteep afcent of ParnalTus; and though we cannot flatter her wi:h an expectation that (he will ever have ilrength to reach the fummit, fhe may perhaps be able to coll a few flowers at the foot of thft hill, which will form a bouquet doc unacceptable to thbfe who have never viAted the fdperior regions of tlie facred mount. In this fird attempt, though we meet wich none 1 of thofe fublime flights of fancy or original conceotions which charaderife the poet of nature, and with but few of^ thofe tender ilrokes of pafTion which the fubje6 might feem to promife, we are pleafed to obfcrve truth and elegance of fentiment» and an agreeaUe flow of verO&cation. ]^ Mathematics. *-*• Art. 22. MifcellanieSy or aMi/cellaneiusTreatife; containing feveral Mathematical Subjcas. 8vo. 78. 6 d. Nourfe. 1776. . Mr. Emerfon is an indefotigable» and, upon the wholet a vaYoitbTe writer on the mod abflrufe parts of mathematical fcience ; bat the rapidity, with which he writes and pnblilhes, expofes him to ifttny inaccuracies which time and patience might prevent. The plefaice to this volume exhibits a fpedmen of the myftery of fcolding, which, it might have been prefumed, n mathematician and a philoibpher had never (ludied; the threat with which it clofet is fuffiaent to «au# perfons, pofTeffed only of a moderate (hare of refolntion and firmoefii^ * Part of it referring to the approaching Chrlftmat-feftival. my Monthly Catalogue, MifeeUamous: 69 . < ay readers may pleafe to take notice, that if any envious, abuflve^ dirty (cribbler, ihall hereafter take it in his head, to creep into « hole like an aflafiin, and lie larking there on parpofe to fcandalicp and rail at me ; and dare not (hew his face like a man, I (hall give xDy(f]f no manner of trouble about f«ch an animal, -but look upoo him as even below contempt.' As we have no dcfire to incur Mr. J?— »'/ c$mt€mpt^ or, fhoold he alter his purpofe, the vengeance implied in this awful menace ; but more efpecially as the principles and calculations in this volume are, for the mod part, too intricate and operofe for the generality of readers; we (hall content ourfeives with enumerating the feveral arMrJes contained in it: viz. Lwwt of Cbanct — AnnMitits — Zocietiet^-Mooi^s Motion — ConftruQion ofJrches^^ Pric^on 9t tht Equinoxes ^C^nftruQion of Logarithms ^ Interpolation^-^ ihe L^mgiiude -winter ef — Figure ofSimis^ Sec— Fortification — Gunnery^^ jirtbiuSure^Mufic—Rules of Pbllofofhy —Optical Le&ures^ProbUmt^ Miscellaneous. Ivtti Art. 23. J brief Defcripthn of tbi Cities of Londm and JFe/tr * minfter^ CsV. To which are added fome proper Cautions to the Meiv. chants, Tradefmen, &c. By Sir John Fielding, one oi his Ma- jefty'f Juftices of the Peace, &c. izmo. 3 s. Wilkic. 1776. From the title-page, and advertiiements, of this book, the public snight be led to fuppofe it the produdlion of Sir John Fielding's pen ; but the worlhipful knight has pofitively difavowed it, in the siew^-papers. The truth, we imagine, is this : fome old* defcriptioR of oar capital city, has been newly vamped, with the addition of Sir John's paper of Cautions againik the tricks of Sharpers, &c« the lallacious manner in which this paper is thus introduced, in the ^de, &G. is one additional trick of which Sir John Fielding himAlf was not aware, or he would, poilibly, have inferted it among his other cautions.— This is, in truth, a vile piece of Bibliopolifin ! Art. 24. The Beauties of Biography^ containing the Lives of the moft tlluilriona Perfons who have flottri(hed in Great Btitain, France, Italy, and other Parts of Europe, either as Poets, Htftorians^ Divises^ Fhilofophers, Soldiers, or Politicians; in which all fuper- Aoons Matter is avoided, and every Thing interefting, entertaining, or curious carefully preferved. Extraded from the Biograpbim BritmnnicBt Bayle's Didionary, and other valuable works ; for the InilruAion of Youth of both bexes, and calculated to infpire them nfith a Lo^ of Virtue and create a Spirit of Emulation, abfolutely neceiTary to thofe who would with to arrive at any Degree of Superiority in their different Pro/effions or Aumfemestts. i2mo« a vols. 6 s. Kcardy. 1777. The defign of this compilation is fufiiciently explained in the title. |a a publication of this kind, which is copied with little variatioa or addition from other works, the Editor can have no precen(ioB8 to • That it is an old work, is evident from the many mifreprefenta* dcMif of the prefeni ftate of the metropolis : Newgate remains the cll)r and county jail; Black Friars Bridge is not built; and the Adelphi*boiMii]^8 are not to be found, &c^ &c. £ec. F 3 any 70 Monthly Catalogue^ MifceUaneouti «ny other merit, than that of a judicioas feleflion. And on this head we have little to fay in favour of the prefent work; for we cannot but be of opinion that the pages which are filled up with the gallantries of Rocheder, and with trifling anecdotes of theatrical charadlers, might have been enriched with materials much better <* adapted to the inflrudlion of youth of both fexes," and better ♦* calculated to iofpire them with the love of virtue." £ ^ Art. 25. SeleSia quadam ex C. Plinii Secundi Hijiorta Naiurali 4id u/um Scbolarum accommodata. iimo. 3 s. Warrington printed^ and fold by Johnfon in. London. 1776. This colledlion from Pliny is a valuable acquifition to the fcholaflic library : his Latin is elegant, copious, beautiful \ and though his habit of tranfpofition, poifibly indulged for the fake of variety, will be fometimes puzzling to the young reader ; yet at the rfiime time the difficulty oi finding out his Author will exercife his 'ingennity, and teach him to thiitk. The parts fele£led are chiefly defcriptions of the animal creation, and, therefore, the more adapted to the indrudlion of ^outh ; but though the Editor has ^nnooncedy in his very elegant Latin Preface, that he has left out all the incre- dibilities of the great Naturalifl, ' plurima pror/us incredibilia narrai^ etut OMNIA a deleffu noftro ahlfgavimuSy* yet we apprehend he has admitted many things of very problematical faith, and fome which later difcovcries in Natural Hiflory have proved to be without foundation. Marginal quotations from the mod Approved modern writers on thefe fubje6ls, would have fet matters right, and would j liave been a %Ttzx improvement to this edition. f^ ^ Art. 26. Thi North American^ and the IVeJl Indian Gaxiitetr. Containing an authentic Defcription of the Colonies and Iflands in that Part of the Globe, fliewing their Situation, Climate, Soii» Produce, and Trade, with their former and prefent Condiiiony &c. Illullrated with Maps. i2mo. 3 s. 6 d. Robinfon. When the Gazetteers already in circulation, include all the pria* Cipal places in the habitable world, a partial work of this kind, calculated to fuit a partial temporary occafion, mud be as limited ia its utility. But publications as well as potatoes and cucumbers* )iave their feafons, though, like the latter, they are frequently forced, ]^ fixU 27. Hht Adventures ofTeUmachus the Son eflflyffes. Tran- ilated from the french of Monf. F* Salignac de la Mothe>Fene« Ion, Archbifhop of Cambray. By T. Smollet, M. D. a vols^ i2mo. 65. Crowder, Arc. 1776. Concerning a work fo univerfally read and admired as Telemacbns, it is wholly unnecefTary for us to ofier any critical remarks. After the feveral ^nglifh tranflations of it already publilhed, it will perhaps |>e thought that another Was unnecefTary. But if it ferve to recal the attention of the public to a work whofe mcrrt, both poetical and moral, is (o diftinguifhed, and occafion a few hours to be devoted to this juftly celebrated writer, which would other wife have been facri* ^ced to fome petty modern novelift, it will not be without its ufe. This tranflatioo is, we think, at lead, as correct and elegant as any which had before appeared, and does no dif<;r^dit to the rtfpedabl^^ nm,t which is fr^fi^ed to \u £ MoMTHLY Catalogue, Mifcellamousl yi Art. 28. Thi Preceptor^ or Counfellor of Human Ltfe^ for the Ufc of Britifh Youth. Containing feleft Pieces in Natural and Moral PhiJofophy, Hiilory, and Eloquence; the Lives of Sir Ifaac Newton, Rollin, Demofthenes, and Milton : Alfo (hort Sketches of the Birth and Death of fome of the mod illuflrious Men fn alf ages. The Whole'de(igned to be a moft entertaining and in(lru6live Book for the Apprentices of the City of London, to aflift them in recolleding and retaining the moft important Parts of a good Education ; with a Dedication to Sir Stephen Theodore JaniTen, Bart, the late worthy Chamberlain of London ; compiled by John Ryland» A. M. of Northampton. 8vo. 3 s. fewed. Dilly* 1776* Several of the extradls in this performance are made from the works of Aberoethy, Watts, Grove, Blackmore, Leland, Rollin, Woolafton, &c. In the 19th chapter we have the elements of moral philofophy eztraded from the Scriptures, or Solomon's Proverbs methodized un- der thirty-two heads, containing the principal branches of vice and virtnc* The following chapter, coniifting of near forty pages, is a contemplation on the nature and madnefs of atheifm, by the Editor , kimfelf. We were a little furprifed to find him in his preface, after recommending to his young readers Rollin's method of ftudying hif- tory, together with the Ancient and Roman Hfftory of the (ame author, immediately directing them, for that of their own country, to the hiftory of England by Kimber^ which is certainly a pretty little abridgement ; but furely not fufficient for thofe who have leifure for the larger works befare mentioned : he does indeed add to it Mrs, Macauley's volumes from the' reign of James I. On the whole, though we have feen more judicious coUedlions, and cannot fay that the prefent is the mofl entertaining and initrudlive, yet we think any young perfons who will perufe it attentively, may draw from it con*|. ^ £derable advantage. ^-| ^ Art. 29. A concife Htflory of England^ from the earlieft Times to the Death of George IL By John Wefley, A.M. i2mo. 4 vols* iis« fewed. Hawes. 1776. One motive for this publication, according to the account in the preface, appears to be, that there may be one Chriftian hiftory, of what is ftill called (though by a ftrong figure) a Chriftian country, Tlie compiler complains, among other things, that Englifti hiftoriant feldom take notice of Divine Providence, and propofes to fupply the defedt. The complaint he makes is juil, and his defign is good, but we do not find this writer very greatly, or properly purfuing it in his performance. He very truly tells us, that his hiftory is chiefly ex- trailed from Goldfmith, Rapin, andSmollcc; though he might al- moft have con fined his acknowledgment to the fir ft of thefe authors ; fbrj on looking over thefe volumes, and comparing them in different places, we find them to be little more than a republication of Dr. Gold- imith's Hiftory of iingland, with fome omiffions, fome additions, a few alterations and corredions, and fometimes, perhaps, emenda- tions. Each of thefe writers hajW fallen into the error (though per* \fk haps it nsay contribute to the faie of their work) of enlarging on / foffic particular events which tend to intereft the paflions of their F 4 rcadcrip ji Monthly Catalogues RiUgUus^ fii. fdtderr, fuch as the trial and death of Mary QuceQ - of Spots, of Charles I. the flight of Charles II. &c. of which , in an Abridg- ■lenty fo parcicular an account was not to have been expeded. Mr* Weiley has thought proper to employ upwards of fifty pages in an enquiry, whether or not Mary of Scotland was goilcy of the murder of ner hulband* He is mech more fevere on Queen Eliiabeth, on Ihis occafion* than Dr. Galdfmith has been. On the wiiole, this perfoinsance does not appear to os to reflect l&Qch honour oo the publifher, who in great part of the work had little biore to do than to fend Dr. GoMfmich's volumes to the printer, ^ith a few notes, and directions where to omit, to alter, or to add. As to its being a chrijtian hiflory, we cannot think it much entitled fo the charadler, for we do noi find religions obfervaiions fo firequent- \y interwoven with the narration, as might be expected from a man of good fenfe and warm piety. Here and there a refiedion is thrnft in, as it were, juil to warrant the account he has in this refpc6l given of his bock. Thus, at the clofe of the reign of Richard it* lifter faying, that Richard was rather of an amiable charaAer, it ia. lidded, * How then came he to be fo unfortunate? — God puttcth down one, and fctteth up another/' mj Religious and Controversial. "• Art. 30. ^ Jhort Scriptural Explication cf the Faith and De^im tf the Cbmrch of England: as eftahlijhed in her thirtj^nine AfHele*^ and Creedt, llluftrated and confirmed by many Texts of Scrip* tore, with the Tcilimonies of all the primitive Fathers, &:c« Ab- « llraded from a very Scriptural Commentary on the 39 Articles^ Written by the Rev. Tho. Rogers, B. A. Chaplain to his Grace Richard Abp. of Canterbury, in the Reign of K. James I* alfo many other valuable Notes feleded from Archdeacon Welchmaa^ Bifhop Beveridge, &c. In which, all the Scripture References are carefully examined and rcvifed. By the Author of the Chriilian'a Memorandum Book, &c. ?vo. 9d Lewis. We doubt t^t the good defjgn of this publication : Mr. Rogers, and the other divines whofe names are here mentioned, were, no doubt, worthy men ; but it does not follow, from their charadlers or their writings, either that any human power has a right to impofi JUrticles of faith, or that articles fo impoied are agreeable to fcripcure truth, even though they produce fome texts of fcriptare which ia f$und feem to agree to them. \A Art. JK The Duty of fecret Prayer^ proved, opened, and en- forced. By John Kello. 1 2mo. 1 s. 6 d. Bell. Aldgate. Thefe four fermons on the above fubje^ are plain, pious, and pradtical, — and written, with becoming moderation, on calviniilic principles. XJ Art. 32. Pietas Redingenfis^ or, A Vindication of the Rev, John Hallward's Sermon, Sec. By Richard Hill, Efq. 8vo. 6 d. Matthews. Mr. Hill, Author of Pietas Oxonienfii, is dill, we fee, engaged in his favorite employment, the Dtfence ef Calnjinifm, How different this tafte and turn, from that of the generality of oor country fqaires !— Thtt title of this pamphlet is derived from the Reading news-paper» io Fas t-D ATSBRUOKt; jj IB which this imffrtoMt controverfy began.— For the fabjeft of Mr. Hallward's SermpOy and the occaiion on which it was preached, fee Oar lift oifimAt Sirmoms at the end of the Revieiv for January, : 76. Art, 33. Sintinuntal Difcourfes upon Religion and Morality^ By a Lady. ixmo» at. 6 d. fewed. Beckec, i /o The fair fex have, of late, difcovered a wonderful inclinanon, to invade fome of thofe prerogatives, ^hich the lords of the c/e&iioa have been accuftomed, time immemorial, co look upon a* their own, by antient prefcription and iodefeaiible right: they have ventured 10 iet their foot within feveral endofures, to which caRom had given the men an excluflve charter. They have laid hold on the philo« fophePs qoadraat, the hiftorian's tablet, the poet's inurel, and the critic's rcKd; and lo! now the divine trembles for his calTock It was refbrvtd for thit female Quixote to attack the Jks DMnum of the clergy, and to fcale the lacred fteps of the pulpit. Leaving, however* thofe who are more immediately aggrieved by this daring attempt^ to chaftiie the offender in fnch manner as (hall feem to their reverences moft meet, we. fhall only take upon us to ceofuro this female writer, for ondertaking a fpecies of compofition to which file feems wholly unequal, and tor offering to the public a crude medley of pieces, confining partly ^iUargi ixtraBs (unacknowledged) from feveral authors, and partly of mifcellaneous reflexions, baftily conceived, immethodically thrown together, and incorredly exprefled, in. the rcfpedable form of fermons. The Author has doobtJefs the ■lerit of a good intention, iu riliog up to fupport the caufe of virtue. Bat we mull not auke fuch a facrifice to ceremony, as to allow her any farther praife. We exprefs ourfelves the more freely, as the Author declares herfelf indifferent to applanfe, and aflures the public* that no fuch mean motive as the defire of admiration gave birth to chefe difcourfes. ^ a« Tt School-Boor, L#iSi4# Art. 34. Tht New London Spelling- Book^ or the young Gentle- man and Lady's Guide to the Englilh Tongue. In five Parts, &c« By Charles Vyfe. izmo. is. Robinfon. To criticife a fpelling book without fbme vtij obvious canfe, would be bieaking a butterfly on the wheel indeed. We have Vyfe's, Penning's, and Diiworth's fpelling- books, as we have Par* fbn's, Calvert's, and Hock's, intire butt beer; with much the fame difierences among them all : the conteft is, generally, tweedle dnm, egainfl tweedle dee, ^^ S ERMONS preached December 13th, 1776, beingtheDay appointed for a Public Faft, on account of the Tioublea in America, vix. I. FmUic TrimquiUity the Obje3 of every Individiui^t Concern ; in the Parifh Church of Newbery, Berks. By the Rev. Thomas Penrofe, Curate of Newbery. 4to. 6d. Davies. Mr. Penrofe is the preacher of peace. He makes a juft and ample Mcomiam on Ibcial tranquillity and happineis, contrafting the pleaf- 3 iniK 5F4 Fast-Day Sermons. iog piAare with that of the horrors and miferies of war. He coo* eludes with a proper fketch of liberty, as infeparably connefled with the duty of fubmiOioQ to government; but he takes no dired notice of the immediate occaiion of the fad : fo that (abating one or twoex« preffions relative to a/t^ry /pints, and the cabals of faQion) this dif« courfe might have bcenTafcly delivered at Vbiladelphia. U. At Walthamftnv. By E. Radcliff. 8vo. 6d. Johnfon. The truly candid, moderate, and liberal fpirit that breathes through the whole of this fermon, cannot fiil of giving pleafure to every good citizen, every real Chriftian, whatever fentiments he may entertain concerning our unhappy quarrel with America. The Preacher introduces it with obferving, that a fenfe of religion is fo deeply implanted in human nature, that perhaps there never was a nation, civilized or barbarous, without (bme apprehenfions of m Deity, to wiiofe interpofitton they afcribed their fuccefies and mif- fortunes ; that revelation teaches us to afcribe all events to the per* miflion or appointment of the Almighty ; that it is our duty to join in thofe folemnities, which lead us to acknowledge the fovereignty and fupremacy of God, ard to implore his blefling and protection in all our concerns. That, in regard to thofe events, which decide the fate of kingdoms and nations, we are more efpecially bound to acknowledge an over ruling influence, and to be inflrudted by thofe admonitions which are contained in our mercies and calamities. He obferves, that there was never more occafion than at prefent to bewail our danger, to confefs our guilt, and to pray that iniquity nay not be our ruin. < If we were to inquire, fays he, into the caufes of our enmity, perhaps we ihould find neither party innocent ; both fides are re« proached with a violation of faith, honour, and duty; both are charged with being authors of this deadly breach : the one as exert- ing an injudicious authority, the other as renouncing conftitutional fubjedion; the one as aiming to be abfolute, the other independent. it would not be to my purpofe to enter at prefent into the merits of this great controverfy ; nor does it become me to decide a canfe, in which fome of the wifeft and bed of men are divided. One obferva- tion, however, is not foreign to my defign, nor inconfiftent with the character 1 now fullain : That we are often miflaken in aifigning onljr fecond caufes for political evils. jg * Some perfbns think they can refolve them all into the ctafliing of hiyrikn intereds and pafiions, the imprudence of governors, and the miftondud of fiatefmen. But thofe who take a more comprehen- fivc view of things, will look to the agency of a fuperintending Deity, who,^ though he works by human means, never fails to accomplifii his own purpofes ; who often puniihes guilty nationa and ambitious princes by their own devices, by infatuating their coancils, darkening their judgments, and precipitating them into meafures which prove their chaftifement, if not their ruin.* We cannot difmifs Mr. Raddifi^'s difcourfe, without exprefs- ing our finccre wilhes, that every real friend to his country may cui, tivate that temper and dlfpofition of mind, which is fo earneHly recommended Fast-Day Sermons. 75 recommended in this fermon, and which {o highly becomes as all ia oar prefent critical fituation. *t^ III. To a Congxegaiion of Prote(lant-Di (Tenters, in Saint- Saviour* * Gate* York, and publifhed at the requefl of the Audience, b/ Newcome Cappe. ^vo. 6d. Johnfon. We obfcrve in this difcourfe tnnny ftriking and pertinent reflec- tions on the charafler and manners of the prefent times. What the Author fays in the following (hurt cxcraft may ferve as a fpecimcn of the Preacher's fpirit and kntiments, with regard to thofe public ineafores which gave rife to the folemnity of the day : * The Lord looketh from heaven, and beholdeth all the fons of men : from the place of his habitation he looketh on the inhabitants of the earth, and he confidereth all their works * Lan he look with pleafure up. on Britain? Can he iook with approbation on her vices growing as his mercies to her have been multiplied f Can he fee with pleafure the land that he hath cared for, forgetting that glorious and fearful name the Lord their God? Can he fee with pleafure thofe to whom the lines are fallen in fuch pleafant places alienated in their minds from God, and turning away from iim of whom they hold fo goodly an inheritance? With complacency can he fee them, unatrached to him by the rememb'ance of national deliverances fo great and nu- merous, unmelted by the long enjoyment and increafe of fo manjr ft mercies, unimp eft by his warnings ir.d his chailifcments as much 'as by his liberalities and tendernefs? With complacency can he be- hold that land which he has founded on the floods and guarded hy -thefeas; which he has made the reiidence of health and the treafury of plenty; in which, notwithl^anding many dangers fom domeftic . tyranny and k reign violence, he haa fixed the ieai of liberty ; which by many wonderful events he has emancipated from the chains of darknefs and of fuperHition ; on which he has (hed down the brigKteft glories of the evangelic day; and where he has eredled the comelieft temple of religion : with complacency and pleafure can he behold this land fending war and terror crofs the ocean ; pleafcd with the devaflations (he has already made, and preparing to make more; in^ public at well as private life facriiicing humanity to honour; abroad, envying to her own fleih and bloud the benefits of equal law and Britiih liberty ; at home, licentious in her liberty, wanton in her plenty, full and denying Gad, trampling, without remorfe and without care, alike on the dofkrine and the precepts of his gofpel?' Onr Readera will make their own obfervations on this pafTage. '11% IV. By Eaft Apthorpe, A. M. Vicar of Croydon. 410. 1 e. Robfon. This gentleman, who has refided, for a number of years, in Ame« rica, feems to have employed much attention on the fubje£l of our preient diiferences with our brethren in that part of the world. He inveftigates the caufes, or rather, under Providence, the ftcondary canfes, of the great evil which hath befallen us, and afcribes much to the exorbitant fpirit of txcej/ivi and illicit commerce : a point which be very fully explain*. Hii cenfure, in this refpe^k, falls heavy on the poloniftsi but he> impartially* and^ we believe, honeftly, (though j6 Fas t-D at SiticOKs* (tkottgh fafticitntlf zealooi for government) throws due weight into nhe oppofice fcale ; acknowledging that oor embarrafTed fituacion * 'aiay, in a great meafure, be owing to ' fome (hort-fighud (latefmen, of good intentions, now removed by death from this troubled fcene of worldly politics, who were led by the diforder of the public finances, to form the fatal fcheme of raifing a revenue, where it neither could nor ought to be had ; and of working up the minds of the Colonifls into fuch a ferment, as lo have produced events unex« ampled in the hillory of mankind.' Bvki the pe/ttical li not the moil confidtrahle ipMt of this very fenfible difcourfe. The pious Author argues more at large, from conijder- ations of a religious nature. He, very laudably, contends, that * * as the calamities we now lament, were originally brought on htb countries by our unhappy deviation from that pure religion which» in theory and ellablifhment, (lill fub(i(ls among us ; — the principal femedy mull be fought by a return to thofe religious principles, re- llraints, and duties, we have fo fatally thrown off.' — This is the leading principle of Mr. Apthorp's difcourie; and he enlarges upon it» in a manner which cannot fail of obtaining the fincere approbation of every confiderate and ferious Reader. %* We do not imagine that this difcoarfe was aflually preached* Perhaps the compofition was deemed too elaborate for the pulpit. It is dedicated by the Author, to his pariihioners of Croydon, for whofe inilru^ion he fays it was luritutim ^^ V. At Oxenden Chapel, by James Grant, L. L. D. LeAorer of St. Leonard* Shoreditch. 8vo. 6d. Whitaker. A flaming invedlive againft the revolted colonies. g% VI. Before the Univerfity of Oxford, by Miles Cooper, L. L. D. Preiident of Ktng*s College, Ni^w Tori ; and Fellow of Qucen*8 College Oxford. 4to. i s. Rivirgton, &c. Another violent invedive agatnll the Americans ; ill com porting, ni we apprehend, with that genuine fpirit of piety, charity, and liamtliation which, alone, ought to have been manifelled, on the day fet apart for imploring the mercy of Heaven on a finful nation. —We here «)eet, too, with fentiments of a political caft, which (as the watchful friends of freedom, and ever jealous of any appear* mnce of encroachments on her facred boundaries) we can by no means approve* Dr. Cooper's notions of Government feem to b« drawn from the credcndi of the Mainwarings, and Sibthorpet, and I Sacheverals of former days ; and which, we flattered onrfelves, had ^ / been ntttrly banifhed. this land of civil and religious liberty. We j obferve, that this diicburfe is publifhed at the requeft of the Vice- I Chancellor, and heads of houfes. — This does not look as though ' the ftreets of Oxford had been * nt'wp^i'utd^* ra^ • Vidi%, famous fpeech of Sir Dud ley Rider's, when attorney genc- lal. We have to much regard for the Univerfity to repeat the worda of that violent old Whig* vn. rb9 Fas t*D aySermons. ^ Vn. The befi Method of putting an End to the Amtrlean Wat. At Tonetiham Coart-ChapeJ. .}\y the Rev. Craddock GUrcottp ' A. M. Chaplain to the Earl of Buchan, and one of the Preachers in the Chapels of the Countefs of Huntingdon. 8vo. 5d« Matthews, &c. This heft method. &c. as it is fomewhat qoackifhly, and confi- dently ftiled. is «»hat wc find recommended, with a better grace, ia •-*al) the faft fermons, — repentance and reformatUn: which can never come onfeafonably, whether 'ffe are biefled with peace^ or aflided with war. With refpcft to politics^ the Preacher is torally filcnt. But the Editor^ a Mr. Peckwell (chaplain to the Dowager Marchionefs of Lothian), who prefaces this difcourfe' with ' an addrefs/ has fap- plied a loyal prayer for the king and royal family ; and he wifely^ we had almoft faid nvittily [in the Whitefieldian ftrainl, hints to hjt ' ' Readers, that ' inOead of turning politicians, they fhoold twru anio the Lord;' that * inftead of rending the chara^ers of others, thejr fhoold r«vi/ their own hearts ;' and that ' inftead of deciding what they are not called to determine, they (hould pray for grace and wifdom on them who are.' — We have heard worfe things than theft faid in a pulpit; and worfe puns in a dab of choice fpirits. Q VIII. At Gray's Inn Chapel, before the Honourable Society, &c« By Henry Stebbing, D D. Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majefl/. 4to. 1 r Flexney. Although Dr. Stebbing has thrown out feme very fevere reflefUont on the revolted Provincials, he exprcffes himfelf with a ferioufoefii becoming tbq importance and fokmnity of the occafion. His daf« courfe is pious, fenfible, and fuitable to the day. |^ IX. 7 he Denunciation of Chrift againft Jiru/aJem, confidered emd mp» piled. — In the Pari(h Chorch of Sr. Michael, Comhill, Loodo«« By Robert Pool Finch, D,D, Rector of that Parifli. 4to. 64. RivingtOD. &c. Several preachers appear to have mifconceived, in fome de- gree, the nature of the late appointment of a general fatl, and to have made it *• a day of political debate, rather than religioot penance ; but Dr. Ficch has, with great propriety, confined hit dif- . courfe to matters of higher and mere/eriouj concern. His feroioa b ptoufly, judicioufly, and folety adapted to the great parpofe of ftwftkeniflg us to a due feofe of the danger we are in, from the mal* tttode and enormity of our imnnoralities and follies, — and ofthccoa- leqnent neceffity of a reformation. Al X. Seriome Refieaioms addrejfed to all Parties^ on the prtfent 8tat§ •f Jmerkan Affairs — Preachti at CheQiunt in Hertford (hire. By P. Worfley. «vo. 6d. Bickland. Mr. Worfley takes occaiion, from Ifaiah, xxvi. 9. to enlarge on the awful fubjed of God's judgments, and of that ' righteoufnefa which the lAhabitants of the earth fliould learn from them !' He then pathetically expatiates on the calamities and horrors of war, but cfpecially a ciW war; after which he proceeds to enfoice, by every 7$ Fas t-D ay SEAMONt. every proper motive, the neceffity of oar ameodment of life and manners, and our improvement in piety and gratitude to an infi- nitely gracious God ; in the humble hope of obtaining a continu- ance of chofe mercies which h b hat fo long and fo abundantly be* flowed on oi. The charitable and candid P|;eacher concludes with devoutly expreffing his earned wiihei and prayers for a fpetdj accommodation of the unhappy diiferencei f'^biifting between Greit Britain and her Colonies. ^ ^ XI. Be/ore the Hovfe ofUf^s^ in the diSbty Church of Wcflminfter. By Richard, Lord Bilhop of Litcb ^ and Coventry. 4to. i s« Cadcll. As a volume of fermons, by D^ HJrd, is the fubjeA of an article in the prefent month's Review, Ua f^y nothing of the Author's long e(labli(hed literary charafler) there is no occaHon for our enlarging on the merits of this fingle difcourfe. We (hall, therefore, only add, that it is liberal, candid, and every way worthy of the Author. ^ XII. Before the Hou/e of Commens, at St. Margaret's, Weftminfter. By John Butler, L L. D. Archdeacon of Surrey, and Chaplain ia Ordinary to his Majcfly. 4to. i s. Cadell. While many of our faft-day preachers have properly fupported the tni\y venerable charader of a piotis divine,<^while fome have mani- Ibfted more of the politi*^ ^zealot, — and while others have diilin* gui(hed themfelves by uncharitable, over-charged, railing at the age, — we fee, with \ .c^Li'are, the Christian and the Gentle- man united in the Autlvor of the prefent difcourfe. In this elegant and well adapted performance, we meet with no party invedUvey no daring denunciations of divine judgments, no general undif- tinguifhing declamation^ no fanatical rant, no (laviih do^rine f4%pajffive obedience to the powers that he, — Dr. Butler has, on the contrary, attended with great propriety to the delicacy of his 6tuation, by the appointment of the day, and to the peculiar refpedl due to his audience ; whom he addrelTes with becoming mo« delly, ferioufnefs, and dignity. His fermon is judicious, fenfiblc, and difpafltonate. It exhibits a clear and candid view of the temper and fpirit, the wcet and virtues of the times ; the important occafion of that religious ordinance, in virtue of which they were then aflTembled) the fources of the unhappy commotions now fubfifting in the remote parts of the empire; the charitable light in which we ought to be** hold our erring and infatuated brethren ; and the condu6t which, on every confideration, we ought to purfue as real Chriftians, as true friends to the bed interefts of our country, —and— in the homble hope of obtaining, by the favour of heaven, ' the reftoration of peaoe^ and union to the Britiih empire.' {j XIII. National Troubles a proper Ground for National Humiliatiomt'^^ Two Sermons. By the Rev. Richard de Courcy, Vicar of St. Alk^ inond*s, Shrewsbury. 8vo. i s. Robinfon. Mr. De Courcy appears to have laboured more abundantly in the Lord's vineyard, than rood of his fellows ; and to have acquitted himfelf not only as a diligent and faithtul, but as an able and intel- ligent fervant. — He condemns the Americans, but he compaflionates them as ftllonu Cbriftians ; and exprefTes hit hopes that we • may yet embrace them as felkin fu^jeQs^ when it pleafes God to dilTolve 4 t^ S E R M O N SJ 79 tile anhappy fafcioatioQ, by which their inflammatory leaden delude them iDto the paths of difcord and rebellion.' Ctf XW . Preached im a Counify Church, 8vo. 6d. Almon. Thij difcourfe wears rather the appearance of a political pamphlet in favour of the Americans, than of a fermon adlaally preached ia Apr charch. If it was however really delivered from a pulpit, the preacher, we fuppofe, was prudentially induced to publifti it in this mamele/s form ; as the general drain in which it is conceived, might rather provoke refentmenr, than excite devotion in thofe who are warmly impreifed with different fentimenrs, in regard to pub- lic affairs. We mud neverthelefs obferve, that the political ob- fervations contained in this quefiUnable fermon, are exprefTed with decency and moderation ; but, it might be deemed (bmewhat unfeam Jonahle, at lead, to infid, as the Author does, on our full conviction of thtjM/lice of the war with America, as the criterion oi q^oj finceritj in our folemn profeflions of piety and humiliation. Q ^ XV. God^e Departure from a People^ the moft dreadful Judgment."^ Preached to a Congregation of Protellant Diffenters at fiethnal- Green. By John Kello. 8vo. 6d. Buckland. There is a plainnefs and Hmplicity in this difcourfe, by which we make no doubt it was well fuited to its hearers. The humble and modefl preacher (for fuch, from the perufal of his fermon, we con* dude him to be) fays *, he fhould * not have expofed it to public view, had it not been for the repeated folicitation of fome who beard it!' He adds, ' And as the author had an- abundant evi* that the fame will be the ultimate fate of the virtuous and vicious — utter an- nihilation/— To thofe unnumbered multitudes of paft ages and the prefent'y wbofe only guide was the religion of nature, * and to many of whom, it is to be hoped, virtue was pleaiing, and vice odious \ had an apoiHe been fent from your fcbool to announce the do6trine oi Materialtjm^ to tell them all mud end with death, he would not, I think, have been kindly received ; they would fcarcely have decreed him a flatue, as to Iheir friend and benefadlor.' But we (hall take leave of our Author as a declaimer, under ivhich charader he excels, and give fome fpecimens of his It^oning. After having evinced the pernicious tendency of the dofirine of Maierialifm^ as well as the abfurdity of it, as it has been lately maintained by fome of its advocates, he goes on to mmine Dr. Pricftley's reprefentation of it ; and quotes tho fplWing paiTage from his firft ejfay<^ as containing his opinion in his own words, '^ I am rather inclined to think, fay you, that though the fubje£l is beyond our comprehcnfion at prefent, mn does not conuft of two principles, fo efTentially different froQione another, as matter ^ndfpirit, which are always de- in]^d as having not one common property, by means of which they can affeA or a£l u[>on each other; the one occupying fi^e, and the other not only not occupying the leaft imagin- able portion of fpace, but incapable of bearing relation to it; iflfomuch, that, properly fpeaking, my mind is no more in my itdfi. than it is in the moon. 1 rather think that the whole maa '^ol(omcutiifrnt compojitionj and that the property of percept ^Mi, as well as the other powers termed mental, is the refult (vhether necefT^ry or not) of fuch an organical ftru(Sture as that of the brain." In the difcuflion of this pafTage, our Author obferves, that ^ * Mailer may be confidered either in its elementary detached principles ; or in a ftate of cohefion, as in bodies in general ; or as formed into a regular and organized fyflem. Bat in thcfe three dates it is equally unfufceptible of mental powers and ope- faints. By thefe powers and operations I underdand, what is generally meant, the faculties of fenfatioo, perception, reafon- ing, and voluntary motion.' * The elemental particles, of which all bodies are compofeJ, QMy be co iidered either as homogineous^ or as heterogeneous \ as fiaple monads, uncompounded and indiviiible, or as com- pounded, and ever divifibte.' And fuch elements, he fays, are ifl every feniii incapable of receiving mental faculties. < £ithcr G 2 eacl^ S4 Ofl Materialifm and Hartley's The^j •/ iht Human JMini. each individual element tnuft be gifted with the powers firained to a determinate number of them. But in either cafe^ fuch beings, if fuppofed ftmphj according to my philofophy, [the Author rejedts the idea of the homogeneity and infinite divifibility of matter] will be juft fo many individual minikitt thinkers \ nor, on this fuppoficion, will it be matter that thinks ( becaufe matter in every fentiment (fenfe) is a compounded fub- ftance, whereas fuch elements are uncompounded««-«If thefe elements be not fimple, but divifible for ever and ever ; it theii feems impoHible that they Oiould ever pofiefs the powers of perception, or indeed any other property whatever j for where can a faculty be made to refide, when the fubftance deiigned !• ieceive it does not To much ^% tnpy inMvidual tyCi&tnctV Our Author advances next to .aggregates and compound bodies ; and laboufs to (hew, that fuch bodies in general ari incapable of perception ; and then proceeds to examine tbeoi ia their moil organized ftate. * It is impoffible, fays he, that a mafs of matter, like the brain, could have been formed by the Almighty Creator with fuch exquifite powers, as ihould be capable of perception. This is juft the inverfe of your owa flHertion. Pofuively to afiTert, what the Deity can or cannot de^ is undoubtedly glaringly arrogant, unlefs fome atfuriity in tb# fuppofition be manifeft ; then to make that an objed of Diving Power, becomes not only infolent, but even blafphemous* If the brain be alone percipient ; that capacity muft fpring) either from a fpecial grant, which cannot be underftood ; or from its component parts in their origin and after exiftenee, being of a fmgular cunftitution, which is equally incredible^ as the brain is nourifhed from the more fubtle part of our aliment^ and fecms not to be of a texture different, in quality at leaft, frpat the fpinial marrow, or the whole nervous fyftem, which is known to be an expanded ramification of the brainy fubftance^ or finally, it muft be concluded, that the perceptive power is derived from mere organization ; but then, why ihould the ag^cncy of an Almighty Creator be wantonly drawn in to form this brain, when nature, in her own laboratory, without any new acquiied (kill, is alone equal to the curious workmanihip ? After briefly examining Dr. Prieftley's notion of perception^ which he accounts for by the tremulous motion of the nerves, our Author adds : ' The capacities of feeling pain and plea*» fure, of perceiving the prefence of ideas, fenfual or intellectual, of compating thofe ideas, and of judging betwixt them, joined to that conlcioub fentiment, which attends every mental affec« tion, ai d of adting in a manner termed voluntary, are, befidcs many others^ general modifications) whofe exiftence is not conuoverted* Obir MaterU£fm, ond'HaHk/s Theery ^ftht Human Mind. 85 contnivqted> If they be afFe£tions of the brain alone»* and not CD be found In any other bodies of the material world, it muft be allowed, that they originate from fome fingular organization. Yet the moft perfe£b organization is but the moft perfed ar* raogement of material elements; and evidently, what gives but a new extrinfic relation of parts to parts, can never give oipacitres, which did not before exift. If fuch capacities exid^, at it is granted tfaiey do, their exiftence muft be founded in fomethtng. Modes and capacities are not felf-exi(ient ; they are not fubftances. If they inhere in the brain, they partici* pate of its nature; are compounded and divfible as it; are of the fame fluctuating and changeable quality ; in (hort, are the brain itfelf. But the brain is a body ; and bodies neither feel nor reafon, nor move progreffively from a voluntary determina- tion. Bat could not the Deity have beftowed fuch extraordina- ry powers on a fyftem of matter ?'— The Author fyggefts feveral raafons to (hew that this is impoffible. The eflences of tilings, he fays^ are eternal and independant ; and if all matter enjoys not the capacities in queftion> they are not cfl'ential to it; and the fuperaddition of fuch capacities wili, in his opinion, ddboy its nature. Farther, the powers of perception are in- compatible with compofition of parts ; nor can judgment, which is diftinA fromi. the ideas concerning which it pro- nouoces^ be the attribute of a compounded fubftance. He (hen fiibjoins an extract from a French publication, intitled. In* Jmations Liibnitzienmsy which, in his apprehenfion, contains an lUMUirwerable argument againft Matirialifm. ^ Let the brain be fvppofed to coniift of any number of elements; on this fup- pofition*, which i^ certainly admiffible : i. Either the whole biain will be confctous of its exiftence in fuch manner, as that in component parts beuncbnfcious of the fame, which is a pal- pable abfurdity ; fince the whole brain is only a collection of parts, and can itfelf poflefa nothing, but what is derived from tbem. Or a* Of thefe elements each wtJl be fenfibie of its own eaifitnce, whtlft the whole brain remains infenfible ; but then tke brain itfelf, the organic fyftem in queftion, will be void of all coofcious perception. Or, 3. The internal feeling we are ibieifch of muft be the refult, the fum total of each individual fcatiment ; which is equally abfurd ; for each element is alone fioaldous of itfelf; it knows not the feeling of its kindred aiooii. We ihall thus have as many diftinCt perceptions, as dooenti; that is, each element will be feverally conl'cious or perceptive of its own exiftence; nothing in the whole mafs will k able to iay, / am compofed of elements, it is / that exift in a compounded and organic ftate : therefore the whqle brain will oot be confcious of its exiftence ; yet does not Dr. P. perceive tiuptbe rxifts V He coodudes with obferviog, that the power G 3 cf 86 On Mattrtalifm and Hartli/s Theory of ibe Human MinA^ of a£ling or moving in a manner termed voluntary^ as granted ta maoi cannot be under(loo4 in Hartley's fyftem : and, * thai xsatter in every Ibte is incapable of pofTeifing the powers of perception and thought, either naturally, or by divine difpen*- iation ; and therefore that in man mu^ exift a fubftance fu* perior to, and efTentially diftindt from the brain/ In the next letter, the Author propofes at large his own opinion, and attempts to edablifh it, by introducing a new kind of a£iive force^ which he afcribes to matter, and by which he accounts for the mutual a£lion of body and fpirit : and he then fubjoins replies to the principal obje^ions which have been urged by Dr. P— •'and others againft the immaterial fyflem. ^ The fifth letter exhibits zw -analyfis of Dr. Hartley's theory, and in the following letter it is contrafted againft the inftinSiiv^ principles of the Scotch philofophers. The Author endeavour^ to (hew, that the fyflems of ajfociation and of inJlinSf are charge- able with the fame unphilofophical and pernicious confequences^ relative to truth and virtue. * According to the Scotch fchool, our principal flock of knowledge is derived from the didates of common fenfe \ and is therefore the work of nature. According to Dr. Hartley, the whole is from ideal ajfociation ; and is therefore the work of habit. Both principles are equally necejfhry and equally infaU libU in their operations.'— >The immediate phyfical caufe ofideas, Dt. Hartley will have to htmrvous vibrations i whilft the Scotch doctors without any minute inveftigation, have recourfe to what they call, con/I it utional propenfities.-r-^^* In both fyftems every mental affedion is a neceifary and mechanical efFefi, how vatr rious or roanifeft foevcr.'— ^ Dr. Beattie ereds his common fenfe into an unerring criterion of truth; by which means all argumentation is fecluded, and every appeal to reafon rendered fuperfluous; reafon itfelf therefore becomes a very ufelefs pra- perty. In the opinion of Hartley, and of his difciples, the capacity of perceptito or perceptibility is alone to be con- fidered as ejfential to man. This it is which takes in every truth, of which the human mind is capable, in a manner, aa inflantaneous and impulfive, as Dr. Beattie's common fenfe/ Again, * judgment^ in its common acceptation, may perhaps be nothing more than a bare perception, or what Hartley calls a complex feeling of the coincidence of ideas; but in general, there muft be a comparifon^ which as you again refolve into a more complex feeling, it hath no fuperiority over Dr. Seattle's principles. That to us, fays the laft named gentleman, it truth, which we fal that we muft believe, and that to us it falfebood, which we feel that we muft dift)elieve.' ^* Aflent ud diflent (Dr. Hartley, p, 158.) muft come under the notion • of On Materiallfin and HartU/s Theory of the Human Mind. 87 of ideal, being only thofe very complex internal feelings, which adhere by afTociation to fuch clufters of words, as are called propofitions in general, or affirmations and negations in particular.*' ' What Is this, but judging of truth and falfe- hood by your feelings, in a manner the moft impuldve and in- ftantaneous ? Certainly, had the philofophers. Hartley and fi^attie, previoufly agreed on an union in fentiment, they could not have exprefTed tbecnfelves in terms more fimilar and ap« pcoximated/ We apprehend, however, from the violence of a Fery recent difpute that neither the Scotch philofophers nor Dr. Prieftley will thank (he Author for his labours in difcover- ing and eftablifbing this alliance; they are yet hardly difpofed to acknowledge any intimate affinity. Our anonymous Writer feema to us very properly to guard againft the obnoxious parts J»eacb fyftem; ai\d we have long thought, that both fyftems ^mt juftly chargeable wiih many of the confequences which he deduces from them. After piurfuing the contraft to a con- fiderable length, he adds, * that Hartley's fyftem, of the two, u much the more dangerous. As far indeed as inftinA is civried, I allow it to be nearly allied, in its confequences, to your favourite theory.* * If then the Scotch fyftem, as you ibftrenuoufly infift, mud be rejeded by every man, who cares for truth, virtue, and religion, what, Sir, will be the fate of Dr. Hartley's theory ?» In the 7th and 8th letters, the Author refumcs the examina- tioa of Hartley's theory, as it refpeds the mecbanifm of the mind and the neceffity of human adions : and in his loth letter he clofes his correfpondence with remarks on Dr. Prieftley's vindication of himfelf and addrefs to unbelievers, in his preface to the laft volume on air : the concluding paragraph is a kind of implicit apology for the zeal with which he has endeavoured to expofe the mechanical and material fyftem efpoufed by Dr. P«i-. ^ The Hartleyao do&rine is an objefi of the greateft moment : its influence will be felt, as far as the wideft fpread of fcience extends, becaufeits application is general. But not only the philofopber, the divine alfo, and the magiftrate, are deeply concerned ; for by it will the whole fyftem of moral and civil life be fenCbly affe^ed. Is it not then the duty of every man to take the alarm, to examine, and fcrupuloufly analyfe the principles, and even the moft diftant confequences of a fyftemf which, if ever generally adopted, will fo generally, and in my opinion, fo fatally operate ? I pointed out fome of its defeds, and I ftarted fome objedions ; but much more re- mains to be done. Do you. Sir, take care, left under the fpe- cious {hew of being ferviceable, you be really inftrumental in ptopagating a dodrine, whereby the caufe of truths virtue^ and religkn may be fevertly injured.' is Joocs*i T'ranjlatkn of CueroU Brufut. The zeal with which the theory of the late Dr, Hartley, fof whofe abilities and charader we retain a fingular veneradon, bath been revived, and the extravagant applaufe lately beflowed upon it» would, we hoped, ere this have rouzed fome able opponent. The fuhje^i, we know, is abftraded and difficult ; th6 controverfy between l^eibnitz and Clarke, and manyothers» on each fide of the queftion, is hardly forgotten ; and publica- tions of this kind are not fuitable to the views and tafte of the generality of readers. The fubje£^, nevcrthelefs, is highly important and interefling, and deferves tp be difcufled by a mafterly writer. The letters now before us are written with the beft intention : they have very confiderable merit ; and will ferve, we hope, as an antidote againft the prevalence of a theory, which degrades man to a meer machine, and whicb» if purfued, mud terminate in zh(o\ute fpinozi/m. ^L • . . . Art. jl. Cicero's Brutus ^ or the Htfiorj of the famous Orators : alio his Orator, or accomplifiied Speaker. Now ftx^ tranflated' into Englifh by £. Jones. 8v#« 6 s. White. 1776. ALthough it muft be acknowledged, that the method o£ tranflating which prevails at prefent, is more pleaiing, it may perhaps be queftioned, whether it is, on the whole, more- judicious, than that which was formerly in ufe. If our old tr'anflators did not attempt to cloath their authors in an elegant Englifix drefs} if their language was often inharmonious and uncouth, and fometimes even barbarous \ they were however careful to give an exad tranfcript of the meaning of the origi- nal. Whereas modern tranflators, either through partiality for their authors, or a deiire of difplaying their own aWlitie^ have generally produced motley pieces, which might more pro- perly have been called imitations than tranflations. This ha^ been almoft univerfally the cafe with thoG:, who have attempted ' to tranflate the Greek and Roman poets ; and it would not be difficult to (hew, that fome of our moft elegant and admired tranflations of the profe claffics deferve to come under the fame ^nfure. This fafliionable mode of tranflating has, in oiir opinion, in- trxxluced a falfe tafte amongft us, which will fcarcely fufler us to allow a due portion of praife to any traoflator, who attempts tp give the Englifh reader fome idea of his author's di£lion as well as fentiment. We are aware, that it is by no means an eafy talk, in languages which difficr fo materially in their formation and ftruflure as the Roman and £ngli(b,r for a tranflatorto re- tain his author's general caft of expreffion, without falling intq an improper ufe or obfcure arrangement of words, and giving his ftyle an air of latinity, which muft appear extremely awk- ward to an ErigUih reader. Wc have, however, met w»tb tranflations Jones'i TratipaiUn of C!cero\s Bruim*^ H. tranilations which prove the poffibilit]^ of nniling thr difierent qualities of fidelity and elegance. Among thefe we venture to* place the prefent work, in which we have an accurate and' faithful, and at the fame time fufficiently elegant tranflatron of two pieces of Cicero» which have never before appeared in Eng- lifl). That our readers may judge how far our idea of the - merit of this tranflation is juft, according to our ufual method io works of this kind, we &all give them the following paflagf , both in the original and the tranflatioa : it is extruded froim the Orator. Ttrtiut eft tile amplus^ co- fip/ks, grows ^ §matus, in qw fnfiS^ vis maxima eft. Hie tft tmm cujus ematum dicendi^ a C9fistm admiratie gentes^ d$fMintiam in ei*vitaiibus flu* rimsm vaUre fajpg funt : fed ^OMC eI§fMnetiam qu^t carjk wtdigito finituqut ferretur^ quam fy^eimt omnes, quam ad* miraratittrj quam fi ajfequi fjf§ diffidereni* Hujus f/f- qiOiira eft traSare animost hwfui emm modg permcnfere : b^c mado perfriogit ; modo ir- refit in fin/us \ in/erit novas ^mioniSf eveliit infitas. Sed muitum intereft inter hoe di' ^eudi genus ^et/uperiora* ^iin iU»/mhtili et acuta eiaboravit, uf collide f arguteque dieeret^ nee qmdqtuoM aitius cogitaret : hoc umfirfeQo^ magnus orator eft^ fn$m maximus : minimeque in Urico ver/abitur, et ft /emel isnftitirif, nunquam cadet, Mtdins ilU autem^ quern modi' ttm et temperatum 1^ it fo :— for I ain now difconrfiR^; JUirem, mm quid njiderim^ dif- not upon what I have feen, bat upon futo: redioqui ad illam Pla- what 1 could wifti. to fee; and muft /0«i/» dt qua dixeram^ ret therefore recur to that primary fern* formam it fpttiem \ quam ttfi blance or ideal form of Plato which C nfMcernimusyiamenanimotentrt have mentiopcd before, and which* foffumuj. Non tnim ilcquen- though it cannot be feen with our 40m qu^trp, mqui quidjuam bodily eyes, may be comprehended MTtale et caducum, /id illud by the powers of imagination. For iffum, cujus qui fit compis^ fit I am not feeking after a liviog orator, iUquems : quod nihil tft aliud or after any thing which is mortal w^ tl0qttiniia ip/a, quatn uuliiSf and perifhing, but after that which nyi memis oculis wdtri pojfu^ confers a right to the title of elo- mm* quent ; in other wordi» I am feeking after Eloquence herfelf, who can be difcerned only by the eye of the mind. TThc firft of the pieces here tranflatcd contains a few fliort but - ipafterly (ketches of all the fpeakers who had flourifhed in Greece or Rome from the earlieft periods to the time of Cicero : the fecond contains a critical delineation of what this great mafter of oratory efteemed the rooft finifhed eloquence or ftyle of (peaking. Traoflations, executed in the fame manner, of Cicero's other valuable remains on this fubje<3, particularly his hooka Di OratQTty — Inventicnet — 7i^iV/j,— and Partitione Ora* Uria^ 90)il4 not fail of i>eifig acceptable to the public* m Art* IIL RUmhUs of Concbologj^ or am IntroduBien to tbi Knoavm Udgi of Sbolls. By Emanuel Mendez da Cofta, Member of the Academia Caefar. Imper. Nat. Cnriof. Plinias IV. and of the J3o- lanic Society of Florence. With Seven Plates, containing Figures of every Genus of Shells. 8vo. 79* 6d., Boards. Whitp» 1776. NAture has never left herfelf without witnefs, but appears to have referved a ptculiar priefthood for the maintenance of her worfliip, and the fupport of her glory. She has bad her apoftles amongft Jews and Gentiles, from Saint Ariftotle, and Saint Pliny, to Saint Linnaeus, and Saint Da Cofta. Thefe are her high prieQs, who have been admitted behind the veil, and made acquainted with her myfieries. For our parts, we pay all due reverence and refpe£l to their office ; and whether the inveftigation of a plant, a butterfly, or a (hell be their ob* jed, we are ftill fenfible, that fiich«purfuits have a tendency to difplay the great wifdom of the Creator, and to cultivate a right and rational devotion. An undevout naturalift would be a charaSer the moft pre« pofterous ; and we are perfuaded that an infidel, of fuch ftudies, aeverexifted. When Pliny had been contemplating ceruia phenomena pbatnlHnena^il| tbc naiiiral' worlik.ha concludea with the fol^'. lowing reflection : Julius in rebusi quid pojfit aliud afftrre caufm mtrtalium quifpiam^ quam diffufa per omm naturaj fubinde aliter^ dditerqui numcn erumpens ; i. e. tbefe appearances cannot finally be refolved into any thing but the agency of providence. X/cd by this religious attachment to Nature, her votaries have let toil and danger at defiaixce $ have pafTed the howling wilder- nefs and the horrid deep ; pervaded the inbofpitable defarts of Etbiopiai and the more inbofpitable waters that inveft hec ' fliores* The purfuit of that particular branch of natural fcience^- which forms the fubjc(3 of the work before U8| is attended with- many difficult and difcouraging circumftances. To ranfack the* dark ch;tmbers of the ocean to obtain the fliining panoply of its inhabitants, is neither eafy in the procefs, nor profitable in the end. Tbe foffilift who toils in fearch of a gem,, may fee* quently find his intereft in concert with his curiofity ; but the conchologift, who rifques the horrors of the Mofambic and' Magellanic feas in queft of a (hell, can have no other obje£l than the paffionate purfuit of Nature, through the variety, yet confifiency, of her fyftematic operations. Thefe operations, indeed, are wonderful, replete with the moft aftonifhing beauty and defign. What an elegant coiifor- lAity of tints and lines, what beautiful corufcaticns of light dai^l^ through the fined compofition of fhade, itiave we feen in lome (hells !«— Could we forbear, on fucb an occtfion^ to uclaim in unprenwdiuted veF(e» ^m fjurint atdem tra^hUj qumfidtta tmli ; 7it/#i Ji formal antra^ fi^ufqM Urnnt f In confequence of the difficulties 'Attending the purfitit of this fludy, we find that it has been cultivated only fince the latter part of the laft century. About the year 1681, a work was printed at Rome, with tbe following title : Ricreaziom delC Oc* eUoy idtUaMente^ neir Offirva%ivne deik CbiocdoU \ i.e. Amuie^ mcnts for the Eve and the Mind, in the- Obfenratton of^ Shells. This is tbe firft profiefibd work on the fubjefi. It was af^r- wardd tranflated into Latin, but the edition is fcarce. - The Author, * Buonanni, gives us a feries of figttres of the (everal fpecies of (hells, to the nooiber of 450 in the It^ian editioa, and c€ 5-^0 in tbe Latin edidon; they ane moft of them tolerably well en* graved* but faulty in that the fbcUa ase reverfed by tl&e inaccuracy of ttia CBgraver. He accompanies, each with its pafttcular d^Tcciptioa^ hot tbe defcriptions are not goof thisi«lDflk, 'and^fDund theift all to difiigrce : the moft pcrftd cppy in Loadoii is kiU to be ia aha library of the College of Phyficiaas. « Some foreign naturalifts have been plea6d to liefitate9 not to af^ fert that * no Author has thrown fo much confufion on tt)e bH^ tory of (hells as Lifter.' It is of confequence to the fcience to remove this prejudice; accordingly our Author has. tak;en ^e talk upon bimfelf. * I will be bold enough to aflert, fays he, that'Lifteri fiiftoria Conchy liorum is a mod ofeBil work, as .perfied as any oiher fince gubliftied, and of great confequence to thofe who make the natucal iftory of (hells their ftudy. * There was publifhed in 1770* axiother edition of this excellent work, in large folio, by the Rev. William Huddesford, of Trinity College, Oxford, and Keeper of the 'Aftimolean Mufeum. I wilil could add mere, than that the Public is indebted to the late learned cdit(-r for the republication, as Lifter's work is become fo fcai^e ; but the indexes and other additions are very trlvkl, and xhcrcare aifo eiroia and inaccuracies in it wkich do no honoitr tb Lifter's Btcmory. ■ ■- * * • The ^. Mendas da Cofta^/ Eknunts o/CmUloifi * The third pabIicatioii» in dace of time, is Rumphius*8 RarH^ Chamber of Amboina, ia fblio, printed firft in Dutch at Amllcrdani in 17059 another edition in 171 1, and another in 1749. The little currency of the Lour Dntch langaage, and its having Only been tranP lated into German, and printed at Vienna, in folio, in 1766, hat partly flnng a mift on this work ; and the figures, in general very good and corredt, have only been confulted. However, Rumphiut in hit accounu of the ihells is very accurate, and is well worthy the perofal of the (Indent. It is inde^ farprizing to me, that this work bat never yet been tranflated into a more current language, iince it would be of great advantage to the knowledge of fhells, efpecially thofe of that part of the Eaft Indies.' Then follow feme pubiicatioaa of lefs note, fuch as Petiver's Gazopfbylacium, &c. and feme local and partial accounts of the Ihell fcience. Amongft thefe are the Mufium Kircheritinum^ and Janus Plancus de Cmchis Arimnenfibus. The next writers on this branch of Natural Hiftory in poiac of time are as followeth : Argenville, Paris, 1742. Guiltier!. Florence, 174a. Jacob Klein. Leyden, 1753* George Geve, Hamburgh, 1755. * A Treatife on Shells and other marine bodies of Amboina, and the neighbooring iflands, by Francis Valentyn, clergyman, at Am- boba, Banda, &€• with fine cuu ; as alfo Notices, ferving as a con- tinuation toRumphius's Rarity Chamber, Amllerdam, 17C4, in fe. lio. This work is in Dutch. In the account of the £aft Indian ihella the author (dUown Rnmphius chapter by chapter, makes additions to their Indian names, their places where found, their varieties, and die new fp^cies diibovered ; he further notices the fhells of any rare or iralnable fpecies, as the Ventletrap, Admirals, Sec. in whofe eoU lefUons they are, and their original prices. ^ He gives like accounts of the Weft Indian and European (hells ; as alio enumerates the colledioas made by the Dutch in the Baft In- dies, from Rumphius's going there in 1655, and of the chief collec- tions in Holland, with lifts of the moft capiui (hells in each cbl- JeAion. * The whole is embellifhed with fixteen copper- plates of (hells, well engraved, con^ning one hundred and four univalves and thirty bivalves. ' This is a curious but not a fcientifical work. And in two largc^ or (heet plates, wherein he has figured fome fea plants, and fome fifti, he has given a fine figure of a Mermaid as vulgarly painted ; this ri- diculous circumftance alone has degraded his work among the tof livi^ coUedors/ Adanfon; Paris, 1757. Seba. Amfterdam, 1758* (A moft coftly and noble work.) Regenfus. Copenhagen, 1758. (£vcry plate coloured by the Authorj <:oofequeatly very curious.^ Martinu Mendez da Cofta'i EUments of Conchihgj. 95 Martini. Nuremberg, 1768. * A nevy anonymoaft CoDckology began to be pobli(hed in this metropolis in 1770, in folio, illuflrated with copper- plate). It wai to be pablifhed in monthly numbers, and each number to contain two plates of (hells, with their defcriptions in Englifh and French. It was alio intended to be a General Natural Hiftory of Shells, and to include the figures of all the known fpecies, common as well at rare, beautiful, or otherwife ; and fome copies were deHgned to be accurately coloured for the ufe of the curious. Six numbers of it were publifhed, comprehending the families of the Limpets, Sea- Ears, and Worms ; but not meeting with fui table encouragement, the authors have laid it afide, at lead for the prefent.' To the authors in that department already mentioned , may be added Langius, Breynius, and the famous Linnaeus ; who ia bis fevcral editions of his Syftema Naturas has methodized the teftaceous animals ; but more fully in his laft and 12th editioDy publiihed at Stockholm in 1767. Having thus brought before our Readers as it were the fchool of concholbgy, we fiiail brieilv inform them, that our Author's fyftem is made from the (hell and not from the animal. For this arrangement, the following are fome of the principal rea« /ons alleged : * The vaft number of fpecies hitherto difcovered, and the nume- jtMs oolledioBs made, exhibit only the (hells or habitations, tbd animals themielves being fcarcely known or defcribed. Of the fliells -vfe daily difoover, few are fiflied up living; the jjir^ter number axe Ibnnd on fhores, dead and empty. Accurate defcriptions of animals, ^R'hofe parts are not eafily feen or obvious, and anatomical refearches , mtt not in the capacity of every one to make ; nor are the particular '^A add their refpe^ive functions fo eaiily cognizable to any, btit vp&t, aCduons, and philofopbical enquirers. How is it poffible ^hen to arrange a numerous fet of animals by chara(fterft or parts, wo «UQ with difficulty, if ever, get acquainted with, in the far greater bomber of the fpecies we collefl or difcover } The indefatigable and accurate Fabius Columna was fnrprized at ^le omiffion ; he even complains of it. It is aftoniihing, fays he, .%]uit of all the writers on this fubjed, not one has confidered the ant* Huds that inhabit the (hells, or given figures of them. He owns, Itowever, that many are (eldom feen bv us, and that the refearches Qfl their manner of life are extremely difficult. The great diih'culty oftheie refearches (hould have been'his anfwer: and it mud always remain fo ; for of the great number of fpecies difcovered (ince his time (an asra in which natural hiftory has flouri(hed more than at Say odicr period) we fcarcely know the inhabitant animals of ftune icoies ; and even thofe are v^ry few of diflant regions, but chiefly of tlie cmAs of Europe, countries in which afliduous and expert natu* islifts have reiided. * The moil eaiV and obvious chara6lers are certainly the beft on wUcb to found all fyftems of natural hiflory. I have streated this point frilly in my ledures on fbflils. Scientifical refearches in regard to the amflgcmcttC of ania*als are to be held in the fame light, as chemical chemical ones in regard to fofiils :. tbey are the e;rtreme dirqaifitiofii to afcerutn the fpscies^ when the more obvious and eafy charadert .. are rague or wanting. * Thas all ranks of animals are arranged into fydems by obvious and external) not by fcientifical charaflers ; even the animals of bulk^ and that are our.conftant companioos. (^adrupeds are methodized by their teeth, horns, hooB, and hides or coverings ; birds, by their . plumage, beaks, and claws ; reptiles and infedls, by like particulars ; the very fifhes, though of a difierent element, undergo arraogemeota by their fins ; and the vegetables are diflingui(hed by their flowers smd fruitSt All thefe arrangements are on the principles ofexcernal and obvious charadlers. Why then is it required to arrange by fcien- tifical or difiicuk charaf^ers a fet of animals who chiefly live in the deptbs of the (ea, have hardly a .progreilive motion, and! are for the greater part diflicuUly, if ever, in our reach? I repeat, why Ihould natnralifls densand of fuch animals only, a fyllem, or arrangement, the moll difllcah to attain ; while all the other orders of animals, whofe arrangements by fuch methods are more eafily attainraW, are methodized only, ttnd with univerfil confent, by the obvioiM cha** rafters, of teeth, ploraiage, andfins: chara^em di at cannot be held in any other light, than as analogous to the external charadcrt» or the Shells of teftaceous animals?* The work is divided into fix teen feAions. In the fixth the Author lays down his fyftem, which has, in our opinion, the merit of perfpicuity and preciGon to recommend it. But for .this and much entertaining matter befide, we muft refer to the book. The plates «re executed with great elegance, accuracy, and neatnefs, and Mr. Da Cofta has by no means lefiened his 'fiock of reputation for natural fcience by this publication His kdures on fbffils are Well known, and highly efteemed. m ,. ; _ : — -Ju. Art. IV. RoKA, a Poem, in Seven Books. Illuflrated with a cor« red Map of the Hebrides, and elegant Engravings. By John Ogilvie, D. D. 4to. 12 s. 6d, Boards. Murray^ ^777* AS this Gentleman's Mufe appears in the true meretricious ftyle, covered with ribbands and lace, (he may be treated^ •we prcfume, without much ceremony. Formerly, indeed, we have diftinguifhed fomething more of a virgin elegance and Am-^ plicity in her, though never much modefty : Ihe now refembles* a Bath milliner, with an immenfity of flowers and foliage oa her head, fome vulgarity in her countenance, and in her Ian* guage not a little. Sans cenmmii^ then, Rona is a fmall Ifland which lies nortk of the Hebrides, remote from the reft, and remarkable for its folitary fituation, and the fim plicity of its inhabitants. To this fpot retires Bafilius, a Britifh gentleman, who had met with difappointments, — in order to bring up an only daughter, and to fccure her virtue, by flying the temptations of puUic Fife : JRcMi a Poem* • an infant charge nmalnM.— — i 97 Her thought iUa ; nor taaght afar to roam^ Mov^d in one round, nor left its little home. The iiati thought of the infant that was not taught to roam, is one of thofe happy obfcurities in which our Author has fo frequently involved both himfelf and his readers. After pz&n^ flowery mazis and biwildtring mazis^ and dazzling rajs and dazzling arbsj and all the common place tinfel of or* nament, and after furfeiting iis with introducing the word /cam four times in three pages, and a little trite moralifing, the Aur thhor brings bis hero to Kona : Lon^ ere he fix'd, he view'd each region o*er« Then chofe one calm, bat folicary ihore^ • • • • • Dropt like a rock amid the Hebrid train. Around it fwelis the wind, and roars the main. In thefe two couplets we have two grois blunders. The cabu ihore that the wind fwelis and the main roars around ; and its fituation amid the Hebrid train, though it lies fixty miles north of any of thofe iflands. In this place we are told, dwells — — — joy without the 'whelming (hade, an afie&ed expreffion, by which we fuppofe, if any thing, muft be meant unmixed joy. Here too dwells ' age from huftUng freed.* The elegance of the expreifion cannot be overlooked* In the fame page ' Fancy's heedlefs gaze,' is altogether uncharade- riftic. In the thirteenth and fixteenth pages the word learrCdxs ufed hr-^ghtf an error, which, though it m^ be provincial, one would hardly have expected in a fcholar. Bafilius^ the hero of the poem, though he pafTes through ad* ventures altogether as extraordinary a$ thofe of the Knight of LaMancba, feems to have diftinguifhed himfelf by nothing fo much as the being inftrumental, in concert with a minifter of the Kirk, in the Rbsurrection of the dead : With me the prieft alone th' adventure (har'd. The deadnve raised, the funeral bier prepared. P. 37. • Divide and part the fever *d world in two,' has been long coniidered as a capital inftance of verbal redundancy ; it muft bowcver give place to the following line of our Author : Age, in the lapfe ef Hiding years declined* If our Readers are really doubtful whether there be fuch a line, we refer them to the 39th page of this poem. - We have feldom met with a more ftriking inftance of f^lft*! afieded, and incongruous imagery, than the following panr.dge, $Uk the hero's marriage ; Rby, Feb, 1777, H Awhile 9& R§fuii aFoem« Awhile the hoorf, in glitteriii^ veftare cM, Light at cbey pafs'd in aery arclet^play'd ; Their fpangling plumage, with refle^ed diet Caught the gay heart, and lor'd th' onpra£UsM eyes* Now, to obtain any idea of this imagery, we muft uke a dif^ tind view of one of thefe hottrSf and behold her arrayed In glittcrin? vefture, and fpangling plumage, flying circularly ia the air, like Mr. Twifs's eagles. But how (hall we diftinguifli between the hntr^s glittering vefture, and her fpangling plu« mage ? We muft, in this cafe, be fo com'plaifant to the Au« Chor as to fuppofe that he meant to reprefent his hours lik« fwallows and plovers, and other birds of circular flight, wholly cloathed in feathers. We may then conceive the glittering vefture of the hour to be the downy part that covers her breaft and belly, and the fpangling plumage to be her wings and tail, -r-O (hade of Virgil, how is thy chafte and modeft Muf« Ibamed by the harlotry of modem daubers ! By ■ That dazzling blaze of fong That glares tremendous- Masok* The glaring blaze of fong! Ridiculous incongruity ! fal(e ima« gery ! falfe fire ; The aflTeded ufe and ill-judged repetition of the word wbilm*d^ ixCxYit following paflage, are perfedly naufeating : He corsM the arts fo falfe, yet fmoothly wrought, That pleas'd the ra(h, but wA#AiVthe better thought i Wiih'd the dear objca of his love reftor'd. And lubilm^dt his lofs with ceafelefs tears deplor'd. In the third book, a lover thus addrefles himfelf to a wizard t I love a nuM (th' intrepid youth reply*d) An angel (hape, but heart that fwells with pride. * I love a maid !' a very extraordinary declaration for a lover f Oh, but you will fay, the expreffion Is contradiftinfiive ; h« might have lov'd a widow^^Crj you mercy ! He might- * ■ or a cat, or a cow.- This maid was moreover weir-(hapetf (an angel (hape) yet (he might have had a fallow complexion; black teeth, and fore eyes ; for where a lady's (hape onfy it mentioned, it implies that (he wants the other requifites of beauty. The omiffion of an before heart is too vident an el- lipfis for corrcd writing. The following couplet in the (ame fpeech ia to us pcrkCdf unintelligible ;* Few are my friends, nor yet with arms prepared. And thefe combined to force, 'twere vain to goard. This ftands independent, ia its conftruAion^ of the preccAng and following periods. In In the fourth book^ Then firft /// pang their throbbing boionis kneWf written in a parenthefis, is certainly ungrammatical. Cleora is carried off" by violence, and the prieft of Rona ac- quaints ber father. Bafilius, that. Yet unfubdu'd the *virgim. rides the main. This is certainly a very whimfical mode of cxpreffion ; but it Qiay poffibly, be an error of ^ the prefs, and for main we (hould read mare. P. 94. Tbefe whirl'd their varying thoughts from fcene to fcene. But dark, perplex'd ; without an aim, a mean. Does the Author write mean for meaning f or has he any meaning ? Ibid. Their ears refined now drink the mehing lay. What fobcr conception is it poffiblc to form of refined cars drinking a melting lav ? The whole of this page is worfe Aan the worft bombaft of Statius. We pafs over innumerable errors of the verbal kind, fuch as, p. 97, * this heart has bore! inftead of has bome^ and, in the fame page, < drunk defire,' inftead of * drank defire.' It would be equally tedious and difguftful to quote the variety of turgid and inflated figures, or the improbabilities and abfurdities in the condu£t of this poem. Alliteration in poetry has the fame e(Fe£t that the fpiral lint has in painting; which, when not too obvious, gives harmony and elegance to the diftribution of the figures ; but, when vi- iibly laboured, is rather difguftful than ple^fing : The dim owl (hrieking on the (hivering fail. It is impoffible that the affected Jingle of this line (hould pleafe at welKjudging ear. In the fixth book of this poem we meet with a fmiling fcene, fo curious that we prefume the Reader will not fail to ke of the party. The virgin Cleora, and her lover Philemon purfued by the moft dreadful dangers and difafters, in agonies <^ terror make the coaft of Rona, an enemy's vefTel in full cbace of them : The little (kiFnow bounds along the ftrand : Each fmUiy and leaps with joyful heart to land. The foil long fought, as thefe impatient prefs'd. Both fmiVd 7a this natural painting, efpecially when the enemy ftill had it in his power to purfue them on the (hore ? Virgil, far from TffMing this filly affedation of fmiling, would have drawn Iheir fituation with the tchdereft touches of bis pencil. H a Tho XOO RMa-, a Poem. The Author profcflTes to have condudled his performance on the principles of the Epopeia ; but unlefs it be the dividing his work into diftin£t books, and writing it in heroic verfe, we fee but little of the Epic character in it. No fimplicity of a£Uon ; no end attained by any uniform purfuit ; no moral purpofe cultivated, except to (hew that there is not the leaft prefent encouragement for virtuc^be to anfwcr fome moral porpofe. Thus far have we fac^ificed to the interefts of public tafte and criticifm ; and as we have found ^ fomething to blame/ it is incumbent on our impartiality, to find, if we are able^ ^ fomething to comn^nd/ Such, except the expreflions in Italics, is the defcription of Rona: * Far on old Ocean's utmoft region call. One lonely Ifle overlooks the boundlefs walle : Dropt like a rock ami J* the Hebrio' train ; Around it fwelld the wind, and roars the a>ain« Dim from its cliff, but far- remote, is ihown One diftant coaft • ; — ^'tis elfc a world alone ! Lewes, from Soulisker's aery brow farvey'd. On the blue aether feems a hovering fhade ; £lfe> even the wild and naked iiles aroond. Bleak Sleat's, or Kilda^s unfrequented ground. Even there the land by feweft wanderers trod, Seem'd nvUe to fhisf the traveller's throng'd abode. Not that the Ille was wade ; — but placed afide. Few ftrangers ere its lictle hamlets eyed f. A fcanty fpace it £]rd. One vale contain'd Their corns ; and one the woolly tribes fufiain'd r High o'er the beetling clifF, with pallare clad The brouzing goats, or hmrmU/s cattle (Iray'd ( ; *Twas clfe with moffy turf, or herbs o*ergrown. Save where old Ron an rearM the fainted (lone {, When here forlorn the hoary hermit came. The peopl'd hlefs'i^ and gave their land his name/ • * < Ron A (according to Mr. Martin*s aecoant) lies at thediftance of about 20 leagues frun the North-£aft point of Kefs, io the Ifle of Lewes j which ia the land rooft contiguous to it. It can only be feen from this point in a fiur fuinmer*f day. Account of the Weft. Iflei, p. 19.' f < It is reckoned to be about a mile in length (about two Engliih miles) and only half that diibnce in breadth* The Author above referred to mentions parti- cularly one Minifter who had vifited this remote Ifle, which was a part of his glebe j and from that gentleman principally he appears to have recehred his information.* X < The divifions here mentioaed are fuch as oim: Author leads us t» fuppofe may have taken place. There is, he fays, a hill in the Weft part of the Ifland :— and he acquaints us that the inhabitants had cows, (heep, barley, and oats.* ^ < We refer the reader to Mr. Martin's account of the chapel of St. Ronao, the piece of wood kept in it to which the fimple inhabitants afcribed extraordinary Jirtues } their ftrange ceremonies, total ignorance of the world, and many other mufing circumftances. He mentions particularly their taking their jnmes from the colours of the iky, rainbow, and douda.* * Widi i9 this may be a provincial expreflion ; (o may corns for €orn. Harmlijs is an expletive, and the omif&on of him after %lifs*d too violent. The idea of the young Cleora, in tbi^i (blitary ifland, is more beautiful and leis exceptionable : . ' Mea&while nnfoldiog on th' caraptur'd view» With years ftill lovelier yooog Cleora grew. At fruitage blows efcapa the wiatry blail» As blooms the rofe on Nubia's patblefs wafte ; As caverns hide the diamond's ijpanglijig bcaoiy * As gold impregns the rock*s unhee&d iheam : ' Thos bright, dius blowing to the ambient gale, Bloom'd this pure lily of the lonely vale.' The fequel of this idea is of inferior merit ; but the defcrip* tion of her perfon Jn the third book is animated and elegant ; * Nor thefe with wonder lefs beheld the maid ; A form like Venus in th' Ioalian ihade ! Young beauty throned on her commanding brow. Gave with foft warmth her dimpled cheek to glow ; Sweet fmiles that melt the heart, the power beilow'd. And lured the Graces ^o this loved abode; Gave her bright eyes with piercing light to ihinr, A mien imperial, and a form divine. Loofe o'er her bofom fann'd with balmy air. In fhading ringlets flow'd her raven hair. Thus robed in virgin white, infpiring lov^ Some nymph ifhe feem'd, or goddefs of the grove. ' Nor lefs Philemon caught by turns the light. The manly form where firength and grace unit^.' Philemon's revieW of his fituation in the fame ifland, accom- panied by his lutCj is ingenious and appropriated. It muft be obrerved that.he was Cleora's lover, and that thefe verfes are addreflied to her : ^ At laft the lute that charm'd the liU'niog fwaint J He feiz'd, and melting pour'd fpontaneous drains : '' Ah ! what the joy deluded mortals find ** Who trull the boiling deeps, and ftormy wind ! '* How vain their hopes to diHant lands that roam ^' In qneft of happinefs unfonght at home \ ** Not in the climes that grac'd Basiuus' tale, ** Not in the grove where blows the citron gale, ** Not on the coads where commerce holds her reign ** Nor lodged in cities on th' extended plain ** The power refides :— but in thefe dales unknown* ** Where never foppliant bow'd at grandeur's throne, •* E'en here Ihe lives, in wild enjoyment free, *' Unaik'd, and roams the rural Ihades with thee. **' The grove, the lawn, with broider'd vefture clad, *' The ihining dome and wood's protradled ihade, H 3 " Flowers 102 Rinai aToem» ** Flowers that on be4t their varying ^et anIbMa ^* The jaicy frnitage bright with mantling gold, ** Towers, fpires, and (hips that roird from ihore to ikore '* Sweep on broad wings the fwelling ocean o'er, ^* Or foreft's boandlefs range that meets the (kies ;— " Thefe fwim to as on fancy's dazzled tyt$: ** Pais we the tribes who haunt this milder zone» ** Their blifs unenTied as their crimes unknown, ** Thy Sirs with thefe through many a toilfome year ** StemmM the rough tide, but found his harbour here* ** Our calmer thoughts infpir*d by purer joy, ^* Far other fcenes and other fports employ. ''When like a cloud, o'er dark Soulisker hung ** J ro6 the keen-eyM eagle's ravenous young, •* Or from the Solan's grafp my prize disjoin • ; ** Or feize the Fulmar with th' intangling f line, ^ Or find the downy Colk's { remoter cave, *' Or lure the tenants of the bounding wave, ** The prize with tranfport brought, though gainM with care« ^* With thee'how blefs'd, how doubly blefs^d to (hare ! *^ Nor thefe alone what wakes th' unprompted fmile ** The fong, the dance, oUr lingering hours beguile. ** To reil in blamelefs innocence, to ileal '** (Thus iings our bard) thiough life*s iequefter'd vale, ** To hear, when raifed to heaven's Great Lord in prayer " Angelic anthems warbling on the air ; ** To meet, when hence the fpirit*wings its way ^* Our friends rejoicing in the climes of day, ^ Be thefe our hopes ! fecure at laft to prove, ** That waked in heav'n or earth, we wake to love." Upon the whole, we may pronounce of this poem, that it J8 not deftitute of fpirit and genius, but that it is in general written in a bad ilyle and taile. Like Mafon's poetry, and Sir James TbornhiU's paintings, it is overcharged in the colouring and ornamental part. The engravings by Taylor are excellent ; the reil of the plates, by other bands, are Icfs entitled to praife.^ * ' The'lbUn goofe is iaid to hatch her egg by inclofing it in her foot.* i* ' The bird fulmar is faid by my author to be found mpft frequently upon the rocks that furround St« Kilda. It is .taken with a gin made of horfc-hair, and it lb fat, that Mr. Martin imputes an epidemical diieafe that broke out among the in- habitants, to their feeding too much on it.* X ' The colic is a bird found, though rarely, on the rock called Sovliiker about four leagues from Rona. " It is lefs than a goofe, all covered with down, an4 when it hatchet it cafts its feathers, which are of different colours ; the male hat a tuft on his, head, refembling that of a peacock, and a train longer than that of m ^uie ctck, but the hen has not lb much ornament and be«Vty.** Mabtim*! V^eltcca Ides, p. 25.' Akj. ( lOJ ) AftT. V. Wfiwicd titm9irs o/tbiAuiJkr of'iht Biwriadi^ ConiinUed. BEFORE we proceed with our abftra<^ of this account of the life and writings of M. de Voltaire^ we muft redify a miftake in the firft part of the Article, as ^iven in the Review for laft month. It is there obferved (p. 50) that Voltaire and the poet Rouileau became acquainted at Bruflels ; that they foon contrafted a ftrong diflike of each o:her, and that, ac- cordingly, poor *1ian Jacquis^ the philofopher of Geneva, it plentifully abufed throughout thefe memoirs. Here the living Roufleau is falfely fubftituted for the long fince de^eafed * writer, of the fame name. Into this error we were (very hjeedlefsly, it is confefled) mifled, by a n^// in p. 23 of the Hiftorjpal Review, where an inftance is recorded of the bafenefs and treachery of ^ the poet Roufleau ;' on which occa* fion the Tranflator remarks, that ^ RoufTeau behaved in a (imi« lar manner to his^benefa£lor, the late David Hume.' But had either this Tranflator, or ourfelves, recoIletSed, that ^ohn Jama Roujfeau muft have been but a boy at the time here referred to, this note had not been made, or its fallacy would not have efcaped our detedion : befide, the immGrality charged on the charilider there drawn, might, obvioufly, in itfelf, have difcri« minated between the two perfons. Bur we are happy in this early opportunity of paying the debt of juftice, fo honeftly due to a truly refpe<^able character, which might, otherwife, hav^ ' fufti^ined irreparable injury.— We now proceed With our bio* graphical narrative. In our laft, mention was made of M. de Voltaire's firft vifit fo the King of Pruffia, in 1741. His fecond journey to Berlin Teems to have taken place about the year 1743 : but we have alreadv remarked, that thefe memoirs are very deficient, with regard to dates. fn 1744, our Author was admitted of almoft all the acade* hiies in Europe f ^ even into that of La Crufca : he was now, alfo, appointed Hijioridgraphir of /rtfw^.— His Hiftory of Charles XII. feems to have paved bis way to this poft of ho- nour: which, hovjreyer hmmrabU^ he ftiled a pompous trijU. Neverthelefs, that it might not appear that the title meant na^ things « he wrote The WJlory of the ff^ar of J741, while in its iitmoft rage.' This book is fufficient)y known. It is nowin* corporated with his Age of Louis XIV. and XV. He alfo ce- lebrated the campaign of 1744, in a poein on the battle of Foh* imoy : and we here meet with fome curious anecdotes relative to that memorable event. , ' - - - - — ■■ ■« —•.. .» • Jca» Baptift Rouffeau died about 36 years ago, t Except the French, where he had met with violent oppofition. H4 w. 104 mflmcal Mimoirs 9ftbi Author of the Henriadi» We now find our Author in great favour with the celebrated Marcbionefs of Pompadour ; who obtained for him the place of Gentleman in ordinary of the Chamber. * It was a pre- fent worth 6o,oco livres :' a penfion of 2000 livres had, before, been granted him, from the King, befide another of 1500 from the Queen ; but, it is here faid, he never afked for payment. ' Voltaire was, likewife, happy in the ftrideft friendfliip with the famous Minifter of State, the Marquis d'Argenfon; and we find that our Author was employed in feveral important af- fairs in 1745» and the two following years. The fecret of the invafion of England, in 1746, was entrufted to him ^ and he a£lually wrote the ^^ Maniteflo of the King of France, in fa- vour of Prince Charles Edward ;" a copy of which is here in- ferted. The iirft projedor of this defcent was, we are told^ the unfortunate Count Lally ; of whom the following brief ac- count is here given : * He was born in Ireland, and detefted the EngUfli as much as oar Author loved and efleemed them. We have fo often heard Mr. de y^ohaire fay, that this hatred was a violent paffion in Lally, that we cannot help teftifying our aftoniihmeat at that General having been accufed, fmce that time, of betraying Pondicherry to the Eng- Jiih. The decree which condemned Mondeur Lally to be pot to death, is one of the mod extraordinary fentences which has beea fiven in our days, and was a confeqoence of the misfortunes of ranee. This inflance, and that of the Marechal de Marillac, plainly (hew that whoever is at the head of armies or affairs of date, is feldom Aire of dying in his own bed, or in the bed of honour.* 15^1746, M. Voltaire was admitted into the French aca« denies and in 1748^, he accompanied the Marcbionefs de Chatellet to the court of King Staniflaus, at Luneville ; whea he produced his comedy o( Nanine^ and his tragedy of Semira' miu neither of which fucceeded at firft, but had afterward a con* fiderable run : efpecially the tragedy. It was during his refldence at the court of King Staniflaus, in 17491 that our Author had the misfortune to lofe^ by death, his moft valued and illuftrious friend, Madame JeCbatteUt. The Kingef PrufTia now gave M. de Voltaire an invitation to live with him. This invitation was the fubjedl of much debate between the poet and his friends, who all difTuaded him from it. At length, toward the end of Auguft, 1750, he rcfolved to quit France, in order to attach himfelf to his Pruffian Maiefty, for the reft of his days. He could not withftand the letter Which that Monarch wrote to him, in the month above-men* tfbned, dated from the apartments deftined for his future gueft^ * The fpeech which he made on this occaiion is mach applauded, s^nd may be feen in the i6th volume pf the £ngliih iranflation of our Author's works. in MffimUd Mimiri oftU Ai^hor rfth HinriaA. 105 in the palace pf Berlin. This letter, fays our Hiftorian, has been often printed, and is univerfally known ; but as it will be new to many bf oar Readers, we flitall tranfcribe the tranfla- tion which is here given of it : . ** I have feen the letter which year niece wrote to you from Paris* The friendihip which fhe exprefles for you, commands my efteem* I ihould think as (he doea if I were Madame Denis ; hot being what I am, I think otherways. I fhoold be diftraded if I thought myfelf the canfe, of making mytmmj wretched ; how then could 1 defire the uohappinefs of the man whom I love and eftecfh, and who, for my lake hai given up his country, and whatever has been thought dear among men ? No, my dear Voltaire, I ihould be the ^rk to difTuado you from it, if I coold iottitc that your coming to jive in this coun« tiy could in the fmalleil degree prove a difadvanuge to you. Yet^ I ihould prefer your happinefs to the exceffive pleafuie I have \% yoar company. But you are a Philofopher, and ib am I; what caa be more natural, more fimple or reafonable, than chat thofe Philo(<>» inhere who were formed to live together, who are united by the faow ftudies, who have the fane talle, and the fame manner of thinkings ftoold enjoy that fatisfadion ? *' Xrefped you as my mailer in learning; and eloquence, and{ love you as a virtuous friend. What flavery, what unhappineisy what change, what inconilancy of fortune, is to be dreaded in a country where you are as highly valued as in your own, and with a friend who has a grateful heart ? I have not the fooliih prefumptioa to think Berlin equal to Paris. If riches, grandeur, and magnifi* cence, make a city agreeable, Berlin muH yield to Paris. If there is a particular place to be found in the world, where fine uile moi^ generally prevails, I know, and allow it is Paris : but do not you carry that taAe with you wherever vou go ? We have powers fufficiient to praife your merits, and as to ientiment, we will not yield to anjf country upon earth. I refpeded the friendihip which attached yoa to Madame du Chatellet, but after her, lam one. of youroldeft friends ! What ! becaufe you confent to retire to my honfe, fhall it he faid that that houfe becomes your prifon ? ihall I become your tjrrant becaufe I am yoqr friend? I confefs to you I do not underftand tliat logic, and I am firmly perfuaded that you will be very happy here, as long as I (hall live : you will be looked upon as the father of letters, and of men of tafle ; and you will find tycry comfort in me» which a man of your merit can exped from one who values him* Good- night, Frbobric." The man muft have an infenfible heart, indeed, or have formed a very bad opinion of the King of PruiEa, or he muft have been bound by infuperable attachments to his native foil, - who could have withilood fucb a letter, and remained deaf to the voice of the royal charmer. The King of PruiEa having obtained the confent of the King of France, our Author repaired to Berlin, where he was im- ,2 mediately |o6 Hi/lorical Memoirs 9/ tbi Author of tht Himriadom mediately prefented with the orJir 0/ merits the Kty ofCbamhtr^ htn^ and a ponfion of 20,000 livres ♦. M. dq Voltaire, wearet6ld, was attached to his royal friendt by the moft refpeflful regard, as well as by a conformity of Hfte : * He has a hundred times faid, that that Monarch was as agree- able in company, "as he was formidable at the head of an army : and that he had never more pleafing evening parties at Paris, than thofe Co which that Prince woald have conftantly admitted him. His re- gard for the King of Prullia rofe to a degree of enthufiafm. His Apartments were nnder the King*s» and he never quitted them but to. go to fupper. The King compofed his works in philofophy, hif- tory, and poetry, in the upper apartments, while his favourite col- dvated the fame arts and the fame talents in the lower. They com* nunicated their works to one another. The Pruilian Monarcn wrot* fcis Memoirs of the Houfe of Brandenburgh at Potzdam ; and the j^rench author, having carried his materials with him, wrote his Ageof Lewis XI V, at the fame place. Thus did his days glide along in tranquillity, enlivened by foch agreeable employmcnu.' His tragedy of Orefies was performed at Paris, io 1759, ZM was hts Rome Priftrved in the year following. Thefe two dra- mas, like bis Morope^ and Tht DVath of Cafar^ are free from Jove dories. He wifhed to purge the ftage from every thin^ incapable of producing the emotions proper to tragedy. We have here his cpiflle, on this fubie£t, to the King of Prui&a, pre- iented with the manufcripc of Orcilc^; pf ^bich the following tranilation is given : O thou in whoie capacious mind The Poet with the Critic join'd. Unite their mingled fires, Thefe homely lines deign to perufe. Faint tranf<;ript of a Grecian mufe, Whofe flrains the world admires. Say if it would the fcene improve. Should old Eledtra talk of love, And languilhing complain. Or frantic for her ilaughier'd Sirq^ With fell rcvt:nge her bofom fire. Till blood efface the ftain ? ^is granted that at warm fifteen, A fighing Princefs might be feen. To burn in am'rous" flame ; But part the hey day of the blood. Now cool'd the lufty youthful flood. At forty — 'u\ the fame ? ^ ' ■ ■ ■ . ■?■■.'. — . . ■. ■■■ ? It is here faid that be did not, on this occafion, give up. his houfc at Paris ; and that (as appears by the accounts of his agCAt) he coniinucd at liie expcncc of jc^occ livres per ann^ theie. BifttrkfilMimirsofthi Author of ihtHiWJ^if. ipj Nor ihoald Orcftet figh and wbiae» And for a miftrds id^ pine. Or weep becanfe he't feorn'd ; fiy fiiry ftiing he madfy drew •< Ifls falcliioo» and hit mother flew ; With other flames he burn'd* Now, my Apollo, deign to tell. If I have reafon'd ill or well. And which will dand the tefl ? Crebillon and the Grecian bard Humbly folldt your award. Say, which will pleafe you beft ? .^ It muft be owned, fays our Author, that nothing could be mora Jigreeable than this kind of life, or any thing do more honour to phi* Joilbphy and the Belles-lettres. This happinefs would have been mora lafting, and would not have given place to a dill greater happinefs^ if it had not been for a difpute on a fubjedt in mixed mathematicsy which arofe between Maopertuis, who like wife lived at that tiqi0 with the King of Pruflia, and Kcenig, librarian to the Princefs of Orange, at the Ha^ue. This difpute was a continuation of that which for a long time had divided the mathematicians about the liv- ing and dead forces. It cannot be denied but that a little quackery gett into this fubje£^, as well as into theology and medicine. It waa m moft trifling queition at bed, for let them entangle it as much aa they will, they muft altvays return to the plain laws of motion. The tempers of the difputants were fowered, and Maupertuis, who ruled ahe Academy at Berlin, procured a condemnation of K named Francifco d* Paolo. Memoirs of the ICings of Fratice cfthe Race ofValois. *i i^ 'Yaolo. He threw himfelf on his knees before this Monk ; be* fought with humble Aipplications his intereA with the Deity for the prolongation of his life ; built him two convents^ as proofs of his zeal; and knew no bounds to his adulation ahd refpe£t for the fuppofed minifler of heaven. Finding however the in- evitable hour of fate advance, and unable longer to turn his eyes from the furvey of it; he fent for Chaxles his fon from Amboife, and gave him fome falutary advice, exadlly qppofite to the uniform tenor of all his own conduA— to cherifh the princes of the blood; to govern by the advice of his nobles ; Hot to controvert the eftablifhed laws ; and to diminifh the ex- orbitant impofis with which he had burdened his fubjecSls. This Vfas the concluding a6l of his life : he expired fome days after* Thofe who are converfant in the great works of antiquity, will be ftrikingly reminded, on the perufal of this (lory, of the de- fcription of Tiberius*s exit, rs related by Tacitus. It feems marked with all the fameftrokes of charadter.-«-' Jam Tiberium corpus, jam vires, nondum diffimulatio deferebat. Idem animi rigor, fermone ac vultu intentus, quaefita interdum comitate^ quamvis manifeftam defedionem tegebat ; mutatifque faepius locis, tandem apud promontorium Mifeni confedit.' The Author's defign required him to conclude the ferjes of the princes of the houfe of Valois with the reign of Henry III. But this part of his plan he has not been able to prevail upon fiimfelf to execute. As his apology is rather fint^ular, we (hall Jpve it in his own words : ' That languor and lalFitude of mind, ays he, which we naturally experience after any continual ap-^ fUcation or exertion of our faculties to one object muft be my apo- logy.' To fupply the place of the remaining part of the hiftory, and fill up the fecond volume, the Author has added a tour through part of France, Uom whence we fhall extrad the fol- lowing account of the Mont St. Michael. ♦ This extraordinary rock — for it is no more — rifes in the middle of the bay of Avranches. Nature has completely for- tified one fide, by its craggy and almoft perpendicular defcent, which renders it impra£licable for courage or addrefs, however Confummate, to fcale or mount it. The other parts are fur- Hounded by walls, fenced with femilunar towers in the Gothic manner; but fufficientlyftrong, fuperadded to the advantages of its fituation, to defpifc all attack. At the foot of the moun- tain, begins a ftreet or town, which winds round its bafe to a confiderable heighth. Above, are chambers where prifoners of ftate are kept, and other buildings intended for refidence ; and on the fummit is erefted the abbey itfcif, occupying a prodi- gious fpace of ground, and of a ftrength and folidity equal to its enormous fize ; iince it has ftood all the florms of heaven, io this elevated and expofed fituation, during mah*^ centuries. I 2 —I fpcnt 1 16 Memoirs of thi Kings of France of the Race of VaUis. -—I fpent the whole afternoon in the different parts of this tSi^ fice ; and as the Swifs who conducted me through them, found he could not gratify my curiofuy too minutelv, he left no apart- ment or chamber unieen. The ** Sale de Chevalerie,'* or knights hall, reminded me of that at Marienburgh in Polifh Pruffia* It is equally fpacious, but more barbarous and rude^ becaufe fome hundred years prior in its ereflion. Here thp Knights of St. Michael ufed to meet in folemn convocation on important occafiops. They were the defenders and guardians of this mountain and abbey, as thofe of the temple, and of 'St. John of Jerufalem, were to the holy fepulchre. At one end is a painting of the archangel, the patron of their order; and io this hall Louis the Eleventh firft inftituted, and invefied with the infignia of knighthood, the chevaliers of the crofs of St* Michael. We paiTed on through feveral lefler rooms into a long paflage, on one fide of which the Swifs opened a door» and through a narrow entrance, perfedUy dark, he led me, by a fecond door, into an apartment, or dungeon— for it rather merited the latter than the former appellation — in the middle of which flood a cage. It was compofed of prodigious woodea bars \ and the wicket which admitted into it was ten or twelve inches in thicknefs. I went into the infide : the fpace it com- prized was about twelve feet fquare, or fourteen ; and it might be nearly twenty in height. This was the abode of many eminent vi£tims in former ages, whofe names and miferies are now obliterated and forgotten. ^* There was, faid my con- du£lor, towards the latter end of the laft century a certain news writer in Holland, who had prefumed to print fome very fevere and fitrcaftic refiediions on Madame de Maintenon, and Louis the Fourteenth. Some months after, he was induced, by a per- fon fent exprefsly for that purpofe, to make a tour into French Flanders. The inftant he had quitted the Dutch territories^ he was put under arreft, and immediately, by his Majefty's ex* prefs command, conduced to this place. They (hut him up in this cage. Here he lived upwards of three and twenty years i and here, at length, he expired.-i^ During the long nights of winter, continued the man, no candle or fire was allowed him. He was not permitted to have any book. He faw no human face except the gaoler, who came once every day to prefent him, through a hole in the wicket, his little portion of bread and wine. No inftrument was given hiih, with which he could deftroy himfelf ; but he found means at length to draw out a nail from the wood, with which he cut or engraved, on the bars of his cage, certain fleurs de lis, and armorial bear-, ings, which foiled his only employment and recreation.**— • Thcfe I faw, and they are indeed vtvy curioufly performed with fo rude a tool. A« I ftgod within this dreadful engine, my heart A Litter fr^m Governor Pownall to^ Dr. Adam Smith. 1 1> heart flink within me. I execrated the vengeance of the prince, who, for fuch a trefpa fs, could inflid fo difpropor- tionate and tremendous a punifhment. I thought the towers and pinnacles of the abbey feemed to (hake, as confcious of the cruelty committed in their gloomy round \ and I huftened ■out of this fad apartment, imprefled with feelings of the deepcft pity and indignation. ** it is now fifteen years, faid theSwifs, jince a gentleman terminated his days in that cage; it was be- fore I came to refide here : but there is one infiance within my own meflnory. Monfieur de F ^, a perfon of rank, was con- •! &c. which were not long ago pub- lifhcd in the Philofophical Tranfaflions : — ♦ Tahle% of the c^m* parative Mortality of the fmall Pox and Meaftes^ &c. which were" inferttd in the laft wolume of the MedtcalObfervations : — * An Effay on the differ int ^amities of Rain^ which fall at different Heights^ ofuer the f me Spot f Ground -y* publiftied in Dr. Hunter's Georgicat Effays : — * Obftrvati.ns on the Solution of Stones of the Urinary Bft^dder^ by means of Water imprignated with fixed Air \ the fubftance of which was inferted in Dr. Prieftley's 2d volume of Ohjervciom on Air f :-i-and a letter ' on the internal Regulation of Hfpitahy firft publiflied by Mr. Aikin, at the end of his treatife on that fubjeft. Of the various original papers contained in the prefent volume, feveral relate to the medicinal properties of fixed air. In one article, particularly, refpe6ling this fubje6l, Dr. Saun- ders, in a letter add, page 356 ♦, Mr. Bewly has (hewn, that water may be made to receive many times its own bulk of fixed air, in confequence of previoufly diflblving in it a certain quantity of fixed or volatile alcaline fait. It may be worth while to enquire, whether a larger portion of the mephitic acid may not be conveyed to the bladder, after drink- ing water ftrongly impregnated with this new neutral combina- tion, than can be introduced into the urine by ufing the Ample mephitic water. We might examine, for inftance, the quan- tity of fixed air contained in the urine after the ufe of thefe two / Spc Monthly Review, June 1776, p, 433, prepa- l«2 PcrdvalV Philcfopbicaly Medkal^ end Experimintd EJkfK preparations rcfpcflively j or might try the folvcnt powers of thefe medicated portions of urine on fimilar fragments of the fame calculus. With refpe£t, howevcr,'to the folvent property of the mutrd nuphitic Jaitj we muft own that there is reafon to apprehend that the mephitic acid will not leave a fixed or volatile alcali Co combine with a calcareous or o^her earth : but befide that we cannot, a priori^ pronounce with certainty on the chemical, affinities of «;7/r/Vi combinations | there are juft grounds to fop* pofe that^ in confequence of the acidities which frequent!/ abound in the firft paflages, a confiderable portion of the raephitic acid may be difengaged from the alcali, and enter the human fluids^ fo as to impregnate the urine more copioufly than if the Ample mephitic water had been employed *• — But experience alone can afcertain the propriety of thefe fuggeftions* The Author fpeaking of Mr. Bewly's method abovemen- tioned of neutralifing alcalis with fixed air, for the purpofe of preparing a julep to be ufed as a febrifuge and antifeptic, ia fevers and other diforders of a putrid tendency, takes for granted that, ^ as the mephitic acid has a weaker relation to alcaline fiilts than any other acid, it will be feparated in the ftomachj and this elegant faiine julep will thus produce the effe£ts of a tonic and abforbent. But when it is thought expedient to give this julep in a large quantity, not more than a drachm of Uxivi^ urn iartari (hould be added to each pint of water. And even in this proportion, the alcali may prove too diuretic, ex- cept in dropficai cafes, to which it feems to be well adapted. The pleafanteft beverage I have yet been able to prepare, is made by diflblving a drachm and an half of the foffil alcali, and twenty-five grains of bay fait, in three pints of pure water9 which is then to be ftrongly impregnated with fixed air. This liquor exaiStly refembles very good Seltzer water, and may be drank to fatiety, in hot climates ; in hedlic, inflammatory^ or putrid diforders, without danger, i)id with great advantage.* Among the Author's other obfervations relative to fixed air* is a feries of experiments, from which it (hould feem that this fluid is peculiarly favourable to the growth of vegetables, and preferves the colours and bloom of the moft delicate flowers* The experiments are faid to have been made with Dr. Nooth's apparatus ( but the Author does not inform us whether or not^ previoufly to his generating the fixed air in the undermoft vefiel, he filled the middle veflel (in which we fuppofe the plants to have been placed) with water, which was afterwards diflodged * This acid will readily quit the alcaline fait, ia this combina- tioD» merely on its having accefs to atmofphericai air: hot whether it will leave the alcali on meeting with the air^ ovfatus, in the in« tc(line8» we know not. by Pcarcc'i Commentary m thi Four EvangiEfis, bfe. 123 by the fixed air from below. If he did not, it would be impof* iible to afcertain with any degree of certainty the purity or, ^ / in other words, the true quantity of the fixed air to whici^ his / plants and flowers were expofed. We are partly induced to make this remark, becaufe, (as indeed the Author himfelf obferves) his lefults arc dircftly oppofite to thofe of Dr. Pricft- ley ; who from his experiments [OifervaUons on Air^ vol. i. page 36.] concludes that ^' Fixed air is prefentJy fatal to ve- getable life.'' As the Dodor however has probably attended to this fubjedt, i^ a new volume of Obfervatiom on Air^ &c, which, we are informed, is on the point of publication, we fliall hope fooa to fee thefe contrary rcfults fatisfadorily ac- counted for. In the preceding account of this work, we have almoft folely confined ourfelves to fuch of the papers contained in it, as relate to fixed air: but we ought to obferve that it contains Jikewife a variety of mifceilaneous information on philofophical and medical fubje£ts; prefented under the form of detached eOays, confifting of enquiries, obfervations, experiments, medical cafes, and fhort hints; and that the whole may juftly be confidcred as an ufeful addition to the Author's two preceding volumes. *|k^ AltT. IX. A Cormntntery^ nmth Noter^ on the Four Evangelifts and the. Ads of the ApoftUs ; together *u/ith a neixj Tranjlation of St. tttMVsfirft Epiftle to the Cennthiant, ^jj'ith a Paraphrafe and Notes. To nuhicb are addtd other theological Pieces, By Zachary Pt;arcc, D. D. late Lord Bifhop of Rochellcr. Publifhcd from the origi- nal Manufcripts, by John Derby, A. M. hit Lordfhip's Chaplain, and Redor of Southfieet and LongEeld. 410. 2 vol. 2 1. 41. Boards. Cadell. THIS pofihumous work is very properly introduced with an account of his Lordfhip's life, taken chiefly from ^ jhort narrative written by himfelf y in 1769, in the 79th year of his age; in which he has related principally the feriesof his preferments, with too minute a detail of circumfianccs. From this narrative, and the additions made to it by the Editor, we fliall fclcil whatever may conduce to the entertainment and in- ftrufiion of the reader, or ferve to throw light upon his Lord* fiiip's character. He was born in 1690, in High Holborn, of a family re** fnarkable for longevity, to which he feemed to have an here* ditary claim. His education he received in the Royal fchool at Weftminfter, where he remained to the tweniieih year of bis age. This long continuance of his initiatory ftudies feems to have been owing to the high opinion entertained of him by \k\% mafier, Oodor Bafby \ who was accuftomefl to detain thofe boys 1^4 PcarccV Commentary on ibs Four EtfangeUjls^ (fc» boys longer under his difcipline, of whofe future eminence be had molt cxpedation; juftlyconftdcring the fundamental know- ledge which grammar-fchools inculcate, as that which is leaft likely to be fupplicd by future diligence, if the ftudent be feitt deficient to the univerfity. To this circumfiance« without doubt, Mr. Pearee was greatly indebted for that philological reputaiion by which he was very early diftinguiflied. The firft public proof of his critical abilities was given in 1716, by an edition of Cicero de Oratore^ which underwent Several impreflions, and was highly extolled by the learneil both at home and abroad. His book was dedicated to Lord Parker, the then chief jufticc of the King's Bench, who after* wardst in 1718, when the great feal had been delivered to fait / Lord(hip by King George the FirO*, appointed Mr. Pearee his ■"^"tiri j^^ chaplain; and in 1720, prefcnte^him the reftory of St. Bar- f^ tholomew, behind the Royal Exchange; and in 1724, '¥rftk> the vicarage of St» Martin's in the fields, Weftroinfter. When Mr. P. made his acknowledgments to the Lord Chan- cellor for the redlory, his Lordfiiip faid, * You are not to thank me fo much as Dr. Bentley for this benefice.' How is that wj hrd? faid Mr. Pearee. * Why, added his Lordfliip, When I a(MpDr. Bentley to make you a fellow of Trinity College, he fmBkted fo to do ; but on this condition, — that I would pro- mife to unmake you dgain, as Toon as it lay in my power i ^nd now he, by having performed his promife, has bound me to give you this living.' Mr Pe^ce foon attracted the notice and cdeem of perfons in the higkeft ftations, and of the greatcft abilities. Befide Lord Parker, he could reckon amongft his patrons or friends. Lord Macclesfield, Mr. Pulteney (after- wards earl of Bath), Archbifhop Potter, Lord Hari:7n%2l:e, Sir Ifaac Newton, and other illuftrious perfonages. Queen Caro- line (to whom he had been (Irongly recomrnended by Lady Sundon) frequently honoured him with her converfation at her drawing-room. ^ One day at that place, fhe afked him, if he had read the pamphlets publifhed by Dr. Stebbing and Mr. Foftcr, upon the fort of heretics meant by St. Paul, whom in Titus iii. 10, 11. he reprefents as felf- condemned. Tes^ Madcnn^ replied the Dodlor^ / bctve read ail the pamphlets written by them^ on bothfidei of the queftion. *' Well, faid the Queen, Which of the two do you think to be in the right ?" The Dodor re- plied, ^^ I cannot fay. Madam, which of the two is in the light, but I think that both of them are in the wrong." She imiled, and faid, * Then what is your opinion of that text?*—* < Madam,' faid the Dodor,, * it would take up more time than your Majefty can fpare at this drawing-room, for me to give my opinion and the reafons of it % but if your Majefty (hould be . pleafed to lay your commands upon me, you (hall know my fentimcnts PeirceV Commtntarj en ihi Four Evangelijls^ lie. i a^ icntiments of the matter in the next fermon which I {hall have the honour to preach before his Majefty/ Pray do thtn^ faid the Queen } and DoAor Pearce accordingly made a fermon on that text) but the Queen died a monih before his term of preaching came about/ In the year 1724, Archbifhop Wake, at the inftance of the Chancellor, conferred upon him a DoSor's degree of Divinity., In the fame year he dedicated to the Earl of Macclesfield, his edition of Longinus on the Sublimit with a new Latin verAon and notes : a work greatly wanted, and which procured hini a ytvy confiderable increafe of literary fame. About this time it was that he became acquainted with Mr. Pulteney, having cxrcafion to wait upon him to engage him to afllft the com- sniffioners for rebuilding St. Martin's church, in obtaining a fecond ^£i of parliament, to enable them to raife more money than was granted by the firft. From this time not only an ac- quaintance began, but a friendlhip between them, which laded and improved for very near forty years, and till the death of that great man, who fat then in the Houfc of Lordsj as Earl of Bath. To this Lord and the Earl of Macclesfield, Dr. Pearce feems to have been very ftrongly attached. He has taken pains to vindicate the charader of the latter, or at kaft to extenuate his guilt. It is well known, that this Lord was impeached by the Houfe of Commons; that he was unanimoufly declared guilty by the Lords i and was fined 30,0001. for fdJing the ofHce of a mafter in the Chancery. I'his impeachment is reprefented by the Do6lor, as rather an a£l of rcfcntment than of juflice^ the prince of Wales (afterwards George jl.) having taken of- fence at the anfwcr given by Lord Macclesfield and the judges upon this quefiion. Whether the edtlcation cf the grafidchildren did hikng to their grandfather^ as fovereign^ or to the prince of WaUs^ a% father? It is certain, that the fale of the malietfhips in Chancery had been praflifed by Lord Macclesfield's predecciFors without cenfure; and it was credibly faid, that before Lord King, who (pcceeded him as Chancellor, accepted of that high poil, an additional falary of 1500 1. or 20CO 1. a year, was an- nexed to the poft out of the Hanaper office, by v^ay of recom- pcnce for thelofs which would arife to the Chaficcllor for the. time being, by the judgment againft Lord Macclesfield. Nay, it appears by the journals of the Houie of Lords, that in King William's reign, when a bill tor preventing the lords lieutenants of counties from felling the office of clerk of the peace in thofe counties, was brought from the Commons to the Lor(is« a motion was made by one of the Lords for a clauie to be added, that the Lord Chancellor (bould be retrained from felling the naftedhips in Chancery \ but that the Lords, afier a debate, 4 rejeded 1 26 Pcarcc'i Commentary on the Four Evangtlifls^ f^a rcje£led the daufc, and paflcd the bit! without it. Thefe cfr* cumftinces, in Dr. Pearce*s opinion, contribute not a little to take off much of the odium of the charge brought againft the noble Earl, and of that of the fentence given upon it in the Houfc of Lords. Dr. Pearce adds, that during ail the time he bad the happincfs of knowing him, the Earl fcemcd to him to live under a conffant fenfe of religion as a chriftian ; at his hours of leifure, reading and ftudying the Holy Scriptures^ more efpecially after his misfortunes had removed him from the bufinefs and fatigues of bis office as Chancellor. With refpeft to the Earl of Baih, the world will b^ furprifed to be told by one whole veracity cannot be difputed, that out of his very large cftate, he yearfy he/iowedf in charities and benefaSfions^ men than a tenth part of his whole income. The biOiop reprefents him as a firm friend to religion, and free from all the vices of the age, even in his youth. One farther circumftance concerning him we cannot forbear to mention, becaufe it ferves to (hevr hovsr much our Author was refpedled and befriended by tb« different parties into which the nation was at that time di- vided. ' As foon as it was known that Dr. Pearce was to be the . Dean of Winchcfter, his friend, Mr. Pulteney, came to coo« gratulate him oti that occafion ; and, amongft other things which he then faid, one was, ** Dr. Pearce, though you majr think that others be/ide Sir Robert l\^vt contributed to get you this dignity, yet you may depend upon it that he is all in all, and that you owe it entirely to his good-will towards you $ and therefore as I am now fo engaged in oppofiiioa to him, it may happen that fome who are of cur party may, if there (hould be any oppofition for members of parliament at Winchefter, prevail upon me to defire you to a£l there in aififtance of fome friend of ours ; and Sir Robert, at the fame time, may aflc your affiftance in the eledlion for a friend of his own againft one whom we recommend : I tell you therefore before- hand, that if you comply with my requeft, rather than with Sir Ro- bert's, to whom you are fo very much obliged, I (hall have the worfe opinion of you.'^ Dr. Pearce adds, * Could any thing be more generous to the Dean, as a friend, or to Sir Ro- bert, to whom, in other refpe£ls, he was a declared opponent ?' It is certainly right in benefaAors to leave their beneficiaries to ad, in all rcfpeds, as their own judgments and confcience^ (hall diredt, wherever duty is concerned, and efpecially in mat- ters of great and national importance. But if Mr. Pulteney really thought (as he jdaily protefted he did) that the preferva- tion of Britifh liberty, and of the Britifh empire, depended upon the deftrudtion of Sir Robert, and knew that his friend Dr. Pearce was of bis party and perfuafion, does he not in ^- fca PcarceV Commentary en the Four EvangeKjls^ f^c. tif ftA advife the DoAor to repay private and perfotjal obliga- tions by a facrifice of the public inftreft ? Confcientious and worthy clergymen would certainly refufe preferment, rather than accept it as an obligation to aA, in any inftance, con-^ trary to their conviflion. Nor does it appear that Sir Robert vfed his intercft to procure Dr, Pearcc the deanery of Win* tfhefter, on any unworthy condition whatfoever. It feems to have been a voluntary tribute to his didinguiihed merit. And all chat we can infier from what Mr. Pulteney faid to the Dean is, that he thought it better that his friend (hould z& againft the intercft of civil fociety, than not oblige the perfon moft able to advance him. It was in the .year 17599 that Dr. Pearce was appointed Dean of Winehefter. In 1744 the Dean was elected Prolo- cutor of the lower houfe of Convocation, for the province of Canterbury. His friend Mr. Pulteney, and others, were very Iblicitous to have him made a Bifliopj but he feemed more in- clined to eafe himfelf by refigning his vicarage of St. Martin's, which was about 5001. a year, than to accept of higher pre- ferment. He told his friends that his deanery, worth about 600 1. a year, with his father's eflate, which he expedled in a fliort time, would content him. In 1748, the Bifliopric of Bangor became vacant ; but when the offer of it was made him, he raifed difficulties about accepting it. He wanted to quit the vicarage of St. Martin's, which was troublefome to him, and to hold his deanery of Winchefter in commendam with Bangor ; but this requeft was refufcd. At the inftance of Lord Hard- wicke, the Chancellor, he accepted the Bifhopric of Bangor ; overcome by the following remonftrance of that noble Lord : ** If clergymen of. learning and merit will not accept of the Bifhoprics, how can the Miniilers of State be blamed, if they are forced to fill them with others Icfs deferving ?'* When it was-propofed to him to accept of the Bifhopric of Rochefter, and Deanery of Weftminfter, in exchange for Bangor, he ex- preiTed a ftrong inclination to refign the latter, and to retire to a private life, his father being now dead, and his edate come to him ; but afterwards he agreed to the exchange that was Eopofed, and was accord i no ty promoted to the Bi(hopric of ochefter and Deanery of Weftminfter in 1756. In the year 1761, the Bifhopric of London becoming vacant by the death of Dr. Sherlock, Lord Bath offered him his intercft towards getting it ; and again, after the death of Dr. Ofbaidiffon, re- peated the fame offers but the Bifhop would net permit him to make the trial. ■ The mofl remarkable circumftance in the life of this excel- lent Prelate, is the rcfolution he formed in the year 1763 to jci'ign )nt PcarccV Cmmentafy $h the Four EvangeliJIs^ t^cl refign all his dignities in the church, and to live in a retireJ manner upon his own private fortune, being then feventy-three years old, and finding himfelf left fit for the bufinefs of his ftations as Bifliop and Dean. Lord Bath, in feveral converfa* tions, attempted to diiTuade him from his purpofe, but wis at laft prevailed upon to acquaint the King with it, and to defire^ in the Bi(hop's name, the honour of a private audience from his Majiefty, who accord ingly^ at the inftance of Lord Bath, appointed a time for receivmg him in his clofet, where he was admitted alone. The account which the Bifliop gives of hit interview with his Majefty is as follows : *« He (the Bifhop) made known his requeft to his Majefty, and acquainted him with ^the grounds of it, telling him that he had no motive for reiigning his Bifliopric and Deanery from diflikes which he bad to any thing in the church or ftate ; that being of the age be- fore mentioned, he found the bufineTs belonging to thofe two ilations too much for him, and that he was afraid that it would ftill grow much more fo, as he advanced in years ; that he was defirous to retire for the opportunity of fpending more time in his devotion and ftudies, and that he was in .the fame way of thinking with a general officer of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, who, when he defired a difmiffion from that Monarches fervice, and the Emperor afking the reafon of it, anfwered, ^ Sir, every wife man would, at the latter end of life, wifli to have an interval between the fatigues of bufinefs and eternity/ The Bifliop then fliewed him, in a written paper, inftances of its having been done at feveral times; and concluded with telling his Majefty, that he did not exped or defire an imme- diate anfwer to his requeft ; but rather that his Majefty would firft confult fome proper perfons amongft his fervants about the propriety and legality of it* This the King confented to do» and told the Bifhop, that he would fend for him again, when he was come to a determination. About two months after- wards he fent for the Bifliop, and told him, that he had con« fultcd about it with twaof his lawyers ; that one of them, Lord Mansfield, faw no obje<5tion to the refignation of the Bilhopric and Deanery ; but that the other faid, he was doubtful about the pradicability of refigning a Bifliopric ; but that however the fame lawyer, Lord Northington, foon afterwards had told him, that upon farther confidering the matter, he thought that the requeft might be complied with. < Am I then, Sir, faid the Bifliop, to fuppofe that I have your Majcfty's confent?' ** Yes," faid the King. * May I then. Sir, faid the Bifliop, have the honour of kiifing your hand as a token of your con* fent ?' Upon tha^t the King held out his hand, and the Biihop kiflcd it." So Pcarcc'j Cmmntary on tie Fjur Evangelljlsy bfc. 129 So far all went agreeabljr to the biftiop's inclination. But Lord Bath requeuing the king to give the bifhoprick and dean- cry which were to bercfigned, to Doctor Newton, then Bifliop of Briftol, the miniftry were alarmed ; thinking, as pther miniftcrs had done before them, that no dignities in the church ihould be obtained from the crown, but through their hands. They therefore refolved tooppofe the rcfignation, as the (horteft >vay of keeping the biQioprick from being difpofed of otherwife than as they liked : and the lawyer who had bi-en dsubtful^ and who fdon after had hfitticlear^ was employed to inform his Ma- jtfty, that he was then again douhtfuls and that the bifhops ge- nerally difliktd it. Accordingly the King afterwards told the Bifhop,' he mud think no more about rcfi^ning ihe bifhoprick ; but in the year 1768, he was permitted to rcfign his deanery: this was nearly double in point of inconie to hfs bifhoprick, Mvhich he was obliged to retain. With refpeft to the Bifhop's earned defire of rcfigning his preferments, the Editor (his Lordfhip's chaplain) ob- fcrves, that it gave occafion to much difquifition and con- jeSure. * As it could not be founded in avarice, it w.» fought in vanity, and Dodor Pearce was fufpetSted as afpir- ing to the antiquated praife of contempt of wealth, and de- fire of retirement.' But the Editor, wIk> had the beft op- portunities of judging, feems ftrongly peifuaded, that the in- tended refignation proceeded from the caufes publickly alleged, a defire of difmiflton from public cares, and of opportunity for more continued ftudy. Some of the Bifliop's manufcripts con^ firm him in this opinion. Moft of the particulars hitherto related, are cxtrafted from the narrative of the Bifliop's life, written by himfelf. We fliall tHkit notice of a few things added by the Editor. — After he had refigned his deanery, * he feemod to confider himfelf as free from ' half his burthen, and with fuch vigour as time had left him, and fucih alacrity as religious hope continued to fupply, he pro- fecuced his epifcopal fun^ions and private ftudies. It redounds irreatly to his honour, that in the difpofal of ecclcfiaflical pre- erments, he never gave occafion to cenfure, except in the fingle inftance of an amiable young man, on whom he beftowed the valuable reflory of S:one, in confideration of his being great grandfon of his patron, the Earl of Macclesfield, whofe ftvours, conferred /ir/y y^ari before, his gratitude did not fufFer him to forget. When Bifhop 6f Bangor, he conferred Welfh preferments or benefices only on Welchmen. It 19 equal mat^ ter of grief and reproach^ that his example is fo little copied, and that public worfhip in Wales Ihould be fo frequently per- formed in an unknown tongue. Rev. Feb. 1777, K In 130 Pcarcc*i Comnuntary on the Four Evangtlifts^ fcfr. In the year 1773$ the Bifhop, by too much diligence in his office, exhauftcd his ftrcngth beyond recovery. Having confirmed at Greenwich 7C0 perfons, he found himfelf next day unable to fpe^k, and never regained his former readinefs of utterance* He languiflied from that time, his paralytic complaint increafed, and his power of fwallowing was almoft loft. Being afked by one of his family, who conftantly attended him, how he could live with fo little nutriment, ///v/, fald he, upon the recolieSiion of an innocent and well /pent life^ which is my only fujienance. After fome months of lingering decay, he died, on the 29th of June, 1774, in his 84th year, and was buried by his wife (whom he did not long furvive, and with whom he had lived more than fifty* years, in the ^igheft degree of connubial happlnefs] in the church of Broloky in Kent, where a monument is ere£ied to his memory, witn^an epitaph written by himfelf^ reciting his deferments, his reftgnation of the deanery of Weftminfter, ^nd ^' his dying in a comfortable hope of (what was the chief aim of all his labours upon earth) the being promoted to a hap* pier place in heaven/' A cenotaph likewife has been erefled, ^ on the South fide, in Weftminfter Abbey, with a Latin in« fcription t* "^ . He left, by his will, feveral legacies to private perfons, and to public charities, particularly 50001. towards the better fup* port of the twenty widows of clergymen infufficiently provided for, who are in the college of Bromley. His manufcripts, to- gether with his right to the copies of his former publications, , that of Longinus excepted, which had been fold to Mr, Ton- fon, he gave to his chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Derby. In his private life, we are told, he was calm and placid. His fiature was tall, his appearance venerable, and his coun* tenance expreflive of his •benevolence. In his parochial cure he was punctually diligent, and very feldom omitted to preach. But his voice was low and feeble, and could not reach the^ whole of a large congregation. His princig^al works, befide ? his editions of Cicero de Oratore^ and di Officiis^ and Longinus do Sublimitate, are his Miracles of Jefus vindicated, in Anfwer to Wbolflon ; Review of the Text of Milton ; Two Letters againft Dr. Middleton; Epijfola dua in 172 1; feveral occafional Ser- mons; No 572 and 633 in the Spefiator; and N'> 121 in the Guardian. * In lif^ died his wife, with whom he had lived fifty #jr^ years (fays the Editor, p. 29, but in p. 7, he fays fifty fwoi) The fiftieth year of their union they celebrated as a year of jubilee. ' Abooc a fortnight after her funeral, the Bifhop came down into his hallt and lamented bis lofs in proper expreffions of forrow and refped) he fpoke of her again in the evening, and from that time tteBDOiicd htr DO more in hit family.' f The infcriptioB does not contain any thing remarkable. Mr; '/ Sir Thomas Overhwj : A Tragedy. 131 Mr. Derby clofes the account of Dr. Pearcc's Lif(^ith a letter df the Bilhop's to Dr, Hunt, Hebrew ProfciTor at Oxford. By this letter it appears, that Sir Ifaac Newton's Chrojiohgy of ancient Kingdcms^ was compofed after he had fpcnt thirty years, mt intervals, in reading over all the authors, or parts of au* tbors, which could furnifli him with any materials for forming a juft account of the fubjedi ; that he had written it over feveral times, (the Bifhop thinks fixteen times;) that for the fake of -ihortening it, he had left out, in every later copy, fome of th« authorities and references, upon which he had grounded his optiHons ; that the fir ft five chapters of it had the iinifhing band of the great author ; and that the Short Chronicle (which was an abridgment of his Chronolcgy) was never intended to be publilhed by bim. Bifhop Pearce received this account from Sir Ifaac himfelf. And it farther appears by t^e letter, which, in this view, is pertinently introduced, that Bifliop Pearce's frindfiiip was valued, and his converfation fought, by the firft men of his age and country. We (bould now proceed to an examination of the Commen- tary, and other theological pieces of this learned prelate. But this muft be deferred to c«c or more future Reviews. W« cannot) at prefent, omit a pafltge from the preface of Olivet's edition of Cicero, as it contains a tedimony tt> our Author's ■lerit, by one who was himfetf ^eminent for his philological learning. ** Zacbarias Pearcius Anglus : qui tres De Oratore libros emendavit, notifque illuftravit, anno 1716. Hie vero laude digniffimuS) quod facere cum bonis temperantibufque criticis maluit, quim cum iis, qui TulVium Cantabrigias turn decorare toluerunt* Quamvis enim Bentleium fuum laudibus videatur id coeium extollere, non imitatur tamen, neque unquam vere- tQQdiae fines tranfit : homo excellentis ut ingenii, fic judicii, ft a quo non nifi magna expcdes." There is alfo inferted, by the Editor, in this Life of our Aothor, the very honourable tedimony borne by the Abbe D'Olivct to the literary merit of Dr. Pearce, in a letter to hin\ occafiooed by his edition of Cicero de Oratore. This letter was '^"""'^^^- S^. Ji'iirf. AiT.X. Sir Thomas Overhury : A Tragedy. Altered from the lare Mr. Richard Savage. As now performing at the Theatre Royal in Covent-Garden. 8vo. 1 s. 6d. Ncwbery. 1777. TH E following advertifement is prefixed to this tragedy by the prefent Editor : ' Dr. Johnfon, in his Life of Richard Savage, gives a circumHan- r ttal accoont 6f the tragedy of Sir Thooias Overbury ; and cells us, f that foae years after Mr. Stvaf^e had wriiiea ooe play upon rh^ K a. fubjca 132 Sir Thomas Overbury : A Tragedy, fubjedl (which, from its own inequality, and the imperfe£l and feeble (late of its reprefentatton, was rather an^uccefsful) he reiblved to write a fecond. The following fcenes are the produce of that re- folution. ^ ' The manufcript of the Author was fome time fince pat into the hands of the Editor ; who, on perufing it, diicovered a great ma^y beauties. Turn u* ded by almoft as many defedts. The tragedy was not finilhcd; an i, from the difpofition of the fcenes, and condoft of the cat.'iilrophe, ic appeared altogether unfit for the (lage. la this rude Hate the Editor prefcnttd ic to the Manager of Covcnt- Gard-'n theatre, who received it with candour, and at a convcnieot opportunity read the play with him, and agreed to bring it on the flage, when the neccifary alterations, to fit it for the fcene, fhoald be I adc. In confequence of this agreement, the Editor confultcd his literary friends, under whofe advice, and by whofe affiilance, he has been enab!ed to give it to the world in its prefcnt form* ' He is aware that, as the tragedy now (lands, it is ilill liable to critical objedlions. He is con6dent, however, that every reader of tailc will tind infinitely more room for praife than cenfure. The al- terations have been made with the greateil deference to the rnaou- fcrxpt of the Author; additions were avoided as much as poffible» and it has been the chief aim of the Editor, by nccefTary traAfp<^ fitions and abridgments, to make^ Savage mend himfelf, ' The approbation Sir Thomiis Overbury has received in the theatre, is the bed proof that the Editor and his friends were not millaken when they thought the tragedy bore (Irong marks of genius ; and when it is confidered, that owine to a late unfortunate lofs (a lofs much to be lamented by eyery friend to the ftage!) the play was deprived of the powerful affiflance of the two fird tragedians of the theatre in which it is aded, the applaufe it has been honoured with, not only ferves to (hew the intrinfic value of the piece, bat is alfo a tedimony of the merit of the performers who now (ill the re- fpedlive charaders, and who, while they are entitled to the Editor's warmed thanks for their fpirit and exertion, have done themfelves the highed credit, and have confequently rif^n coniiderably in thf public edimation.' We readily allow that ' the Editor and his friends were not miftakcn when they thought the tragedy bore flrong marks of genius;' and think that it may (lili be faid to contain * maoy beauties, furrounded by almoft as many dcfcfts.* It were to ^ haveJ>een wiQied, therefore, that * when the Editor confulted « w^^ *|^ ^ «iys Csrary friends, under whofe advice, and by whofe afliftance, ne has been enabled to give it to the world in its prefent form,* that the alterations had been made by a bolder band, and with a lefs fervilc * deference to the manufcript of the Author/ who, we are fairjy informed, had left the tragedy in a ftate * alto* gether unfit for the ftage.' To /li it for ihi Jfage^ in order to reap thofe profits which the unfortunate Author failed toderhre from his produ£lion, feems indeed to have been the folc obje& of < the Editor and his litifary fritndt^ among whom we learn, 3 firooi Sir Thimas Ovirbury: A Tragedy, Ijj from the Dedication, that Mr, Colman prmcipally contributed to give the bullion of Savage * its theatrical curicncy/ We are glad to find he has fucceeded in what we fuppofe was his chief aim» the coining ic into guineas for the ufe of the Edi- tor ; but as the literary flate, like the political, depends muc h on pffp^ currency^ we fincerely wilh that had been confidcrcd as well as the theatrical. The reader y indeed, has been on ail hands neglcfted, for the play feems to be as inaccurately printed, as it has. been haftiiy altered. The haftinefs of the alteration plainly appears from many circumflances of improbability in the fable, and caiejefsn&rs of diSion, which the Alterer or Alterers, againft their better judgment, have left unamended; particularly the romanric epi- fodc of Overbury (alias Belmour !) and Ifabella. Savage wrote under the prcffure of misfortune, fufficient to have djmpcd the moft towering fpirit : but his ideas of tragedy do not icem to have rifen beyond that clafs, e(lahli(hed by Addiion and Hughes, never rifing to the magnificence of Shakcfpeare, but now and then catching a faint gleam from Otway, and his diftant follower, Rowe. In imitation of all thefe Authors, the Afts are concluded with fimiles and rhymes, and the language in general rclifbes more of poetry than nature. How far thefe remarks are juft, the Reader will determine from the following extrad : ACT II. Enter Earl •/'Somerset. \ SOMERSET, mufing. ' They fay our though ls diilinguiih us from brutes : Would I could never think!— I then wereh:ippy. RefledioQ rivets woe upon the wretched. Thought teaches me to feel a friend's lod worth. When we have friends, to them we trull our grief. Our care lies lightened, and the mind is peace. ? To roe that comfort's loll — I have n') friend — A wife ! A friend ! Oh ! they include ajl joys. And love and friendlhip are fo near allied. They (hould like poefy and mufic join. Each formed to grace the other — whs in me. Why in my brcaft Ihould friendfiiip jar with love ? COUNTESS. His heart fccms prefl with care, (afide) My gentle lord. Why leave you thus the gaiety of fric.Als I Why has unfociai grief ui*urp*d your fjul ? ^•«. I found myfelf difordcr'd and I left you— - Oft am I thus — Leave me. Til foon return. G)KJi/« Oh ! my dear Lord, I am not foon deceived. I Thofe care bent brows ill-fuit u bridegroom's face. Are folded arms the geftures of delight ? Are thefe fad fighs the voice of inward joy ? No, no,— Remember I am now your wife, K 3 *Tit y 134 Sir Thomas Overbury : A Tragedy^ *Tis mine to eafe your cares and bring yoo comfort ; If you have forrows, I muft claim my part: If you deny me this, you love me not. Som. Not love thee, fay'lt thou ? Oh ! thou fool of Somerfet! Could thofe bright eyes difcern my inmofl thoughts. There would you fee, how your fufpicion wrongs mcu Let me Idok nigh ! — Let me gaze here with wonder \ Where's fricndlhip now ? why reafon yields to beauty. "What though the crimes of which her foes accufe her; Glar'd broad as day-light on my flartled fouU Angels iit fmiling on her foft'ning eyes, And lend an awe to fweetnefs ; love reigns roand her. And when (He fpeaks, comfort, like fweeteft mufic. Melts in her voice, and charms away my grief. Count, Oh ! wixh what art you footh my fainting fpirits !— And am I Hill your dear* your much lov'd wife i Why do I aflc ? Thofe eyes confcfs I am. Then tell me,' for you fliould impart your cares. Why are you thus? Som, Oh! ^ ^ Count, Nay again you're cruel. I guefs to whom I owe my lofs of power : You have a friend —A friend ! weigh well that name } « A wife becomes the truefl tend'reil friend; Linked to her lord, in int'reft as in love; Partner of cv'ry care, and cv'ry joy. Thro' evVy various turn of life the fame ; The balm df comfort, fource of all delight. Such once was marriage — But you have a friend; A friend, whofe tongue can tell you tales of hpnour^ And bid you ufe a power, an early power, To triumph o'er a wife, while yet a bride ; Who has indeed her faults, but whofe chief crime Is loving you — perhaps, with top much fondnefi'^ Som, What means my love — What friend ? Count, Is there not one. Who (lains my honour, and arraigns my love ? Whofe zeal of friendfhip has oppos'd our nuptialif And mad'ning now at oppofition vain. Rebukes your choice? Hence flows not your difquiet! Lift up your eyes on mine ! — To this, reply. Ah ! they decline, your thoughts can find no ntterance ; And yet your iilence fpeaks— Come, come, my Lord^ I know your tutor chides your faulty condaft* Go then and make your peace. Be meekly penitent ; Pfomife to err no more, and he forgives. Scm, Hear me, fweet tyrant, I befeech thee hear me! Thou'rt dear to me as beauty is to love ; *" Dear as enjoyment to dcfire : — as dear As filial bleffings to parental foadnefs. Or gen'ral welfare to heart-felt benevolence. CfiMWi. Sir Thomas Ovirbury: A Tragedy. j j^ Count. And docs my foe, who calls himfclf your friend. Id vaio endeavour to fubvert my hope ? He docs, and I forgive him— Yet meihinks 'Tis pity, one who ihines in various fcience ; In all the graces that embellifli knowledge. That one, fo form'd to charm, fhould hide a heart That merits infamy, contempt and hate. But I mull tell you— yet I would not — Scm. Speak. Count. This Overbury^ this lov'd man is— Som. ^ What i €oMitt, *Tis a harlh word — A villain. I could forgive all hate ; but his who aims To alienate your heart from love like mine ; Or could I pardon fuch a wrong to me. What to my dearcll Lord was meant I could not. Som, I prithee do not turn me wild — explain. Count. Why what if he defign d againfl my honour? Som. Againft your honour ! — Madnefs ! — Fury ! — Death ! Count. Suppofe, to urge his pafHon againll yours^ He told me you were falfe, defigning, jealous ? Snppofe he, when each art was tried in vain. Attempted force, and threaten'd me with flander ? Som, Force ! — Slandei; I — Thou haft warm'd me — Think once He could not be fo bafe. [more^ Count. Were he as honeft as he (eems, he could not. S§m. Ere yet my fury mounts into a blaze. Ere I upbraid him with defigns like thefe, I charge thee tax not innocence with guilt ; For thou may'ft open fuch a fcene of horror, 'Twill (hake thee to behold it — Have a care ! ^' Dare you confirm it with an oath ? Count. *• Dare I ? Som. *' Nay» bat weigh well what you prefume to fwear ! •* Oaths are of dreadful weight — And if they're falfe, *• Draw down damnation" — They who murder fame. Kill more than life-deftroyerj. C^unt. By my hopes. What I have faid— Sfim, -No more — I moft believe you ; Believe you, iaid I ? what muft I believe ? If you prove falfe; if you traduce my friend. And wrong my faith, may forrow blaft thy bloom ! May confcience rife in all her dreadful triumph. Scare cvVy fenfe, and ftrike thee with diftradion ! Yet furc ihouVt true — That foul wrapt round with charms; That foul can wear no ftain of barbVons falfehood ?— What then muft Overbury be ?- — ReBedion Sickens with doubt, and diet in dark confuiioiK Give me fome proof. Cwff/. The proof is hereT-Thelb letters — Dark fcrolU of love (irom Oirerbttry'i hand. K 4 Fiird . Ijg S> Thomas Oynbyry : A Tiagedy# FillM with her praife, whom now he bafely (landers. Note but ihe charaftcr — Obfcrvc the ftile—Perufc— Sdm, I know *em well— The periods that fo oft Once glow'd in Teeming friendniip^ kindling here In am'rous paflion — This, in me, they cenfur'd ; Yet while they Ci.'nfur*d, lival'd, — wcfl I know 'cm. He's falfe, falfe, falfc. — Curfe on ail tre^chVous friends! Enter Eur I o/^ No R mi a M p ro K. North, Why are the bride and bridegroom thus rctir'd ? Crowds ofaM ranks prefs in to join your pieafurei^ And ev'rv inftrument of mufic vies To found Avcct notes and fwcll the hour of love. Som, Alas! my Lord ! ev'n harmony grows harfli ; Thought's oat of tune, difcorc} has ftruck my ear» And my foul jars within me. North, What the caufe ? Som, 'Tis a vile world, Northampton f North, Thib is but too apparent — Who has wronc'd you? Stim. The darkeft of all \illains— A falfe friend!— But as I am a man, I will revenge it. — Oh ! what a change has my poor heart fuflain'd ? — But a few moments fince, this man's lov'd memory 2Sat foft as brooding halcyons on my foul ; Now my rouzM rage North, Nay, ihb is wild,, my Lord, When anger ruihes unreflrain'd to adion. Like a hot Reed it Humbles in its hade. The man of thought wounds deepell, and flrikes fafely; Premeditation makes his vengeance furc, And levels it dife«^Jy to the mark. Som^ I cannot, though a coartier, kill with fmiles ; My fury fcorns to glow concealed in embers ; No, it (hall mount and fpread in flaming fiercenefs. If I muft fall, why I was bo.'n to die. And fall as a man ihould — If I revenge me, I right my injured honour as I ought. North. This Overbury ? — SoM» Said*fl thou Overbury ? Now, by my foul, there's inagic in the name. And my charm'd rage grows dill as midnight Hlencc. Why wouldM thou (peak it ? — Let me not dwell upon him. Talk of falfe friendfliip, of abandon'd honour; .Of bafely-rivjlM love— Of force— Of fiander ; Of hate, revenge; ofriTin, of diftradion ; — But fpare that name at which my fury melts ; Or guilt will fmiJe like, fweet-ey'd innocence. Count, My Lord, be calm— RefleA how penal rigour Oft hardens him, whom pardon may reclaim, 'Tis nobler to forgive, than to revenge. Scm, Doft thou plead Tor him ? he has hurt thy fame, Ev'n to my ear has hurt it — GenVous charmer, The moce ihou plead 'd the caufe of him who wrong *d thee, TKc HawViM^ s Hijory c/thi Sciena and Pra£lui of Mu/km' 137 The more Ihould thy wrongM goodnefs be reveng'd* Thou, injured tricnd (hip, my griev'd ibal infpir ^ With awful juftice, with vindidtive fire ! •* Let my revenge to match th' ungen'rons wrongs ** Be fwift as eagles, be as lions ilrong;** Aid me, ye light'nings, wing'd with race defcend^ And blafl the \%oril ot foes, a fjiithlefs friend!*, The head and tall- piece to this * Orphan offspring of an orphan bard,' are fupplied by Mellrs. Sheridan and Cumberland, and arc, on the whole, not ill adapted tp the occafion. ^^ A R T . X I. ji General Hiftorj of the Science and PraSlice •/ Mujic. By Sir John Hawkins. 4to. 5 Vols. 61. 6 s. Payne. 1776. IT is certainly unmeet for a Revicwtr to fit down to thecon« fideration of a performance, with any bias on his mind» cither in favour or to the difaJvantagc of his Author: and yet, under a iHcpofUnion of the latter kind, we mi^ft honedlj own, v/e took up the volumes now before us. After fo frank a confetlion, it is incumbent on us to efface any unfavourable impre(rion<: which it might leave in the minds of our Readers, by as frankly reciting the circumftances of the cafe. Though we neither ftudy nor pradlife the delightful art of angling, we have fomstimes amufcd ourfelves by dipping into honed Ifaac \Valton*s Complete Angler^ merely as a rum book, which was republifbcd* in the year 1760^ with the addition of various annotations by our prcfent Author. In that publica- tion, and in one of the Editor's notes, we met with a palTagC; too remarkable to be foon forgotten by any modern diicttantii and which mud inftaotly and' forcibly be recolle^ed by us, oa' finding the Writer of it prefcnting himfelf to our notice under the chara.(ftpr of a Mufical Hiftorian.— But that the Readqr, whatever may be his taAe, m^y judge fox himrdf, wc fliajl' tranfcribe part of the Editor's very ftrikine note.-r-After fpeaj^^ ing of the ftate of Mufic in Englapd, at the period wi\eo Wal« ton wrote, his Editor, our Autoor, breaks out a^ follows : '* And now, I am upon thi$ fubjefi, I will tell tht readtr^- Jicret\ which is, that mufic.was in ixs greateft perfedii^i i.a, Europe from abpvit the mi^Jle of the fixteentb to the beginning of the; feventCQijth century ; w,hen, with a variety of tnBU in-', Jtrumentiy a vicious ta/ii was introduced, and harmony receivid its mortal wci4nif» In thiis period flour ifhipd Prcncjiiniy thfi.. Prince of Venpfa% and tlie feveral Qth^r authors abovementiooed to have been cpjledej by Milton, and, to the immortal ho* nouf of this nation, our own *Ta{lis and Byrd-^ and in the niore elegant kinds pf compoiition, fucb as ma.^rigals, canfo* nets, &c. U^dbjtj Wtelkis^ Binntt^ AiorUy^ Battefin^ and otherSf whoft works (hew deep (kill, aad fine invention."^ ComPkiit 4^gUr9 P« 238. Wc' 1 fi Hawkifis'x Hj/lorj of the ScUna and PraHia of Muft) We appeal to every Reader acquainted with the ancient and prefent ftate of muiic, and pofiefied of a competent fhare of feel-* ing for the beauties of that art, whether it were poffible for a modern dileUanU to fit down to the prefent volumes, as a critic, with a mind totally unprejudiced or unimpaffioned. We were Jn hopes however that, in the courfe of fixtccn years, our Hif- torian might have acquired a better tafte, or at leaft one fomewhat more congenial with our own ; and that this laudator temporis a£fi Slight, by this time, be difpofed to atone for the fcandal which 1 4) fuch a declaration muft give occafion to, by a formal recanta- tion of his error. In this hope, we entered on the perufal of his Preliminary Difcourfe\ but had foon the mortification of there finding him maintaining the fame tramontane and Gothic ^opinions, and ^ven fpeaking in the moft irreverent terms of tha mufic ' of the prefent day.* ' For the perfc^ion ef vocal harmony^* fays our Hiftorian, * we i4iu ft refer to a period of about fifty years, commencing at the year 1560, during which were compofed madrigals for private re- creation'in abundance, that are the models of excellence in their kind ; and in this fpecies of mufic the compofers of our own Coimtry appear to be inferior to none.' Again, ' There are not a few' — and our Author evidently appears to le one of the fcleft number — * who think that at the end of the fixteenth century the Romifh church-mufic was at its height, as alfo that, with us of the reformed Church, its moji flourijh^ ingflate was during the reign of Elizabeth.* — The teftimony of a foreigner is alfo ad^'uced, who happened to attend the fervice jn the choir at Canterbury, while the Queen vifited that place ; and who tells us, fays the Author, that * the French Ambafla- dor hearing the excellent mufic in the cathedral church extolled it up to the iky, and brake out into thefe words : ** 0 God^ / think 90 Prince heftde in all Europe ever heard the Hie, noy not our Holy Father J the Pope himfel/r ' In thefe golden days, be it likewife remembered, flourithed Dr. Bull, who to a leiTon confiding of forty parts added forty niore ; and was accordingly (hrewdly fufpeded by a famous mufician on the Continent to be ^ either the Devil or Dr. Bulf^ &c. whereupon Bull making himfelf known, the mufician fell down and adored him.' l^his well-known anecdote our Au- thor gives us from Anthony Wood ; and afterwards adds, that * his lefTons were, in the edimation of Dr. Pepufch, not only for the harmony and contrivance, but for air and modulation^ fo excellent, that he fcrupled not to prefer them to thofe of Cou- perin, Scarlatti^ and others of the 'modern compofers for the harpfichord ! !* * One of them took up twenty minutes to go through it ;' — and a pretty lullaby it mud have been ! * Of vocal concerts,' fays otir -Hiftorian, * as they ftood about the year 15509 or perhaps earlier, a judgment may be formed HtwkinS'i Hj/hry ofihi Scunce and Pra&ia ofMuJk^ 139 forn^ed &om the madrigals of that time, which abound with alt the graces of harmony. — He next quotes an author who wrote on roufic about the year 160O9 and who ^ defcribes the concerts of his tiflfie, as, abounding in fiveetnefs of harmony,* — We have next the exquijite judgment of Tom Coryat, the pedeftrtan traveller, ^ who alfo fpeaks of a performance at Venice, chiefljr of inftrumental mufic, which he protefts he would have tra-* veiled an hundred miles on foot to hear.' It muft furely be owing tp fome (Irange perverflty in human nature, Xh^t mufical clajfics ^o\x\A^ of all others, be alone con • figned to oblivion or negleA, in the ibort fpace of a century or two; while the claflical writers in other fciences, or liberal arts, and police literature, for ever maintain their ground, in op-, pofition to novelty, fafhion, or caprice : yet fo it is ; and our Author thus laments the event. — After taking notice of * the almoft total ignorance which prevails of the merits of moft of the many excellent artifts who flourifbed in the ages preced- ing our own,' he thus proceeds : « Of Tye, of Ridford^ Shephardy Douhnd, Weelkes^ fTrlbye^ Eft Batefonj Hilton^ and Bnwcr^ we know little more than their names ; thcfe men compofed volumes which are 1^0 w difperfed^ and irretrievably loft, yet did their compofitions fuggeft thofe ideas of the power and efEcacy of muflc, and thofe defcriptions of its manifold charms that occur in the verfes of our bed poets. To fay that thefe and • the compofitions of their fuc- cefibrs Blow, Purcell, Humphrey, Wife, Weldon, and others^ were admired merely becaufe they were new, is begging a quef- tion that will be beft decided by zcomparifon^ which fome of the gnate/l. among jhe profeffbrs of the art at this day would Jhrink Jfrim. ' But furely fome caufe may be affigtied for this (ingular mif- chance ; and in faft, we think we find one in this very Pr*i5f- minary Difcourfe. — * How comes it,' afks our Author, * that there are any works of genius which men with one common content profefs to applaud and admire as the ftandards of per* fediion ?' — To this he anfwers, < that although the right of private judgment is in fome degree exercLfed by all, it is con- trouled by the few ; and it is thi uniform teflimony of men of dif^ cernment alone that ilamps a charaAer on the productions of ge- nius, and configns them either to oblivion or to immortality.* ■ Here we think the final damnation, or rather the utter annihi- lation of all but the names of Meflrs. Tye^ Rodfordy and Co. is very fatisfaSorily accounted for, by the querift himfelf.^ — The praifes of the poets are as eafily explicable : they extol the muiic of Meffrs. aforefaid ; but had they ever heard any better \ Our Hiftorian's ideas of the merits of modern mufical com* pofitions may be coUeded from the following ftriking paflages whick 1 40 Efawklns'j Hifiory of th$ Scinue and Pra3tci of Mufte^ which occur in the fame preliminary difcourfe. — Ofthe Opera — the Ep$poiia — the Opus Magnum of modern mufic, he thus irreverently and unfeelingly fpeaks : ^ The pr^fent great fource of mufical delight throughout Europe, is the opera. — It may fuffice to fay of the modern opera, that by the fobtr and judicious part of mankind it has ever been confidcred as the mere o^spring of luxury ; andthofe who have examined it with a critical sye^ fcruple not to pro- nounce that // is of all tnUrtainments the mojl unnatural and ab" furd* To dcfcend to particulars in proof of this allertiany would be but to repeat arguments which have already been urged, with littU fucufs it is true^ but with great force of rea- ipn, aided by all the powers of wit and humour.' — Hard fay- ings ihefe, to iffue from the mouth of an H'Jiorian ofMufic! ' The leflbns for the harpfichord — of the prefent time, have no other tendency than to degrade an inftrument invented for the elegant recreation of the youthful of the other fex, and to render it what at beft it now appears to be, and may as truly as emphatically be termed, a tinkling cymbal* — But in the fol- lowing paflage the Reader will heboid our ftern and rigid Cen« for involving all our modern inflrumental mufic in the lump^ in one indifcriminate condemnation. • Of the inflrumcntal mufic of the prefcnt day, notwiih- ftanding the learning and abilities of many compo&rs, the cha« raderi&ics oS it are noife without harmony, exemplified in the frittering of pail'ages into notes, requiring fuch an inftantaneous litteraoce, that thirty-two of them are frequently heard in the time which it would take moderately to count four ; and of this caft are the fymphonies, periodica) overtures, quartettos, quin* tettos, and the reft of the trajh daily obtruded on the world.' To theie bold and general aflertions, unfupported by even the moft diftant attempt towards proof, we muft content our* felvies. with fimply oppofing, with equal confidence, our un- feigned dii]Ebnt ; efpecially as sv^ can entertain little hopes of reclaiming fo dogmatical a Cenfor, or of communicating to \i\Tt\ any competent portion oi muftcal graa \ or of that fenfibi- lity and refinement which are requifite to enable him to relifh the majnifeft improvements which have been made in this and every other valuable branch of the mufical art. . Ks tajle however is a gift which is not beftowed on all men | not even upon tbofe who diligently feek it, and havefpem their whole lives in purfuit of it ; and as it is only om^ though cer- t;|jnly not an jneiTential, qualification in an biftorian of mu* gc; we fhajl wave any further profecution of this fubjed, a|nd (hall proceed to give the Reader fome account of the plan and difpofition of the prefent work \ taking our Author's Prr- liminary Difcourfe once more as our guide. Here i^M JH< . .. >' \M. , -^mmi^ms^mmmmmmmmmmm Hawkins*f Hijtory of the Science and Prague of Muftc. 741 Here wc arc forry again to -find ourfclves under a neceffit]f of criticifing our Hiftorian, and particularly of animadverting on one part of his condud in the execution of the prefent un- dertaking. We allude to his manifcft violation of a rule which he has himfeif laid down, or which is at leaft implied, in the following quotations : * The " Hiftoire generale, critique, et philologiquc de la Mufique/* of Monf. de Blainville, printed at Paris in 1767, in a thin quarto volume, has very little pretence to the titl^ it bears : Like fome other works of the kind * // is diffufe whert it ought to be Juccin^^ and brief uuhet e one would wijh to find it copious* Again, with regard to the feleciion of the fails proper to bt admitted into an hiftory of mufic, our Author is peculiary fi* gid, and takes pains to inculcate the diiHn£tion which ought to be made, * between fuch as are in their own nature inter'(/l^ ingj and thofe that tend only to gratify an idle curiofity* * What fatisfadlion,* he adds, * does the mind receive from the recital of the names of thofe who are faid to have increafed the chords of the primitive lyre from four to feven, Chorebus, Hyagnis, and Terpander ; or when we are told that Olympui invented the enharmonic genus, as aifo the Harmatian niood ; or that Eumolpus and Melampus were excellent muficians, and Pronomus, Antigenides, and Lamia, celebrated players od the flute i In all thefe inftances, where there are no circum- Aances that conftitute a character, and familiarize to us (hd perfon fpoken of, wc naturally enquire, li'^ho he isf and> for want of further information, become indifferent as to what is recorded of him.' — In ttxe preceding paragraph the Author ap- pears to put this laft queftion, — ^i va la F^to Orpheus^ and Jmphioni and pronounces their ftones * to have no foundation m truth, but to have been calculated folely for the purpofc of moral inftru£lion.' By the bye, it fo happens that our Author*s predeceflbr, referred to as above, appears to have been peculiarly culpa- ble in perhaps every one of the inftanccs juft recited. He * This paragraph is cxtrafted from the Author's accoanc of the* various writers who have preceded him as Mafical Htiloriairs ; wkicbt if terminated by the following (hort annonct of the work of ocrr Au- thor's immediate predece/Tor and councrymaD.— -* Ac the begin*» VBgof this prefeat year, 1776, the muiical world were favoured- with the firft volume of a work, entitled, ** A gemred Hifiory ofMm* fic^ from the earliefi Ages to the pre/tnt Period^ njuirb a Dijprtation cm the MufU of the Ancients, by Charles Boroey, Muf.D. F. R. S.'*. The Author in the propofals for his fubfcription, has given affa* ranees of the publication of a fecond, which tve doubt not he will make good/ has 142 Hawkins*/ Hj/?^ ofthi Schnci and PraSflci ojfMuJiti has not only, on the authority of Cicero and others, conftituted Orpbiui a real perfonage, and confidered him as a proper fubje«3 of true hiftory ; but has expended feveral pages on this bard, ^nd on Olympus^ Terpander^ Lamia^ and other harpers and flute players of antiquity. Nay he has proceeded much further ; and, in a hljiory of muftc^ has thought proper to pay particular refpedl to Apolk^ and the nint mujes ; compared with whom, Orpbtus and Jmphion are, as it were, men ef yefterday. He has indeed, with regard to the former, offered an apology for thefe feemingly licentious wanderings from his fubje£l ; which the generality of your daflieal and tajley readers will readily ad* init ; as well on account of his manner of treating thefe ac- knowledged non-entities, as for the following reafon which he aiSgns, for introducing Apollo, in particular, to his readers. As to Olympus, Terpander, and others^ we fcarce recoiled that he has once vou^hfafed to oiler the lead excufe for the particular notice he ha^ taken of them \ but leaves them to fpeak for themfelves. " There IS fomething pleafing," fays he, «* in. the idea of realizing, or even of finding the flighted foundation in hiftory for, the fables with which we have been amufed in our youth. I believe there are few bf my countrymen who have not, during childhood, read the Life of Robinfon Crufoe, and the Adven- tures of Lemuel Gulliver, as authentic hiftories, and who have not relinquiflied that thought in riper years, with fome degree of relu6lance* It has, doubtlefs, been the fame with the ingenious fables of antiquity, fo elegantly told, and embellifhed with all the lowers of poetry, and warm colouring of imagination/'— But to return to our prefent hiftorian : — How far he has conformed to the letter or even fpirit of bis €wn obfervations and maximsj will appear evident to the moft fuperficial reader. To pafs over our Author'* brevity, * where one would wi(h to find him copious ;' and his long quotations from writers of the middle and later ages, many of which are calculated to opprefs even the moft indefatigable reader by their obfcurity and drynefs ; — a reader might afk, for what other purpofcy except * only to gratify an idle curiofity^ arc fuch nu« merous, minute, and uninterefting anecdotes given us, in the 5th volume particularly, of the birth, parentage, education, exploits, and death of minor muficians, mere fidlers, and even Ripienos^ or as they are vulgarly called. Rips. It muft be an * idle curioftty* indeed, that can be gratified by the un-eventful hiftories here gravely related, of the conception, birth, matu- rity, and declenfion of numerous mufical clubs in the city ;*— of the Madrigal Society^ for inflance, — a fet of worthies who feem to have met to perpetuate, and be the depofitaries of, that good, old, dry fiilt of the i6th century, which our Hif- torian Hawkins*/ Hijory ofthi Science and PraiHce of Mujic. 143 torian fo paffionatcly admires ; — whofc founder, in 1 741, ^ looked upon Mr. Handel and Bononcini as the great corrup- ters of the fcicnce;' — who firlt, be it re.Tjembered — Crediu Pefteri — met at the Twelve Bells alehoufe in Bride Lane, where their fubfcription of 5 s, 6d. per quarter, ' afforded them the refrefhments of porter and tobacco j' — who then removed to the Founder*s Arms in Lothbury j — who foon afterwards returned to their airncient haunr, the Twelve Bells ; from whence thefe rcft- Icfs beings y?////^,— or crawled rather ; — for Jliuing fcems too vlaeile a term,^— to the ^eens Arms alehoufe, which too they left, and now drag on a miferable and precarious exiftence at fome tavern in the city. What fpecies of curiofity muft that be which can be gratified by our Author's annals, of the concert at the CaJlU Tavern in Patcr-Noftcr-Row, or of that at the Jngel and Cro%vn Tavern in White Chapel ; and by being informed, authentically we fuppofe, of the names and places of abode of the perfonaget who met there * for the purpofe of mufical recreation ;' . * of Mr. Peter Prelleur, then a writing mafter in Spital- fields/ or of * Mr, John Stephens, a carpenter in Goodman's fields, &€• ?* Who can poffefs the curiofity to perufe the minutefi of the proceedings' at Mr. Caflon's, * after he was fettled in Ironrnonger^Row \ and to learn that Mr. Woolafton was a found performer on the violin ; but that when ever Mr. Charles Froud, organift of Cripplegate church came in, Mr. Woolafton fave place to him, and played the fecond fiddle? — that Mr. amuel Jeacock, a baker at the corner t of Berkeley Jlreet^ in Kid LionJIrat^ CUrkmweUj and others, occafionally reforted thither; — that, * in the intervals of the performance, the guefis refrefhed tbemfelves at a fide board, which was amply furniflied ; and when it was over, fitting down to a bottle of wine, and a decanter of excellent ale, of Mr. Caflons own tretving, they concluded the evening's entertainment with a fong or two of Purcell, ^fung to the harpfichord, or a fevir Catches, and about twelve retired: — walking home with the treater fafety, as the ftated monthly meetings were judicioufly xed * on that Thurfday of the month which wasnearefl the full moon.' Honeft fouls ! — we almoft envy ye your temperate amufements and refre(hments» clofedby a fober and contemplative walk home by moon light ;— but little furely did ye imagine, that your order- ly' mnd focial meetings, and home-brewed potations would, like the Memoirs ef P* P. Clerk of this parljby be thus minutely f At the diftance of 230 pages, we are told, that ' the Ihop of ^amoel wai at the Soutb-we/t corner of Berkley (Ireet in Red Li^ freett &c. — An antiqaariao conld fcarce be more precife in afcer- cmiiiiiig die true fqitt of the tem/le tf Epbefus, chronicled i i 144 Hawkins*/ fSj^ry tfihe SJenee and PraSiue of MuJU. chronicled for the information of pofterity. As little could Mr. Samuel Jeacocke, who ' moftly played the tenor' at thcfc meetings, fufped that his name, his life and converfation, bis proficieney in fwimming and ringing, nay his very (hop and hahitation, (hould become the fubjeif^s of ah hi(Tory, from which Orpheus and Tcrpander — nay Apollo, and the Nine Mufes-^arc excluded. — Nor will Mr. Calid Jeacocke, who, as the Author takes care to inform us» is now living, and * was for many years prefident of the Robin Hood difpuring focicty,* be Icfs aftonifhcd to find his name likewife recorded in Mi^ual Steryy for no other apparent reafon than his b^ing mw alive^ and happening to be the brother of Mr. Samuel Jeacoclcc aforefaid. But to recapitulate matters, and conclude : We would ferioufly appeal to our Author, without intending however any difparagemenc to the worthy citizens abovemen- tioncd, whether a recital of their aSs, civil as well as mufical, is, * in its own nature more interejlingy or lefs adapted « to gratify an idle curlofity^ than a hiftory of thofe ancient mujical meetlngSy the Pythic or Olympii games ; of which fome of his predecefTors have thought fit to treat pretty largely ; though we do not find them even once mentioned iq the prcfeht perform- ance.—We would a(k him, whether his Memorabilia of Mr. Samuel Jeacocke, who * generally plaid a tenor' at the Madrid gal Society^ and of Mr. Woolafton, who played a found violin— firft, or ficond, according as Mr. Charles Froud'dld or did not appear— are more * interejiing* than the accounts, for in(!ance, given by his predeceflbr, * which we happen to have now be- fore us, of the innovations on the lyre, the invention of muli- cal notation, and other mufical feats of 7>r/>^7W/r. — And finally, to mou'nt up to the heroic and ilill earlier times, furely our Authoi* will not affirm, that even Dr. Bull, with all his naerit, is a more interefting perfon'age than Orpheus, or even than Apollo : though the Tatter might not be fo ready as the Doilor^ gj^ at working a canon ri£ie vtdf retro^ 4^per Arfm & Tbefin^ eveii with all the nine Mufes at his back. We are forry to fet ofF, in our account of this work, wholly in a ftyleof aniitiadverfion ; but the fubje£ls on vvhich we have dwelt, and to which we were naturally led by the Author's Prelminary Di/courfe^ are two fuch pramlnent features of the work ; that we could not pofiibly overlook them, or avoid at- tending to them. We will indulge the hope, however, that in our future confidcration of it, we may find ourfelves autho- rifed to commend the Author's diligence, as an Antiqitary and C:lleStor ; though we cannot fpeak well of hit tafle, or of his judgment in feleAibn, as a ConofienU and an Hifiorian. jfe * BurDey*s Hillory of Mafic, pige 367, H aMu Aar. ( 145 ) Art. XII. A Series of ^nfijuers to certain popular Ohje^ions againjl feparating from the Rebtllious Colonies ^ and dijcarding them entirely ; being the concluding Trad of the Dean of Glouceltcr, on the Sub- jcd of American Atfairs, 8vo. 2 8. CadcU. l77^. TH E Dean, whofe performance is now before uj, thought proper in a former tra£t *, to afl'ert, that * when the duty on (lamps was firft propofed; fcveral oi the popular orators and leaders of the Americans, ufed confiderable intereft to be employed as agents in the diftribution of the ftamps; and that one among the refl (meaning Dr. Franklin] was more than ordinary afliduous In his application on this head ; fo that, bad the ^&, palled within the ufual time, indead of being a darning American Patriot, he would probably have atSted the part of a Tax-gatherer and an American PuSljcan/ The Deaii afterwards proceeds to ftate, in his own inimitable manner, the means by which he would have us believe the violent oppofition to the Stamp-adl was excited ; and he adJs, ^ then ir was that this very mail (Dr. FranKlin), this felf-intended publican, changed fides, and commenced a zealous patriot. Then he appeared at the bar of the Houfe of Commons, to cry down that "Wery meafure which he himfelf had efpoufed\ and then, as the Avenging Angel of America, he rode in the whirlwind to dircSf MbeJlcrmJ Falfe, and malevolent as this charge mod certainly was, it ^afled for a time unnoticed ; but when Dr. Franklin afterwards l>ecame particularly obnoxious to fume per Tons in power, and '^hen, in confequence thereof, fimilar calumnies were multiplied againft him, he determined to call the more confuierahle of his Icnown accufers to account ; and even convince luch of them as '^cre open to copvi^llion, of the injuftice of their conduct towards litm 5 and having done this he intended to have given the public ^dccifive vindication of every part of his political condudl f . *To this end he began a correfpondcncc with Dr. Tucker, re* ^ Spewing his evidence for the preceding charges ; and after a fuc- ^reflion of pitiful evafions on the Dean's p.trt, it became apparent 9hat he had rafhly advanced thcfe charges, without any autho- a-ity, or at beR, without any more than that of a loofe hearfay ^reai or pretended), by fome namelefs or unknown perfon. w\fter fuch a dilcovery, the Dean was in truth unworthy of any iTarther notice; but yet i^r. Franklin condefcended, in a fuc- ^eeding letter, to adduce facts, reafons, and arguments, fufficient ^o convince any unprejudiced difceming mind, that this vague • Traa IV. + This intention was afterwards laid afide by the advice of fcveral •tf his rcfpedtable friends, who reprcfented the fal (hoods in queftioa as nieritiiig contempt, laiher than a public refutation Rev Ling contempt, laiaer laan a puonc reiutauun. . Feb. 1777. ^ hearfay 146 A Ser'us of Aiifwers by the Dean of Glouccftcr; hearfay could not poflTibly have hatl any foundation in truth.— ^ The Dsan, however, was averfe from convidlion, or at leaft from owning it ; and the correfpondence ended, on his part, with an appearance of fuUen difappointment and chagrin, at the manifcftation of Dr. Franklin's integrity. Should our ac- count of ihefe letters (which we have not feen for fome years) be in any degree erroneous, the Dean may readily do himfelf jufttce by publifbing the whole of them, as he has already been called on to do. Dr. Franklin had fcarcc left England, on his return to Ame- rica, when the Dean fought, and went out of his way to obtain, opportunities of again afperfing his charader j a procedure, which, after the fad^s and reafons which we knew to have been forced upon him, appeared to us in fo unfavourable a light, that we could not but cenfure it, as we did in our remarks on his firih traft: (fee Review, volume hi. p. 174.) This a important public benefit ; and fome of the a-ffemblies even made annual grants for their fupport ; but by a fcries of ill manage-* ment, the utility of this eftablifhment was much confined, and the produce of it became unequal to the cxpence. In this fituation Dr. Franklin formed a plan for remedying thefe defe«as; and the plan being approved, he was naturally charged- with the execution of it ; not as * Poft-mafter general of the province of Pcnfylvania,' (;he D.^an's mijiaken expreffion) but as a deputy of the Briilfli poft-mafter general. Aik< whatever may have been the lucre of the office, it certainly was much leis than that cf the deanry of Glouccfterj nor ind<*ed was it ceitain tnat the office would aftbrd any thing, if, by the advantageous exe«i» cution of his own plan, Dr. F could draw fdfficient profits from the eftablifhment, he was promifed a moderate fabry, but otherwife he was to receive none. And fj Ion:; as the colonifts nniverfally confidercd this inflitution as beneHcial, it could not ' have been Incumbent on him to overturn it ; nor can it be ' thought extraordinary, that it fo long lubfiftf Civil Liberty ^ Jhe^wn to he ctntradi^bry to ReaJ'cn and Scripture^ 8vo. 2S, Becket* Ihis, though the^r/f* of the numerous anfwers to Dr. Price** celebrated pamphlet, is not the lead in point of confequence. The Wiiter, Mr John Gray, appears to have bcflovved great attention on the feverai important topics on whxh the patriotic Do£tor had given his opinion, and many of his arguments come recommended to us by their novelty, as well as by the ingenuity with which they arc enforced. But we think that Mr. Gray, in common with motl of Dr. P.'s antagoniils, has failed in the refpedl which was due to the Dr. 's known integrity, and amiable iimplicity of charader ; to fay nothing of his learning and abilities. We muft, therefore, condemn the afperity of this Writer, while we allow his merit as a politician* Miscellaneous. Art. 15. An Oration^ delivered at the Dedication of Frce- Mafon*s Hall, Great Queen-Street, Lincolns-Inn Fields, May 23d 1776. By William Dodd, LL. D. G. C. Publiflicd by general reqcefb, under fandion of the Grand Lodge. 4to« i s. Robia- Ibn, &c. The fraternity of Frce-Maf-ns are under great obligations to their Rev. Brother, for difplaying, with all the pomp of declamation, and all the parade of learning, the antiquity, the extent, the compre- heniivenefs, the excellence, and utility of their royal art and royftery. But the reft of the world would have been more obliged to the Doc- tor, if in terms level to common lenfe, and intelligible to the unini- tiated, he had cendefcended to explain the true meaning and ufe cf this myOerious inftitution. And his brethren of another fraterniC)', as refpi'dable as the brothers of the Lodge, would have had lefs re^^fon to complain, if he had not, in his zeal for the honour of Mafonry, To far violated the decorum of the clerical character, as to dole his ha- rangne with an addrefs to Deity, under the appellations of *' Con- fummate Archite^, and Wondrous Geometrician ;*' in which, in playful allufion to the inllruments of the mafon's art, he fays, *' Di- red us to make the ble/Ted Volume of thy inftru^ive wifdom, the never- erring y^ttar^ to regulate our conduct; the compa/s withiM whofe circle yfjt il^all ever walk with fafety and peace; iht infallible plumb iine and criterion of reditude and truth.** |fl * In the feries of publications according to our lift. 7 N. B. This Monthly Cat alogvEj AH/ceUamous: 153 N. B. This article was written before a late event, in which the Orator was To greatly ioterefted, took place. Art. 16. j4n AuthenUc Narrativi of Fa6!Sj relating to the Ex-' cbangi of Frifonen taken at the Cedars ; fapported by the Tcfti- monies and Depsfitions of his Majclly's Ofiicers, with feveral Orijrinal Letters and Papers. Together with Remarks upon the Report and Refolves of the American Coogrefs, on that Subjed^. 8vo, IS. Cadell. 1777. Tne diffterent accounts, publiihed by both parties, of the treatment which the American prifoners met with, after their capitulation a( the Cedars, are here fairly contrafled. The principal teftimonies, &c« havealready appeared in the public papers, and are generally known. The remarks here offered on the fubje^, are intended to ihew the fallacy of the report of the Congrefs^ and to evince the perfidy of thac body, in the rejolves; in conlequcnce of which the terms of the cartel, on the part of the Americans, have never been fulfilled. The report, &c. of the Congrefs is here reprinted. Art. 17. Lettre deM.Dcs Enfans^ a Madame Montagu* Svo.is, £lmiiey. 1777. See the article next enfuing. Art. J 8. A Letter from Monft ur Defenfans to Mrs, Montague: Tranilated by Mrs. Giiffith. 8vo. is. bd. Cadell. 1777. The defign of this letter is to vindicate the charadlcr of Monfieor ^e Fenelon, Archbilhop of Cambray, from arefledlion thrown upoa it by Lord Cheiicrfield, in his Letters to his Son, No. 26] ; in which he reprefents him as a^ing the part of a pimp between Lewis ^CI V. and Madame de Maintenon. This charge, which is grounded ^ on a letter in the memoirs of that celebrated lady, Monficur Defen* ^ns has, we think, fully refuted : at the fame time cxprelJing an ^oneft indignation againft a writer, who, in the mere fportivenefs ^if a licentioue imagination, could attempt to load with infamy, the xnemory of a man to whom all the world had agreed to pay the tribute of leneracion. The tranflaiion is executed with elegance and spirit. ^ -^rt. 19. Jtn Account of Propofah madi for the Bereft of his Majejifs Na^al Service : fhewing their general Gbjcd and Ten- dency,— the future Supply of Timber for the Porpofts of the Royal Navy; Means of contributing to its Prcfervation, — the well being of the Dock*yards, Ships, Magazines, and Stores ; with the reci- procal Advantages and Conveniences of its individuals. Ii.ter« fpcrkd with Admiralty and Navy Board Regulations, and occa- fional Remarks of fome of iis honourable l^Jcmbers. Togeiberwitk certain other J ranfaftions. In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich* Firft Lord-Commillioncr of the Admiralry. By Yeoman Lott, late Agent to the Koyal Hofpiai at Plymouth. S?o. IS. 6d. Owen, Wilkic, &c. 1776. In onr Review for April, 1776, p. 3^s, we briefly recited the hard ^mfe of this Complainant, taking oar idea of it from his own repre* ^Al^tatioii of its circumilances. We have now only to add, that the Public will learn, from this continuation of the (lory of an iinfor- ^antte man^ tliat Mr. Lott perliiled in his application ioths board for i 154 Monthly Catalogue, Mathematics. for redrefs, till toward the clofe of the laft year ; when, after having been long and varioufly agitated between hope and defpair, he was finally difmifTed, by an anfwer which feems to have craeJIy put a period to his painful fufpence. — We are forry to fee a perfon of fuch apparent ability, and diligence in office, fo ill requited for thofe public fervices which he appears to have adlually performed, or laudably purpofed We mu!l not clofe this. article without apprifing our Readers, that they will find, in Mr. Lott's pamphlet, a variety of obfervations on fttbjefts o^ public import^ (independent of all reference to his perfonal concerns) as intimated in his title-page; particularly in regard to the pre/er-vation cf (hip timber; with other matters, of great confequence to the Britilh navy: the profperity of which, our Author appears to Have HONtsTLY had in vie^v, in his various well-intended plans of improvements, and propofals for remedying abufet. — In regard to the latter, wc doubt not, many perfons were interefted to oppofe him ; and to this caufe, perhaps, the defeat of all his fchemes, and the creating to himfelf fo many enemies, mall be attributed. Mathematics. Art. 20. A Supplement to Calculations of th^ Value of jfnnuities^ publilhcd for the Ufe of Societies inftituted for Benefit of Age. Containing various illuftrations of the Dodlrine of Annuities, and complete Tables of the Value of i 1. immediate Annuity (being the only ones exrant by half yearly Intered and Payments). To- gether with InvelHgations of the State of the Laudable Society of Annuitants; (hewing what Annuity each Member hath purchafed, and real Mortality therein, from its Inditution, compared with Dr. Halley's Table. Alfo feveral Publications, Letters and Anec- dotes, relative to that Society, and explanatory of Proceedings to the prcfent Year. To which are added, a Table and Obfervations to elucidate the Subjeft of the National Debt^ occafioned by Mr. Laurie's Remarks on Dr. Price's Obfervations. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Ridley. 1777' . . • We have done juftice, on a former occafion, to the merits of Mr. ,'JDale, as a calculator : we have now an opportunity of announcing the integrity and zeal with which he has endeavoured to open the eyes of his deluded affociates, and to prevent the complicated ruin which mull eventuaUy accrue from an inftitution founded and continued on an infufficient and inequitable plan ; but we are forry to find that he has laboured in vain, and that the majority of the fociety to which he belongs, are determined to ruin themfelves, or at leail their fuccefTors, in fpite of him. Reformers adlnated by the bed views and motives have little encouragement to perfevere ; and we have only to fay to Mr. Dale, '< Come out from amongft them and be feparate." What opinion can be reafonably formed of thofe who contentedly receive 24 1. per annum inftead of 15 1., and much lefs, after the cleared and fuUeil evidence of the inability of the inftita- tion to make fuch a payment at prefent, much lefs to continue it for the future? Many of the papers colleQed together in this publication relate immediately to difputes that have been agitated at different meetings cf the Laudable Society of Annuitants ; but (bme of them contaiu information of a more general nature and nfc. The ex- 1 amination MoNTHJLY Catalogue, Poetuah 155 toiination of the date of the fociety contained in it, with the various methods employed in the ihveftigation, will ferve to illuftratc and eflabliih Che do6lrine of annaities, as it his been largely and ac« curately dated by the bed writer • on this fubjeft. ^^ Poetical. jv**#« Art, 2i. 7^/ DiARoLiAD ; a Poem, Dedicated to the worl Man in his Majedy's Dominions. 410. is. 6d. Kearily. J777* In this poignant fatlre, the force and rage o^ Churchill (t^m united ^ith the fpint and pleafantry of the unknown Bard to whom wc owe the Epij^U io Sir W. Chambers^ Sec. The plan of the Diaboliad is this : The Devil, grown old, was 'anxious to prepare A fit fuccedbr for the infernal chair. Ax. length he fummon'd forth his chofen band. And thus the monarch gave his lad command : *• Expand your fable wings, and fpced to earth ! •* To evVy Knave of Power, and Imp of Birth, ** Statefmen and Peers, thefe welcome tidings tell " That 1 refolve to quit the throne of hell : " But e'er 1 ceafe to reign, 'twill be my care •• From my dear children to eled an heir." As foon as his Majedy*s mod gracious fpcech is concluded, his ready miniders wing their way, and arriving at this upper world of oors, they light on St. Paul's dome ; from whence they repair to the court end of the town : ■ fome take their favVite way To thofe fam'd maniions where the fons of play By trick and rapine fliare a bafe reward, Shake the falfe dye, and pack the ready card : In folemn tone their errand they proclaim. Their high commidion, and their fovereign*s name. "^ With joy and wonder druck, the parties rife ! " Hell is worth trying for," F»»»***»*»» cries. Pigeons are left unpluck'd, the game unplay'd. And F • • forgets the certain bet he made. Ev*n S — 1 — o feels ambition fire his bread. And leaves, half told, the fabricated jed. • • • • The red of Hell's indudrious band refort To the corrupted purlieus of the court ; To lure the datefman from his deep laid fcheme To wake the coartier from bis golden dream. — — • • • • • f Now prowling onward to the noifome caves Where Prostitution rules her needy flaves. They tempt the lordling, by Ambition's charon From the rank pleafures of an harlot's arms. Then, with the mortal crowd, they bend their flight To the dark realms of everlading night. '' ' ' ■.■■■■■ ' ■■■■■■. I. ^ . • Dr. Price. Introduced 156 Monthly Catalogue, PotikaL Introdaced by Mercury, the Sir Clement Cottrell of the lower re- gions, the eager competitors (after a fet fpeech from the throne) Severally Hand forth, and urge their pretenfions to the fucceffion : ?nd jn <^efe appropriated displays of rhcir refpcdive qualification?, •the curious reader is to look for the zcll and fpiric and energy of the performance. — The candidates confiil of celebrated characters, well known at the gaming-table, or in the drawing-room : and never were culprits more fevercly cut up, — The conteft for the infernal crown is warmly maintained ; and the choice falls on fome boaty finner of diftinftion f. — one more fupremely diabolical than the reft; but whofe identity is not fo very obvious as that of twtry one of the unfuccefsful claimants. Art. 22. The Diabo-Lady ; or, a Match in Hell: A Poem. 4to. IS. 6 d. Fielding and Walker. An unequal imitation of the foregoing fatire. The tbcugbt on which the piece is founded, is thus expreil'ed : * ♦ now feaced on the infernal throne. Thought it not good the Devil (hould be alone ; And fo refolved to marry, if a wife, Fit confort, could be found, to match his life. Accordingly, brims of quality, flage brims, and others of like fame, are introduced, as candidates for the honour of fharing the bed and throne of his infernal majedy ; but there is nothing worthy of a farther extract. Art. 23. The Triumphs of Fa/hion\ a Poem ; containing fome Hints to the fafhionable World, with a Word to the Saints and Nabobs. In Three Parts. Part the Firfl. 4to. is. 6d. No Bookfcller'i Name. Advertifed forFlexncy. ' Now on theA: lines your kinded influence (hed. And let them be the fa(hion to be read.' If th^s Satiritl expels to be i\iQ Poet in fajbion^ he will probably be difappointed. 1^ Art. 24. M C U\ Bampfylde^ Arm. EpiJIola Poefica Famliaris^ in qua ccntinentur Tabulae ^tinque ab £0 excogitata^, qu^ Per/onas reprajentant Poematis cujvjdam Anglicani cui Titulus^ An £Ie6iioa Ball. Audorp C. An (ley, Arm. 4 to. 5 s. Dodfley. Mr. Bampfylde, of Hedercombe in SomcrfeiQure, a gentleman didinguifhcd by his tade for the Arts, particularly Drawing, made defigns for feveral of the perfons and incidents in Mr. Andey*s hu- mourous poem, called. An EleSion Ball^* For the purpofe of in- troducing chefe droll etchings to the Public, this Latin epidle feems principaliy to have been written \ and we mud own that the Author has preferved the fame comic vein and happy facility of di6lioQ which didingiiiih his other pieces. The deiigni are worthy of Ho-^ garth. ^ 1^ Art. 25. //^^/fjTi a Defcriptive Poem. 410. 2s. 6d. Dodfley. The Author does not feem to pofieft any confiderable talent for dcfcription. Epithets are the colours in poetical pi^ares ; and bis t Perhaps fome profligate Peer, of a neighbouiicg kbgdom. I Vid. Review, vol. hv. p. 339. are Monthly Catalogue, Poeiuah %^f are too general and unappropriated. The following Ibreft piect will ihcw this : Here oaks of mighty growth the plain embrown, i There hoary elms, or branching chefnuts frown ; Here towering limes the temper's fary dare. Or darker firs luxuriant fl?oot in air. In this defcription there is hardly any thing jpecnliarly charafleridiCf or what might not be afcribed to the whole fraternity ef forefl trees. Spenfer and Pope had given the Author proofs of better judgment; but as he is of an * inexperienced age/ and is not defediye in nnm- bcrs, we may hope for better things. 1^ Art. 26. fVitenham-H'tU'f a Delcriptive Poem. By T. P— 2i^*^ y^t/cu) A.M. 4to. 2s. 6d. Blyth. Here you will fay, we have a poem aJjtTi pitturefqui^ as the French critics exprefs it ; defcription fufiiciently appropriated and minute : This red with cinquefoil, that grown green with rye; Here woodlands darken, there brown fallows lye. • • • • • • The corn-rick round, the harmlefs dewlapp'd ox. The cow's diilended dugs, the bleating flocks. • • • Your fame lies gafpxng, fplinter'd is your peace. • • • By night on Philomela's jugging throat. • • • 'Slaunt flopes, thro' groves, nigh grottoes, form'd hyFant^ No— this will not do. The dcfcriptive poet mud remember that he is addreiling himfelf to the ear and the imagination, as well as to the ^ye; and whatever is low or ill modulated muft be difgudful. Tho ^ainter*s purpofe is anfwered if he gives the figure of his objeft properly difpofed ; but the poet mud de(cribe hi$ by fomething pe* coliarly charaderiitic» and at the fame time avoid tyi^xy thing that is low or mean in expreiTion. In the above pa/Tages are the following faults. Roundnefs is not peculiar to a corn-rick, neither is the dtwulap to the ox. The cow's diilendcd dugs is two Iq-w an exjrt'cffion — Thomfon, with naore dig- nity, gills her the •* full udder'd mother.** BUating has nothing co ^do in the /rfl^/^7 of fl )cks. Ga/ping fame zixd Jplinterd peace arc ' low; fo is jugging throat. The ialt line is rendered extremely dif« gufiful to the ear, by an injudicions alliteration. The poem is,' otberwife, not dellituie of imagination or fplrit ; and the Author, if we miAake not, has received our approbation of his more fuccefsful^ ^.atiempts. I Art. 27. Bedukahy cr^ the Self • Divoted i an Indian Paftoral. ^y the Author of St. Thomas's Mount f. 4to. as. 6 d. Dodiley, The fubjcct is an Indian wife voluntarily committing herfelf to the flames with her deceafed hufband. This demoniacal cuHom flill pre* vails among the Gent )os,; of which, however, the Author fays, * What heroifm can with this compare ?' t A Ihort review of the poetical defcription of St, Thomases Mount wa* given in our 50th vol. Number for April, 1774. X jC^ji^Q^*^^ ijg Fas t-D ay Sermons. The l!ory is rot well told, and the poetry is but middling. We know not why this piece is called a pailoral : iha: fpccies ot poefy abhors fuch dreadful bufinefs, f Commercial. •^^ Art. 28. J Regijler of the Trade of the Port of London \ fpecify- ing the Articles imported and exported, arranged under the rc- fpeiflive Countries ; with a Lift of the Ships entered inwards, an4 cleared outwards. No. I. for January, February, and March, 1776. To be continued. By Sir Charles Whitworih, Member of ^ Parliament. 8vo. 2 s. Flexney, &c, % Encouraged by the favourable reception given to The State of tht Trade' of Great Britain^ lately publi(hed* by Sir Charles Whitworth, lie has now formed the defign of laying before the public * as accu- rate accounts as can be' procured, of the articles or fubjed matter of the exports and imports of the port of London;' the proportion of which, ' to the whole trade of the kingdom,' has [he thinks] been calculated * at three- fourths.* Whether, by • the kingdom,' he means Great Britain, is not clear ; but, we imagine, he confines his climate to England. That a colU3ive njieiv of this kind may be ufeful to the public* it admitted ; but we agree with a writer in one of the morning prints, that if Sir (Charles would add Tables of each arti^le^ in order to (hew the total quantity, imported and exported in the whole year, fach addtdon would render his book exceedingly valuable. School Book*. Art. 29, An IntroduSiion to Reading and Spelling. In four Parts. 1. The Principles. II. Leflbns in Profe and Verfc. III. Seleft CtaOes of Words; IV. Monofyllables ranged by their Sounds. To which is prefixed, a Plan of the Work, with fome Diredions to Teachers. By William Scott, Teacher of Englilh and Writing in Edinburgh. Svo. 1 s. 6d. Edinburgh printed, and fold ia London by Richardfon, &c. 1776. An ufefal companion to a very important clafs of inftroflors-^ thofe who teach children to read and fpell. If the directions pre^ fixed to this fmall volume were properly regarded, they would pre- vent the nurture of bad habits in early life, which maturer age and more elaborate precepts are fcarce fufficient to corred. The leilbiu are numerous and feledted with judgment. f| _ Ai^$. SERMONS preached December 13, 1776, being the Day appointed for a Public Fast \ continued: See our laft Month's Review, p. 79. •XV H. Tht Prevalence of Religion and Firtue in a State, the omlj AJTurance of national Profperity. — At Beenham, Berks. By the R«v. T. Stevens, D. D. Vicar of B.-enham. 4to. is. Crowder. The Author brings a heavy charge of the mod abandoned and depVaved wickednefs and irreligion againd our age and nation; in which, we hope, he has done us great injuflice. He exprefles hit • See Review for Nov. 1776, p. 334. fears. Fas t-D ay Sermons. 159 fears, that the horrible ingratitude and rebellion of our American brethren, affords fome degree of evidence, * that our fins ba've fepa- rated God from us — that as the fenfe of religion feen)s to be a1m:>/i •wholly left to us, God is pleafed to cxercife the feverc mercies of a father, that punilhes* his obftinatc and rebellious children, to JK:cal ns to a fenfc ©f duty by the rod.'— How different this harfh drain, from the moderate and candid tenour of Dr. Butler's Faft-fcrmoa before the Hoofe of Commons ! See our laft, p. 78.— Dr. S. appears, neverthelefs, from this.difcourfe, to be a very fcnfiblc man, as, we doubt not, he is a truly pious divine. XVt'I. Go'vernment not originally pr octe ding f rem Human Agtncy^ hui Di*uine Inftitution. Preached at Ottery St. Mary, Devon. By Joha Colleridge, Vicar of Ottery, &c. 410. is. Rivington, &c. Strongly linftured by the fame accufing fpirit which is {o confpi- cuous in the difcourfe above mentioned ; but Mr. Colleridge has added a dafh of the old do6lrine oi faffive obedience, &c. to render hit performance the more fuitable to the prevailing politics of tha times. XIX. ^ be proper Mode of ob/erving a Public Faft, conRdered and ex* plained. By William Carpenter, D. D. Vicar of Trencglos, cum ♦ Warbftow, Cornwall. 4to. 6d. Robinfon, &c. Although Dr^C. is not lefs fcvere than other preachers, in arraign- ing the principles and morals of the times, he does not prefume to infer that God has forfaken us. He very properly, however, urgea every motive to a jading repentance of thofe fins with which we are jaftly chargeable, and to a X^tz^y reformation of condudl, left a worfi} thing than a provincial revolt befall us : Divine Providence having in ftore many other inftruments of national chafti.^cmcnt, befidct war. This is properly illuftratcd from David ! Dreadful alternative, when he found himfclf under the ncceiBiy of choofing one of the three terrible calamities denounced againft him, Sam. ii. 24.. XX. Before the Univerfity of Dublin. By Thomas Leland, D. D. Senior Fellow of Trinity College, and Vicar of St. Ann*s, Dub- lin. 4to. I s. E. Johnllon. Dr. Leland appears to have formed as bad an opinion of the good ' people of Great Britain and Ireland as any of the fo.'-egoing preachers. * He warmly inveighs againft the vices and follies of all ranks, and gives them no credit for any virtues : which, in truth, does not fecm to be altogether yii/>, nor wholly confiftent with the honeft maxim which enjoins us to allow the very devil his due. How different, by the way, is the praflice of the preacher and the painter: the latter making it a rule to give handfome likeneffcs, while the for.i^cr feems to think it his duty to make his portraits as ill-favoured as polliblel Perhaps both ^^ flatterer and the declaimer are culpable, in proportion aa they deviate from the truth of resemblaicce. Dr. L.'s fermon, however, will be diftinguiftied from the gene- rality of the printed difcourfcs on the late public faft, by the fupe- rior elegance and liberality ot his language, as well as by the amiable candonr and benevolence with which he laments the prefent unhappy * Would not this have fcemed more peculiarly proper, had tlie Doftor been preaching to the Americans r dlviuon i6o C0RR£SP0r;D£NC£« l^t>"-»-**-^ divifion in the Britiih empire, and irs ruinous confequerces, to cither party. la this refpedl, th;: worthy Author manifclts not only the duti* ful aod loyal fuhjed, but the pious ano charitable Chrillian. XXI. A fine ere ^ general ^ and conjlijit Refer mat ten of Manners reeomt mended^ At Eling, Hants. By the Rev. Philip Le l^rocq, M. A. Curate of Eliuor. 4to. 6d. Beecroft. The general tenor of Mr. Lc Brccq's difcourfc is fiT.ilar to what has been remarked of thcfe nientioirjd in the preceding part of this lift. The Preacher's loyalty is ccjuaily manifcllcd in hi^ keen invedlivc agriinft the Americans, .imi i.n his warm encomiums qa • our gracious fovereign,' and * h:^ molt amiable queen.' This, wc iKlicvc, is the only p«in:ed fermon, on the late fail, in which her majefty has been nom!nally introduced ; an J wc have no objcdioi> to the juft tribute (>\ *.raife which is 'nt:rt offered at the facred thrine of royalty:— wc brg the Author's pardon, however.— for he declares that the queen ' is enthroned aisuve all praise.' Can any courc* preacher of them all go higher ? aXH. At Hampttead. B. Francis Humphreys, M. A, Ledurer of Hampdead. 4to. Cadcll. This gentleman is not one of ihofe pious caricarurers who delight in drawing ugly reftmblnntc?. He iccms (if we mirtake notj to confider the .igc as more frivolous chun wicked; in which idea, we imagine, he comes nearer the truJi of cnimation, than fome of hit reverend brethren have done, in iheir vio'ent decl.imadons. Hue his difcourfe takes, chiefly, a pLht:ei\l turn. He exhibits a Ihort * view of the origin and progrcia of tha: uiiha.^jy difpute which has caufcd To much contention in this kii^jjdom, ana lo much diltrtfs ii| America.' He throws the who!c bia'r.c on the cc oiiiils; bur he ufes no afperity of language; apptarin'; r.ilv r in ti t. amiable light ©fan advocate for moderation, a:;cl ? picichcr i.l'peuCi and brotherly love : — pioullv and aidenily 1 »i'kiiii^ forw.ird ry time (may it no: be J.r di!l:irt!) wh-n d-jr /•TfO'-^^V th^ll be turned into fhughjharcs^ anc omt jpian m\o p.unii.g hecks. CORRESPONDENCE. R. MAGELLAN prcfcnib his refpcfts to :hc Authors of :he ^ A'.-i.'.v-Tv, nnd rt-qjcl.. il.iit they wuuld Ouke public jiciu.a'ioii on the two lifiO'. pAj'.e ^i)\ or toe )a:e j^'r/tw- M for.iC laj:-ll dix i»i Vol. L\ . \*ntrc:n they c; o:e r.:s name, ar. mcntiouinii, so Monf. de Cailillon. the noL'e ulfcLpe of four fat d^uMziety ivh.ch i\ r. de M(.nii^;:y hud ccrjiruc/ed. — \i is inH a teiefcope^ bnt a large hurain^ /t'Aj ccnipoicd ol two glais-wonv ex fui faces, ai.d liiitd with fpi'.;i.s of wine. Mr. Prudalne dc Montigny \n not a cjnfiru'Mor or maker of filcxopcs : he is a pcrlbn ot rank; one of the royal coanicl to the king of France, gcncral-inteniian: of the fiuuucs^ a:id a mjn »»f Jiirge ^oriunr", n great lo\cr of philorophical uudcrcrilcings, &c. H« has caufrd tnai great burning lens to be made, at his o^vn cxpeoce. (near a thouland pour.ds Ikriing) by Mr. B-Tiiiers. a ^njy ingenioui and able engineer ^ who has given proof* of hia abiiitie* in many other inltanced. s ^ < ^ THE MONTHLY REVIEW, For M A R C FI, 1777. Art. I. A Paraphrafe and Notes on tBi EpiftUt of St, Pan! to the Gat^ iatimmi and Efbifinn'* Witb do£lriBtl' and pradical Obfervations* T<^mher wi^b a V. I448-9. where *^ nature" can mean only ** that ^ourfe of life a man hatS been long habituated to;" and fpeak* jng of a perfon he introduces, he gives him this charader, ^* that he was wife by nature," which hie himfelf explains, of ^* bb being ingenious from his childhood." Nab. v. 875. «£lfan, deferibing the natural enmity between the Trojans and fl valuable privileges and benefits/ Our learned Writer fuppofes, that the Apoftle allM^es. again in v. 15. of the (ame chapter, to Diana of Epbefus, who was (he coinmon goddeia of the Afiatic cities ; and in oppofition to her claims,, he; tells the Ephefians, that they belonged to 7^ qpbler facpily, whofe cpmoioa father was God. A fimilar allufion. to the tefsple of Diana^ be fuppofcsi Is dircoYCfable i^n v. iS^ au4 bf applies tbe.terma hrimkbrnid Imgeb^ &c. which irt tht profierttes c^ » buiMIng^ DM ID the love of Chrift, as iaeerprcters have commonly don«^ but to chat fpirilual temple, which was founded and ck£M bj^ God s the breadth and length of which etrteaded a^ wide it tha uaivBrfe, cooiprehendihg belicvUrs of all ilations; ai»d iiadepfh aad height was froui easth to heaven, imrhidmg angeU aad men^ Thia alJufuin is yety beautifully traced oa« and ilhffir^ed ia other paffiiges.— ^But we muft not enlarge. We fee, through this whole worlc;^ evident traces of an dri* gbal interpreter ; who is not employed tn laboridufly coilefting aod compariag the criticifms of ofheit commentacori^ bat wKor explores the true fenfe of the facred Writer by native ftrengtb^ oC judgment^ and by caHing in the afiftance of exteiffive read- ing, and intimate acquaintance with the language of the Writer, ind of the cuftoms ef the age in ^«ch he lived. We fhall fur- ther only exprefs oar concern, witn the Editor, that any part of St Paul's Epiflles has been omitted by this learned Writer, aqd our wiih, if any pofthumous worlca of the fame kind re« nutifl, that tfaofe in wfaofe hands they are depofifted, may oicee with fdHcient encouragement to make them public. ^^L^ ^ Art* XL RtfliSiioms on Gamiji^% Annuities and ufutinu Contracts. 8vo. IS. Dkvies. 1776. THERE are few Pamphlets more feafonable or better adapted to the purpofe for which it is deiigned, than that which is the fubjed of the prefent article. The evils the ingenioMS Writer propofes to reftrain, and correS, are very gcnei^ and prevailing; their dangerous and de(lru(3ive ten« dtuKy is here exhibited in a maflerly manner ; and we heartily wUh that thofe who are immediately concerned, would advert to. tbefe njk^iaasyhom a prefumption that they could not perufo them without profits They will ferve, however, to guard the yet uDCorrupted; and (hould be put into the bands of fucb aa are likely to be expofed to tboie temptations,. againft which th^ are offered as an antidote. ./ Gaming* (fays our anonymous Author) particularly in high life, has no decent advocate to appear in its caufe, but is froa the very beginning, a fordid^ ungenennis, diflioneft paffion^ to appropriate what is neither wanted on ona fide, orcao be fpared on the other; iu objed is puriiied with care and, inquietude,, poflefled without enjoyment, and loft with fulieaneis and d^gfin. Its vi^'ms apfwar more like criminals dragged by fofco befpie an: inquifitioo, tba the felkr himrdf, and to the public at large ; ttid many of the ill confequences attending then) are properly re- ptit^xtA snd expofed. • * TlHit it iff the indifpenfable dirty as ii^cll is t!fre indifpufable right of the legrflature, either to dry uprthis ibdrceof deftruffiony or to cofffiiTe it by pre^r regtilar'ron^, citidoc, I think, be de- nied ; but here a' more important queftioit arifcs how to re- concile mercy and joftice together, how to giv^e the ftatute a ffetrofpefitve operation, withoot deviating from the purcft fpiric of equity, and without that blot upon leg flation, an ex poji faifo law.' Our Author fliews what provifion' (hould be made in equity for thofe who have sdready purchafed annuities ; and Ae propofes that the retrofpedton of an ad (hould be fuch as that all annuities fhcnld be abolilhed for the future, and the holders of thofe already granted reduced as nearly and as favour- ably as poflible, to the condition of lenders ztfiue per afiU Objections againft a rerrofpedive ftatutc of this kind are' c:(it- vafied and anfwcred. ^ I am highly fenfible, fjys the Author, df the great difficulties that muft attend any attempt to reforni mifohiets fo various and univerfal. Ufury is a Pi^oteus Whick' puts on more (bapes than I have either Idfiire or knowledge to pinrfue, and which muft ht all cnilhed together, or the remedy would be infidious and defe£live ; a thing im'poffible by the moft Judicious fingle regulation, without a feverity inconfiftdnt with freedom, and which would defeat its own purpdfe; when either phyfic or laws are too fevere, they are vomited up again, acid never enter the circulation. Btit there is no mlfchief that can ftand before a purfuing, perfevering legiflature; even the Popifli clergy were hunted out of all their firohg holds, though earthed in the very center of the human heart. But this was not the purfuit of a feflions, it was a chafe of three hundred years, from the time that Becker was unkennelled in the reign of Henry the Second, till the modern xra of the refor- mation. < It has been faid that' a gredt PerfoiTage, whdfe illuftrious example in itfelf (hould have a difTdfive weijg^hr, has exprfei&d m deftre that fome immediate ftrp (hould be taken' for the'pre^n- tion of the growing evils which have b'eeh the fubje6t of this little ciTays if this be true, it is to be hoped that' cftbeV fottib' remedy will be attempted, or that a chang^ of n^nnnerb amiotag the great may render it unneceflfary. Since we llazard fd'nf^Uch by the influence oF the Crown, it is but fair that it (hoafd be made up to us by the influence of the Royal chah<9efr.* A bill has been broogbt into the Houft of Cothmbti^, and is now depending for re(!rainihg and preventifT^' the evil which our Author has expofed ; and wc hope that it Will provide a radical and effc6lua) remedy. '^•il. Art. ( I7J ) Art^ in. lU/loff€dlMmein 9/ Jf« dg FiJtutft^ coftdaded. See dot iaik, p. 113. \yf7Hilc Mr. Voltaire ^as emploved, and amufed, j^s alrcadf ^^ related, in Qur lajt'cnontti s Journaf, a worthy old gentle- man, M^ du Tille.t, matter in oxdiiiary of the Queen's faouie- buld, recoqimendeUto bis proteAiqn, an alqfiQ(^ fii^^ndlefs young J^dy,— the grarnl-daMghter of the great Cormeille. Out Author readily accept^ the charge, obferving, with his ^ifua] pleafantry,- ^ that it was no more than the duty of ati old foldter to {tfyt the grand-daughter of his general.' Mifs Cornej}le arrived at his country-houfe [Deuces'] near Geneva^ where Madame Depis * received her with the greatef} beacvo- ience, ^u^ checr^u)jy.luo^qrtool;t() finijOh her education ; and at the end of three years, M. Voltaire had the fAtisfatdioa of feeiii^ her married to M. Dupuis^of the P^s dt Gtx^ a Captain, and fince a &pld oQicer of dragoons. Mr. .and Madame Dupuis continued to live w^h their generous patcon ; and befide the portion which M. Voltaire gave with the lady, he fet about a Commentary ott tlM«N>rk9of Pierre Corkbille, which he propofcd topub* lifll by Tubfcription \ and fo great was the fuccefs of his under* takitig^ that in a tittle time M^^c Dupuis had 50^000 livie^ fo^ a wedding; nrcfeixt f* A variety of inijta^ces of our Author's philanthropy, and of iijs munificence on particular occaiion&, are recorded in tbe£B 9)l|a0^irs ; but tW ai^^ive benevolence haa been moft iiluftrioufly iQMiifeAed in the memorable and well-known aflPair of tlie Caku family, and in that of the Sirvins. As we need not, now, repeat the particulars, we (hall only obferve, that his generous CQndnA, with regard to thefe traofaflions, will ever remain bii aioblefl mondment 1 and may even (brve, in fome meafure, tot atpnCn wUh pigMS and. ojcUiodox Chriftiaa?, for whatever may IfjLvct p^cullirly offepded titieip in his writings : where his ab^-' Hprrei^ie aad contempt of the fraAids atud impofltions of Popery, anay have provoked him, like y4ici in the Tale of a Tub, to- rend tke coat, while he was too eagerly employed in tearioi; away the fringe. The ciiy of Geneva having been immerfed in ihteftine divi- fions and troubles, which had been increafing fmce the year 1763^ M. de Voltahre was induced, by theic difturbancea, ta give lip. his hoafe of DeUc^s to Meilrs. Tronchin, and ta refide attpgjetker in hia. €a(Ue. of Ferney ; which he had entirely re- * Voltajrc'c niece, ^ The.Kiq£of France fobfcribed 10,000 Kvres ; and (bme other prinees followed his M^efiy Ves^ajapla; as did alfp the French joobility^ \ Ponpadoo^; &c. &jc. built^ 1 74 Hiftorhal Aiinuits oftbi Jutbor of tin HiwrtuJe^ h\x\\ty and adorned withg^deni * laid out with agrceaUe &m* plicity/ f^ * The qutrrel among the dtisent at Gcnla, rofe to fnch a pitchg that on the 15th of Febrvaiy, 1770, tke one party £red npoa the other ; fome people were killed* and a nonber of tradefmea with their ftroilies, came and begged an-afylamwith M. de Voludre, which he immediately granted. He receifed Ibme of them into his caiUe, and in a few years had fifty hoofes of hewa ftone built lor the reft : fo that the Tillage of Ferney, which at thedme of hit parchafe, was only a wretched hamlet tenanted by lbrty*iiiiie miferable pea* fants, devoared by poverty, difeafe, and taz-gatherert ; very ibon became a delightful place, inhabited by twelve huadred people^ comfortably fitoated, and fuccefsfnlly employed for theoiielvet and the nation. TheDoke de Choifeul protedod cUt inhmt colony with all his power, fo that they were loon in a fitoatioa to eftaMiih a confiderable trade *• * One thing worthy of attention is, that though this colony was compofed of Roman CathoKcs aad Froieftants, it would have been impoffible to difcover that there were two different raligioBs in Ferney* We have feeii the wives of the Swifs aad Genevans* with their own hands, prepare three repoibirs for the hoft, agaiaft the proceflton at the ieftival of the holy facrament. • They aiSfted at the ceremony with the deepeft reverence ; and Mr. fiagonet, the new clergyman of Ferney, a man of a tolerating generous fpirit, took aD opportunity of thanking them .ia h^s.difcoarft. When a Catholic was fick, the Proteftants went to nurfe him, aad they VKt the like afliftance, when they had occafioa for it* * This was the tffetX of thofe pHndpies of homanity, which M. de Voltaire had recommended in all his works ; but more particalarljr in his treatife on toleration. He always faid that we were all bfo- thers, and it was from fads that he reafoned. The Gapwar/, the NoMtfet, the pAtowlUn^ the PamUans^ and other zadott, bittti^ reproached him with it; hot it was becaofe they were not hia brethren. ' Behold this infcription, Deo Erexit, upon the chuich I have built, faid he, to thofe travellers who came to vifit him. It is to God, the common father of all men. Perhaps it is the only diarch we have, which is dedicated to God aloae. * More th^n one fovereign prince may be reckoned among the number of flrangers, that came in crowds to vifit Ferney. Several of them, whofe letters are in our hands, honoured him with a con- flant correfpondence : the moft uninterrupted, was that of the King of Pruilia, and his filler Madame Wilhelmina Mamavine, of Bareith. * The moft interefliog period of this correfpondence, was that which paffed between the battle of Kolin, (on the 18th of JuAe^ 17^7) when the King of Pniftia was deleattd, and the afair of' Rofbach, where he was vi6h>rious, on the 5th of the following No- * * In another place we are informed, that the Empreft of Ruflia^ alone, and in the very heat of the war agmnft the Torhs, boaghc watches at Ferney, to the amount of $0,000 livrei. vember: tSflmcal Mimoirs rftbi Auib§r (ftbe Hinriade. 1)^5 rember: » nxt inftance of a correfpondence being kept np between a finple man of letters^ and a royal family of heroes ; of wbick tite ibljowiD^ memorable letter is a very eminent proof: * Letter from her Royal Highnefs the Princefs of Bareith, of the lath of September, iysT* " I was fenfibly af^ded with yoor letter ; and yours to the King, addfcfled to my care, had the fame effe^ upon him. I hope you wnh be pleafed with that part of his an f«ver, which concerns yon ; bat yoa will be as little fatisfied with his refolutions, as 1 am. I flattered myfelf with the hope that yoor refleAioas would have made iboie impreflion opbn his mind, bnt by the inclofed note, yoo wiH fee the contrary.. If his. fateproves unfortanate, nothing remains fo# me, bat to follow it. I never prided myfelf on being a philofopher, boc 1 havia done my endeavoor to become one. The little progrefs I havemadet has ua^dic me todefpife riches and grandeur; hot 1 have fimad aochiag in philolbphy, which can heal the woonds of the heart, except it be the ^ttng rid of all ills, by ceafing to live. My fitua* tion is worfe than death. I fee the greateft man of the age, my 6iead and brother, in the moft dreadful extremity. I fee my whole iamiljr e^ pofied to perils and dangers ; my country torn to pieces by mcrcileit enemies: the country where I am at prefent, perhaps threatened with fimitar misfortunes. I wifli to heaven that thefe evila which I now mention to you, were to hl\ npbh me alone — X would faiier with ileadiridi. ** Pardon this detail { but the ihare yon take in whatever regards nte, engages me to open my heart to you, Alas f even hope is almoft banilheQ. Fortune when ihe changes, is as conflant in her perfecu- tiont, at ihe was in her favours. Hiflory is full of thefe examples, baa I have never ieen a fitoation like to ours, nor fo cruel or in- human a war, carried on among civilized nations. If you knew the iitnation of Germany and Pruffia, it would draw tears from your eyes. The crueides which the Ruffians commit in Pruffia, make na- tuie ftiudder. How happy are you in your hermiuge, refting under the flude of your laurels, where jon may deliberately philofophife upon the miicondoA of men ! I wiOi you all poffible happinefs there. ** If Fortune ihould fmile again, you may depend upon my ac- knowledgments; 1 ihall never forget the proofs of attachment which yott have given me; my fenfibility fliali be my pledge ; I am never a friend by halves, and I (hall always be truly one to brother Voltaire. «' WILHELMINA. ^ Prefeat my compliments to Madaae Denis. I entreat you con- tinue to write to the King." * We may fee by this afie£Ung and well-written letter, what an ex- cellent heart the Margravine of Bareith had, and how well fhe de* ierfcd the encomium beftowed upon her by M. de Voltaire, in an ode lamenting her death, which was printed with his other works. But what mav be chiefly obferved is, the dreadful misfortunes which wars, undertaken upori flight pretences by Kines, bring upon the pub- lic I they likewife may fee to what they expoie themlefves, and how unhappy they are in being the cauie ofmifery to whole nations. ' Then, and during the whole time of that fttal war, the Reclufe of Feraey gave every .poffible proof of kit attachment to the Margm- l vine ; 176 ISJhrial Mmoiri pftii Author b/ ite Himridie. irine; 6f his seal for the Kihg» her brother, and of his ]cve of peirr. He Mgaged Cardioal Tencin, who had at that time retired to Lyoni, to commence a correrpondeoce with the Margravine, in order to bring about the wi(h*d-for peace. The letters both of the Priticefs mod the Cardinal pafTed by way of Geneva, a neutral ilate« and throogh the hands of M. de Voltaire. ' After all the miflfortuots coafequent of the King of Pntfia*s defeat at Kolin, the refolution uken by th«t monarch, to march to- ^arda Saxony, near Meriboorg, and coofront the oombined armies of France and Auftria, that were greatly fuperior » nombers, white Marechal de Richelieu was at no great diftance with a Tfdorioos mrmy» will be looked upon as a very iiagular epoch. That monarch, in the midft of all his misfortunes, had fo much pnfieacc of mind, nnd was fufficiently mafter of his ideas to make his will in verfe. In writing it he did not conceal his misfSHtanea* bnt be fpoke of them like a philofopher, and looked upon death wkh a calm and fleadjr eye. We have this piece« which is a matchlefa monument, written entirdy by his own hand. * We have a iliil more beroic monamcnt of this rtiyal phiJofb- f^O S^^' ' — '^ " ^ )^itf to M. de Voltaire oMM^lkdoCJUpU^ twenty* ^^^ five days before his vidory at RofhaGh. " Jtfuiihommt^ ilfufft^ U nc pour U fiujrmui i^ *^ Aux rigueurs du deftin j •pp^ft ma fnfiami. Enough — I'm man, aUd therefore bom to woet. To rig'roos fate my firmnefs I oppofe. ** But though thefe be my fentimenu, I am far from condemning Cato and Otho.—There was not a fingle gloriouf monent in the Uk of the latter, bat that which concluded it. " Vtltain dans /on hermit agi ** Pent ^adonntr tn paix a la vertu dmjagh ** Dont PlatoH nous tra^a la lot: ^* Pour mot\ menace du naufrage^ •* y# dolt en affronter V or age •* Petifer^ •vi'vre H monrir en Roi\** Voltaire in fweet retirement laid. Beneath his fav'rite Femey's (hnde. May pradice Plato's facred lore ; For me, embarli^d on (tormyfeas. No fuccour nigh, no fav'rite breese. My (hip far diftnnt driven from ihoie* Though fiercely tumbling wave on Wtvet My fhatter*d fides the tctnpefU lave. And round my head the wild winda fiig;. Yet mufl I meet their fierceft hate, Profp'rona, or adverfe be my hxt. Think, live, die, as becomtfl a kidg.*^ • Nothing can be finer or more noble than thdb kft vcifea. Cor- neiile, in his beft days, could •otkavtwrittOi'Mqr thing bcmr; and whea Wft^cal Memln oftbi 4utbor tfthi Htnriadi. fjf wMa a^ battle ii gained after fucli yttkz^ the fublime can reach no lugher.' The following account is given of the fcheme for making a ftatue of our Author, by fubfcription : to be executed at Paris, by the famous Pigal. ' Thi« compliment was inik propofed in the year 1770, by a fo- reign lady, to feme truly learned men» to make Mr. V. amends for all the iniipid libels and ridiculous calumnies which fanaticifm and ig* Borance had heaped upon him. It was Madaine Nekcr, the wife of the refident from Geneva, who firft conceived this projed. She wu « woman of a highly cultivated underflanding, and if poiBble, her worth was even fuperxor to her genius. Her idea was eagerly catched at by all her vificants> upon condition that none but men of letters ihonld be fubfcribers to the undertaking. * The King of Pruffia, as a man of letters, to which title and to that of genius furely no man has a better daim^ wrote to the cele brated M. d'Alembert, and expreiTed his deiire to be among the iril to fubfcribe. His letter of the 28th of July, 1770, is lodged in the archives of the academy. **- The handfomeft moaoment of Voltaire is that which he hath «re^d himfelf, in his works. They will lad longer than the dome of Sc. Peter's, the Loovre, and all thofe buildings which vanity hat confecrated to eternity. When the French language (hall be no more fpoken, Voltaire will be tranilated into the language which (hall next focceed. In the mean time, while I am filled with the pleafure which his prodndions, fo various, and each fo perfefl in its kind, have given me, I cannot, without ingratitude, rejeft the propofal vhsch yon have made to me, of contributing to the monument which is to be ereded for him as a proof of public gratitude. You have only to let me know what it expected from me ; — I will refufe nothing for a llatue which does more honour to the men of letters who erett / / / it, than it poflibly can to Voltaire. It will be faid, that in the iaiifiA* -^^^^ I teenth century, while fo many men of letters were tearing one ano- ^/ ' ther in pieces through envy, there were (bme found fo truly noble and generous, as to do juflice to a man whofa genius and talents were fuperior to every age ; — that we deferved to pofTcfs Voltaire ;— and our latell poflerity will envy us that fingular advantage. The diftinguiihing celebrated men, and doing judice to their merit, is the way to encourage fuperior talents. It is the only recompence of worthy minds, and is jullly due to thofe who cultivate letters in an eminent degree. They procure the pleafures of the mind, which are more lafUng than thofe of the body ; — they foften the mofl favage manners ; — they fpread charms over the whole courfe of life ; — they render our exigence more fupportable, and death lefs terrible. Con-^ tinue then. Gentlemen, to protedl and celebrate all thofe in France who apply to, and are fo happy as to fucceed in, thcfe purfuits. Ic will be the greateft honour you can poOibly do your nation. FREDERIC." ' The Kingof Pruflia did more : he caufed a (latue of his old fer* vant to be made in his fine porcelain^ and fent ic to him with the word Immortatl^ infcribed upon the pedeftal.' Rtv.Mar. 1777. N .This . 178 HUtmcal Mimotn 9/ the Author of tDi ^»«, This unexpe£led honour ferved, as Voltaire foretold, to gird frefli provocation to his enemies. * AH the fanatic writers of the pBHt neuf'^^ fays our Author, * were upon him;' and in a letter to M. Tiriot, he pleafantly made the following ac- knowledgment : * All thefe gentlemen deferve (latues much better than I do ; and I coofefs that here are feme of them, whofe effigies ought to be flock up IB the Greve f .' Oar Author adds, that the ' Nonottes, the Frerons, the Sabotiers, and iheir companions, loudly declaimed : but he who perlecuted him with the greated cruelty and abfurdity, was a foreign moan* taineer» who was fitter for fwceping chimnies, than dire&ing con* icieoces. This very familiar gentleman wrote to the King of France, in the ftile of one crowned head to another, to beg the favour of him to expel a fick man, of feventy-five years of age, from the houfe which he built, from the lands which he had cleared, and from a hundred families, who derived their fubfiftence from him. The King thought the propofal was dilhoneft and unchriftian, and gave orders that the tatttr Crmpt might be told fo/ The mention of a fick man of 75, fecms to have brought in a particular account of the well-known affair of M. Voltaire's fending for a parfon, at this jundure, in order to receive fjr- tremt unSiion^ &c. The detail is pleafant enough ; and the ac- count of the forgeries to which this adventure gave birth, in order to render the fick reclufe completely ridiculous, is curious; and ferves to confirm the fufpicions we entertained, at the time^ that the declaration and profejfion of faith faid to have been made by Voltaire at the performance of the holy ceremony^ were mere forgeries. The following letter was written by our Author, on this occafion : ** I am not offended with thofe people, who have made me fpeak the words of holinefs, in a (lile both barbarous and impertinent ; they could have expreffed my true fentiments but badly ; they might have repeated in their jargon, what I have fo frequently publifhed in French, but they have not even expreffed the fubdance of my opinions. I agree with them; I join in their faith ; my enlightened zeal feconds their ignorance, and I recommend myfeif to their Sa- voyard prayers. I only beg the pious forgers, who digefled the deed of the 15 th of April, to confider that they ought not to counterfeit deeds, even in favour of the truth. The more the Catholic religion is true, (as all the world knows) there is the lefs need of telHag lies for it. Thcfc little liberties which are but too common, may autho* rife more dangerous impofiiions. People may very foon think they may be allowed to fabricate falfe wills, falfc donations, and falfe ac- cufations, for the glory of God. Mod horrid forgeries have been committtd on former occafions. • The G>«^-y?rf// of Paris, f The Gre*vi is the place of execution for criminals. «« Some Hijlmcal Memoirs of the Author of the Henriade. X79 ■* Some of the pretended wiinefles confefs that they were fuborned ; bat they wcrb made to believe that they were doing good. They have detlared, that they only told lies with a good intention. ** All this was done no doubt with the fame charitable intentions that the recantations were imputed 10 MefTrs. de Monicfquieu, de la Chaiotais, de Moniclar, and a number of other people. Thefc pious frauds have been in falhion about fixtcen hundred years: but whca ihefe good works go the length of falfehood, it is rifiting a gieat deal in this world, in expcAation of the kingdom of heaven," In the remainder of ihcfc memoirs, which end with the year I774» we have an account of the horrid profecution and death of the chevalier de la Barre, at Abbeville, and of the zeal and fuccefs with which our Author crpoufcd the caufe of the poor youn^ gentleman, a friend of the Chevalier's, who had been involved in the fame profecution. The crime for which they were fo cruelly condemned, is here faid to have been— * not kneeling in time of rain, before a proccfllon of capuchins, who had pafTed about 60 paces from them ; they were alfo ac* cufed of Tinging a rakilh fong of ico years old, and repeating Piron's ode to Priapus. * This ode of Piron's was a lewd flight of a young man, and looked iiyn as fuch a venial trefpafs, that the King of France, Louis XVt hearing that tne author was poor, gave him a pcnfion out of his privy purfe. Thus he who compofed the piece was rewarded by a good king, while ihcy who repeated it, were condemned to fuflPer the mod dreadful punilhmcnt, by fome inhuman mondcrs of a village. * I'hrce judges of Abbeville conduced the profecution, and the ientence was as follows : That the Chevalier de la Barrc, and his young friend (of whom we have been fpeaking), (hould be put to the torture ordinary and extraordinary, their hands be cut oiF, ihcir tongues torn out with pincers, and their bodies burnt alive.' We have, likewifc, toward the conclufion of this work, a recital of the means by which M. Voltaire freed his territory in the pays de Gex^ of the plague of the Sbirri^ or officers of the in- quifition ; who tormented the poor people, and involved the country in the moll dreadful mifcry. An account alfo is here given of a Mr. Clement, one of Vol- taire's literary perfecutors ; and whofc feverity • towards our Author, is pretty handfomely retaliated, — though in a few words. Speaking of Mr, Voltaire*s /a/^r works, it is obfcrvcd, that ' there area fort of tempers, which, having once contraftcd a habit of writ- ing, cannot rclinquiQi it in their moft advanced age ; — fuch were Huet and Fontcnelle. Though our author was weighed down with years and diforders, he was always chearfully employed. His Epidle to Boileau, his Epidle to Horace, the Tadici, the Dialogue of Pe- gafus and the Old Man, John who Laughs and Cries, and fevccal * See aa account of bis Invectives, Rev. 49, 50, 51. N 2 other i8o Noorthouck*s Hijtorical and Clajfical Di^iionarj. other pieces of that kind, were written at the age of eightj-t^wo^ In conjun6lion with two or three men of learning, he wrote three-fourths of The ^eftions on the EncycUpedie* As foon as each volume made its appearance, feveral editions of it were printed, and the whole are very incorreft.' The following anecdote is equally notable; and (hews, as our Author remarks, that * the eyes of envy are not always clear-fighted. That article already printed in the great Paris edition, was written by Mr. Poller de Bottens, chief pallor of the church of Laufanne ; a man truly refpedlable, both for his virtue and learning. The article is fenfible, inftrudive, and of profound erudition ; — we have the original in the author's own hand. While it was believed to be written by M. de Voltaire, there were a hundred faults found ; but when it wa< known to be the work of a clergyman, it became truly chriftian.' We have now given fufficient extrafts from thcfc very enter- taining memoirs ; of the authenticity of which, we have al- ready hazarded our opinion, in the beginning of our firft article. Subjoined to the memoirs, are a confiderable number of * Genuine Letters of M. de Voltaire.' That they^r^ genuine, we have no doubt : and many paflages from them might be extra£ted, for the amufement and information of our Readers ; but we muft haften to other fubje^ts. ^L Art. IV. An hiftorUal and clajjical Di^Unary : Containing the Lives and Chara6lers of the mod eminent and learned Perfons, in tv^xy Age and Nation, from the carlieft Period to the prefent Time. By John Noorthouck. 2 Vols. 8vo. izs. Cadell. 1776. WE have had many biographical colleaions, from Moreri, Bayle, the Biographia Britannica, &c. in foHo^ down to a variety, of inferior note, in o6iavozr\d duodecimo. The prefent work is the laft compendium of the kind, and confequently the mod will be expeded from it with regard to ruw lives and ad-* di t tonal zntcdotcs ; and if the Public be not too unreafonable in its expectations, it will not be wholly difappointed. Mr. N. appears to be a diligent and judicious compiler; — of which we have had other proofs^ in his hiftory of London *. He writes like an honeft, fenfible, intelligent man, — cnlifted by no party» and enflaved by no fyftem. The Author's main defign, as himfelf expreflcs it, in his preface, is * to convey to his Readers, in a diftin£t and concife * manner, the name, time, country, charafler, principal ac- * tions, or literary works, of the perfonages tnoft di(tingui(hed * in hiftory ; fo as to include the outlines of a general fyflem « of biography.' Both the utility of fuch a work, and the difficulty of extrad- ing it from the voluminous materials which were to be collected • Sec Rev. Vol. xlix. p. 36, and 96. for ■% Noorthouck's Hljiorlcal and Clajftcal DiGlonary. i8l for his purpofe, are fufHciently obvious; and while the Author aHigns the former as his reafon for undertaking the talk, he offers the latter as an apology for any dcfedts which may appear in the execution of hisdefign; pleading, that the attempt to condenfe that abundance of matter which lay before him, within the propofed limits, might at firft fight appear impracticable; and that to fearch out and abftraft fuch large memoirs, demands a clofer attention than ihofe who have never fubmitted to fuch labour, will readily conceive. In acompilement of this kind, the greater part of the ar- ticles mud undoubtedly be copied from preceding publications; and confequently, it will be no wonder if many of the errors of former compilers fhould have efcaped this Author's detedion. But, whatever are the unavoidable defed^s of fuch a perform- ance, the candid reader will readily allow him the praife which is his due; and which is, briefly, that of giving us a better compendium of general biography than we were before poflefled of. Where he has borrowed from his predeceffors, he has left out much of tlieir fuperfluous matter; he has made oc- cafional additions to fuch articles as appeared to require them; and he has interfperfed many names, worthy of fuch diftinc- tion, which had not before found a place in any work of the kind. — The two following lives are feledled as fpecimens; I. The account here given of that celebrated mechanician, Mr. Harrifon, is not the fame with that infcrtcd in the Appen- dix to the Biographia Britannicaf ; and contains, on good au- thority, (as we have reafon to believe) feveral particulars not mentioned there. • Harrifon (John) a moll accurate mechanic, the celebrated inven- tor and maker of the famous Time keeper for afccrtaining the lon^- tude at fea, and al!b cf the compound, or as it is commonly called, the gridiron pendulum ; was born ac roulby, in the parilh of Wragby, near Pontcfraft in Yorkftiirc, in 1693. The vigour of his natural abilities, if not even (Irengthened by the want of education, which confined his attention to few objefls, a: lead amply compcnfated the deficiencies of it; as fully appeared from the aftcnilhing progrcfs he made in that branch of meciianics to which he devoted himfelf. His fiither was a carpenter, in which profeflion the fon afTided ; occafion- ally alfo, according to the mifcellaneous pra^ice of country artids, farveying lands, and repairing clocks and watches. He was, from Lis early childhood attached by any machinery moving by wheels, as appeared while he lay fick of the fmall-pox, about the 6th year of his age ; when he had a watch placed open upon his pillow co amufe himfelf by contemplating on the movement. In 1700. he removed with bis father to Barrow in Lincondiire, where, though his oppor- tonities of acquiring knowledge were very few, he eagerly improved tvtry incident from which he might colled information : frequently employing all, or great part of his nights, in writing, or drawing: and he always acknowledged his obligations to a clergyman who -f That account is faid to be groisly erroneous. N 3 came 1 82 Noorthouck'j HiJlerUal and Clajfical DuTionarj. came every Sunday to officiate in the neighbourhood, who lent him 9 MS. copy of profeflbr Saunderfon's Le^nres ; which he carefully and neatly tranfcribed, with all the diagrams. His native genius exerted itlielf fuperior to thefe folitary diiadvantages; for in the year 1726, he had conllrudled two clocks, mollly of wood, in which he applied the cfcapement and compound pendulum of his own inven- tion : thefe furpafled every thing then made, fcarcely erring a fecond in a month. Jn 1728, he came up to London with the drawings of a machine for determining the longitude at fea ; in expectation of being enabled to execute one by the board of longitude. Upon ap- plication to Dr. Halley, he referred him to Mr; George Graham ; who difcovering he had uncommon merit, advifed him to make his machine before he applied to the board of longitude. He returned home to perform this talk, and in 1739, came to London again with \i\^Jirft maihtni\ with which he was fcnt to Lifbon next year for a tiial of its properties. In this rtiort voyage he corredlcd the dead reckoning about a degiee and a half, a fuccefs that proved the means of his receiving both public and prii^atc encouragement. About the year iT59t he completed )\\% feccnd machine ^ of a conftrudlioo much morefimple than the former, and which anfwcred much better: this, though not fcnt to fea, recommended Mr. Harrifon yet ftronger to the patronage of his private friends and of the public. His third machint, which he produced in 1749, was Hill lefs complicated than the fecond, and fuperior in accuracy, as eiring only three or four feconds in a *vee'<. This he conceived to be the ne plus ulira of his attempts ; but in an endeavour to in>prove pocket watches, he found the principles lie applied, to fuipafs his expedtaiions fo much, as to encourage him to make \\\^ four ih Time keeper ^ which is in the form of a pocket watch, about fix inches in diamet-r. With this 1 ime-keeper his fon made two voyac^cs, the one to Jamaica, and the other to Barbid->es ; in both which cvpcrimcnts it correded the longitude within the nearcft limits required by the ad of the I2lh of queen Anne; and the in- ' ventor therefore, at different times, though not without infinite trouble, received the propo/ld rewar i of 2o,ocol. Thefe four mrjcfiincs v.ctc given up to the board of longitude. The three former were not of any ufe, as all the advantages gained by making them, were comprehended in the lail: they were worthy however of being carefully preferved as mechanical curiofities, in which might be traced the gradations of ingenuity, executed with the moll delicate work* manihip! whereas, t.'.ey now lie totally ncgleded, in the royal ob- fervatory at Greenwich. The fourth machine, emphatically didio- guiilitd by the name of the Time-Jceeper, has been copied by the io- j^cnious iVi'r. Kendal; and that duplicate, during a three years cir- cumnavigation of the globe, in the fouthcrn hemifphere with captaia Cook, anAvered as well as the original. The latter part of Mr. Harrifon's life, was employed in making Si fifth improond, erred only ^\ fecoods. Within a few years of his death, bis ccnihtution viiibiy declined, and he had frequent fits of the gout, a difordcr that never attacked him before his 77th year : he died at bit i^oufi^ la Redl^ion fquare, Loudon^ on the 24th of Match, 1776, t «g«4 NoorihouckV HlJlorUal and ClaJJical DlSltonary. 1 8 j aged 83. The reclufe manner of his life In the anremittcd purfaic of his favourite objed, was by no means calculated to qualify him as a man of the world ; and the many difcouragements he encountered in foHciting the legal reward of his labours, ftill lefs difpofed him to ac* commodate himfelf to the humours of mankind. In converfingon his profeflion, he was clear, diHinfl, and moded, yet like many other mcer mechanics, found a difficulty in delivering his meaning by writing ; in which he adhered to a peculiar and uncouth phrafeology. This was but too evident in his De/cription concerning fuch Mecbanijfm as *will afford a nice or true Menfuration of Time ^ &c. 8vo, 1775; which his well known mechanical talents will induce the Public to ac- count for from his unacquaintance with letters, from his advanced age, and attendant mental infirmiues ; among which may be ranked his obilinate refufal to accept of any afliRance whatever in this publication. This fmall work includes alfo an account of hit new mufical fcale; or mechanical diviiion of the odave, according to the proportion which the radius and diameter of a circle, have refpec* ciiTely CO the circumference. He had, in his youth, been the leader of a diHinguiihed band of church-fingers; had a very delicate ear for mufic ; and his experiments on found, with a moll curious mono- chord of his own improvement, are reported to have been not lefs accurate than thofehe was engaged in for the menfuration of time/ With refpe£t to the opinion of the Monthly RevievirerSy in relation to Mr. Harrifon's inventions^ and improven>ents in clock work, his treatife, juft mentioned, entitled, Defcription^ &c. and his conduct with regard to the Public, and the rewards which he received, the curious reader is referred to our Number forOftober 1775. IL The life of Luther appears to be judiciouily compiled from Dr. Robertfon's Hiftory of Charles V, viz. * Luther (Martin) the great reformer, was the fon of a miner, and born at Ifleben in Saxony in 1483. He went through the nfnal conrfes at the univerfity of Erfurt, and entering into the Auguftin order in 1507, became a profcffor in the new univerfity founded at Wirtcmburg by Frederick eleftor of Saxony. Leo X. having ex- haufted his treafury by his generous and enterprizing temper, and being obliged to exert all his invention to raife money, publiihed a general fale of indulgences ; and farmed out the produce of Saxon/ /\ and the countries round the Baltic, to Albert, abp. of Mentz sm^ t^^ and Magdeburg. The Auguftin friars had ufually been employed in Saxony to preach up the indulgences, and had derived both profit and coniideration from the truft ; but Albert now employed the Dominicans, who over-afted their parts, and by their licentious pradUces and lives^ expofed the indulgences to contempt : they even boailed '' of having fo large a commiffion from the pope, that though a man fhould have deflowered the virgin Mary, yet for money he might be pardoned." Luther, at an Auguftin friar, refenting the aifront put upon his order, began to preach againft thefe abufes in the fale of indulgences; and being naturally of a fanguine temper, and provoked by oppofition, he proceeded even to decry indulgencey themfelves ; and was thence carried by the heat of difputc, to qocUion the authority of the pope, from which his adverfaries de- N 4 rived 1 84 NoorthouckV Hlftorical and ClaffUal DiSilonaryi rived tHetr ftrongeft arguments againft him. As he enlarged hit reading to.fapport this conte(l» he ftill difcovered fome new abafe or error in the charch of Rome ; and finding his fcntiments eagerly adopted, he was encouraged to proceed to more dangerous lengths, than he originally meditated ; to that by fermons, writings, and conferences, he daily augmented the num::er of his difciples. All Saxony, all Germany, alt Europe, were foon filled with the voice ' of this daring innovator; and men, as if roufed from a long lethargy, began to queftion the mod ancient and mod received dodlrines. The cl^or of Saxony favouring Luther*s defigns, protc6led him from the violence of the papal refentment; the republic of Zurich even re- formed their church according to his new model ; many fovereigna of the empire fhewcd a favourable difpofition to it; and Luther, naturally inflexible, could never be prevailed on, either by promifea or threats, to relinquifh the glory of heading fo formidable an oppo- fitionto papal tyranny, and of diflating religious faith and principles to moliitudes. Henry VIII. of England, who had not then quarrelled with the pope, wrote a Latin treatifeagainft the principles of Luther ; for which Leo conferred on him the title of Defender of the Faith : Luther, without regard to the dignity of his antagonift, retorted iharply ; and this treatment, added to the circumilance of his having publicly entered the lids againd him, were fufiicient to withhold Henry from receiving his doSrines, when other motives might have {o difpofed him. Neverthelefs Henry's book, which for a king was not contemptible, and Luther's advantage over him in argument, gave the reformer frefh ludre, fo that the attention of mankind was ilill more turned to him ; and the Lutheran dodlrine gained new converts in every part of Europe. In 1524, Luther flung oflF the monaf^ic habit, and the year after married Catharine de Bore, a nun. who fometime before had efcaped from her convent with eight more iifter profelytes to a tra«Et he had wrote againd vows of virginity : he confefTed, among other reafons, that this choice of a wife was partly aade as concurring with his grand fcheme of oppofing the catholics ; mod this fpiteful union was probably in her favour, by endearing her 10 him, for he found himfelf extremely happy in his conjugal date ; cfpeciaily when his wife brought him a fon, and he had three in all. Important as the events of Luther's life were in their confequences, oar limits will not allow defcending to particulars. Keeping there* fore to generals, it need only be added, that at the latter part of his life he had little to do but fit down and contemplate the mighty work he had eflFe&ed ! for fuch it might be deemed, that a fingle monk ihould give the haughty church of Rome fo rude a fliock, that there needed but fuch another to overfet it totally. The remainder of his life was fpent in exhorting princes and dates, and univerfities, to Con6rm the reformation; and in publifhing from time to time fuch writings as might aid and encourage them (o to* do. He died in 1546, and was buried at Wirtemburg with the greated pomp that perhaps was ever bedowed on a private man : Melandlhon pro^ nounced his funeral oration. There is nothing extraordinary m Lather's character being reprefented in two vtry oppofite lights : one party foaming with rage, imputed to him all the vices of an infernal being ; while the other, warmed with admiration and gratitude. %fy(i^i to him |>erfedions beyond humaA ^tuinmcot. From his i condadi Willis on ibi Matter of Agtjlmint Tythe. 185 condofl wc may however credit him with a zeal for truth, intrcpiditf in afTerting it, abilities to fupport it, and indudry in propagating it : his manners were pure even toauftcricy ; and hisdifintercllcdncfs may be pleaded In favour of his fincerity : he left honours and emoluments to his difciples, remaining fatisfied with his original appointments of profeflbr in the univerfity, and paftor of the town of Wirtcmburg. Jc would have been (Irange if he had been exempt from the paflions of human nature, and his advtriaries put them to a fudicient trial ; bat he manifelted no corruption or manevolence of heart; and we mull: always be jud enough to edimate men by the maxims and man* ners of their own times. In confequence of Luther's (Irenuous en* deavours to expofe the crafty ufurpatlon of the church of Rome, the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, England, Scotland, and near!/ one half of Germany, renounced the jurifdidion of the pope ; and in thofe countries which did not openly revolt, the difaffeftion broke oat with diflferent degrees of violence, or rankled fecretly. LaiUy, beiide difmembering the dominion of the Roman pontiflf, he even eFeded a reformation in their fyftem of politics, and taught them to govern the nations that dill adhered to them upon milder maxims^ and with a more lenient hand.' Although we acknowledge the utility of this work, we can- not fo far accede to the opinion which the Author has laboured to fupport, in his preface, as to think the alphabetical form the mod eligible for colledlions of this kind. After all that hat hitherto been done, in this walk of literature, a Chronological Biography, extraded from original authors, in which the lives of men of real eminence (hould be given in their proper clafles, and in the order of time, appears to us, to be (lill an important /n difideratum. — See more on this head in Rev. vol. xx)^viii. p. \^ 33-34- E.^5 6. Art. V. The Matter of Agifiment Tythe of unprefitahle Stock, in the Cafe of the Vicar of Htlbeacb, as decrted by Lord Chief Baron Parker f Baron Smjthe, iffc. in the Court of Exchequer in Michaelmas Term, 1768. By Cecil Willis. D. D. Vicar of Holbcach, and Prebendary of Lincoln. 4to. is. Newbery. 1776. it Giftment tythes are fuch as are due upon the pafturage Jt\^ of unprofitable cattle ; and unprofitable cattle are fuch as, having neither been brought to the plough nor to the pail, yield no tytheable produce. — To thefe may be added (beep, from the time they are (horn, to the time they are fold to the butcher, or otherwife difpofed of. What is mod material to the clergy in the prefent cafe, is the mode of paying thefe tythes* Dean Watfon, and, if we miftake not, Gibfon and Burn, and other writers of ecclefiaftical law, have propounded that the tenth of the total, or of the improved value, fliould be paid to the parfon, that is, if an ox bred by the farmer, and sever ufed in the plough is brought to market, the tythe of wbait he is fold for ihall be paid i but if be has been bf ought ' at i $- 1 86 Cameron'i FingaJ of Offian. at a certain age and afcerwai Js fold, the tenth of the improved value (hall then be paid. This was a vague and uncertain method \ and, in fa^, not founded pn any legal principle. For it is not the tyihe of the value of the cattle, (which might be more or lefs according to the ikill or ignorance, the good or ill fonune of the farmer) which is due de jure to the parfon : it is the tythe of the produce of the earth con- fumed during (he time fuch cattle are kept in an unprofitable ftate, that is primarily and ab origine^uc. This then muft be the mode of payment. A farmer breeds an ox, and at three years old fells him to a grazier for fcven pounds. — According to the above-mentioned authorities, the parfon would be en- titled to fourteen (hillings, but it fliall appear that he is not ; for, upon the fame principle^ he would have been entitled to the tenth part of the carcafe, had the farmer killed him,— - whereas he could have no fuch right, his claim being founded exc^ufively on the tenth of the produce confumed by the animal. He mud therefore be paid thus, £. s. d. What is the price of keeping ift year ? i O o What the fecond ? I IS O What the third ? 250 500 Tenth o 10 o When the ox is in the hands of the grazier, a fecond tythe artfes, probably to another parfon in another parifli. He keeps hi(i^(wenty 4ifeeks and (ells him to the butcher for ten guineas. The improved value is 3/. 10;. but the parfon (hall not be intitled to feven (hillings for agiftment tythe; for then he would avail himfelf of the (kill, addrefs and judgment of the grazier, who, for ought he knows, may have over-reached the butcher, and fold the animal for more than he will yield. It is the tenth of the price of keeping him twenty weeks that he may c4aim, which amounting to forty (hillings, leaves him four. And fo it is with refpe£l to colts and other animals coming under this denomination ; and this is the legal and equitable nr.ode of payment. The matter, however, is not io clearly fet forth in this pamphlet. 1 Art. VI. The Fingal of OJJian^ an ancient Epic Poem, in Six Books. Tianflatcd from the original Gallic Language by Mr. James Mac- \*££c^ ^ phcrfon, and now rendered into Heroic Vcrfe. By Ewen Came- ron. 4to. 15 s. Boards. Robfon. 1777. ^SSIAN is fallen with the mighty. His beard is Ijke the _ thiftle of the pafturcs, when the .northwind whiftleth on Che hills. £wen hath mowed it with his cutlafs, as the wtld- a Camcmn'i Flngal of OJfiari. \ 87 goat croppeth the flower. The beard of Oflian was as the foam of waters, white with the multitude of moons. Thethia down ftreameth through the air ; — it fallcth on the hunter in the morning, when the red dog howleth on the heath. He moveth it not from his cloak. The beard of Offian was facred ! Dire was thy cutlafs, Ewen, Ewcn of recent times : Dire was thy cutlafs, Ewen, Ewen that coupleil rhymes. So much by way of dirge on this melancholy occafion ! We fhall now attend to the ancient bard's misfortunes in humble profe. An attempt to reduce the defultory manner and wild meafures of Offian's poetry to the tame and regular march of the couplet, (hewed fuch an entire want of tafte and judgment^ that we could not poflibly hope any thing from this perform- ance, and, ofcourfe, we were not difappointed. On perufing the firft couplet. By Tura's lofty wall Cuthullin lay. Beneath the fhadow of a ruftling tree [tray]. We concluded that the tranfpofer had written in blank verfe, but we foon found that this was nothing but the Brogue [for the Brogue is not peculiar to Ireland] of which here are many curious inftances : Innumerable foes the land invade. And Swaran feems dccermin d to fucceed [fuccade]. • • • Bright from their Gdes of fleel a thoufand beams [bames] Inceflkni flafliing — fet the heath on flames. We huvc proceeded no farther than the fifteenth page, yet might wc, furtly, without impeachment of our candour or mercy, pafs feiucnce on the book without opening another fheet — But in publications of cohfiderable fize and expence, we generally fuffer an arreft of judgment, and in compafRon to a poet's pocket, at leaft, try all we can to fave him. To pro- ceed, then ; Mean time afcends the craihing din of arms. The gray dogs howl amidil the loud alarms. This is a happy mixture of the fublime and the familiar, and conveys a perfedt idea of a battle between two butchers* dogs and their mailers (which is not rarely the cafe) at the fame time. Roar through the pride of Locblln'a thick array. And routed drive them headlong to the Tea [fay]. This is addrefled to a chief, previous to his attacking the ene- my ; and neither is the language nor the idea common ; for he is taught to attack them with roaring. Now this implies a (i- militude, which, being barely underftood, heightens the fur- prize. The latitude of the idea too is extenfive ; the chief pa^^ attack them either as an byaenaj a bull, a lion^ or an afs : For l8g The Goat's Bear J : A Fable. For novelty's fake, which is the foul of the furprifing, we will Atpj>ofe the laft. Fatigu'd, rcply'd the chief, I ftepp'd in here. An inftance of the eafy and familiar — I ileppM in, Miftrefs, to warm my fingers and my tees. Concerning a difpute between two heroes for a pied bull, the Author fays. About this bead arofe fach fierce debate. That often fword in hand the heroes met. This, too, is eafy and familiar, but feems to be exceeded in that way by the following. For I a valiant chief nam'd Comal knew, Who inadvertently his miftrefs flew. As the poetical gardener faid of the ftatues of Cephalus and Procrii, He bent his bow and (hot at random. And kiird his wife for a memorandum. Mr. Macphcrfon endeavoured to make Homer fpeak like the Englifli Oflian ; this Writer has attempted to make Oflian fpeak like the Englifh Homer : both have failed : but fome re- fped was due to the former, as to a man of genius, whofe labour was mifemployed ; the latter, equally void of talents and tafte, has no claim to our attention. %♦ A former tranflation of Fingal was publiHied in 1772 ; fee Review, vol. xlvii. p. 71. Of this, a new edition has juft made its appearance, it is by no means fo defeftive a per- formance as the work which is the fubjeft of the prefent Ar- ticle ; but we cannot give it our approbation. 1 Art. VII. The Goat's Beard: A ?Me. 410. i s. 6 d. Dodfley. I777- FABULISTS, in vcrfe or profe, are moral preachers. The text of the fermon before us lies in the 4th book and 14th chapter of Phzdrus, where it is thus written : Earbam Capellae quum impetrafTent ab Jove, Hirci mcerentes indignari cceperant, Quod dignitatem fceminx aequafient fuam ; *' Sinite, inquit, illis gloria vana frui, *' £t ufurpare veftri ornatum muneris : *' Pares dum non Anc veilrz fortitudini." Hoc argumentum monet ut fuilineas tibi Habitn efie firoiles, qui fint vxrtute impares. « The purport of the above Fable is this. When the She-goati had, by their intreaties, obtained of Jupiter the privilege of having Beards as well at the Males, the He-goats grew aiigry ; and cora- plainedy that he had degraded their dignity by admitting the ftmales CO equal honours with themfelves. To The Goat's Btard: A Fable. J89 « To which the God replied. That if they would take care to pre- £erve the real aod cfTeatial advantages which their fex gave then ever the other, they would have no reafon to be dilTatisfied with let- ting them participate in what was merely ornamental.* From thefe words the prcfent Leflurer (who has the honour of being Poetical Chaplain to his Majefty) has given the fcxcs many ingenious documents. After an oblique refledion on the Bucolics of Virgil, intimating that the poet has affigned t6 IMantua the fcenery of Naples, our Englifli Phaedrus (or rather Fontaine, for the fable is more in his manner) rcprefcnts a coterie of the goals addrciSng Jupiter to render them equal to the males, by honouring their chins with a beard. Jupiter, in a frolic mood, grants their petition, which occafions a remon- ftrancc from the Goaterie of males, and obliges the God to cm^ vene tbtjlatei^ in order to determine the claims of both fcxes : The God appeared, in proper ftate. Not as the arbiter of fate^ With all chofe endgns of command Which fway the air, the fea, the land. But yet with dignity, to draw Attention, and becoming awe. ** Approach :" he cry'd, " your idle ftrife *• Has rais'd a thought : I'll give it life. " For know, ye Goats, my high behcfls ^* Shall not be thrown away on Beafts. ** When ^exe$ plead, the caufe is common ; ** Be Goats no more, but Man and Woman'* Having wrought this transformation, Jove proceeds to dc- fcant on the original deftination of the feveral fexes : *'« When firft I different fexes form'd, \ * •* Happy myfelf, with goodnefs warmM, '* I meant you help-mates for each other 1 ** The ties of father, fon, and brother, <* And all the charities below " I kindly meant (hould fpring from you. '< Were more exalted fcenes your lot, '* I kindly meant, as who would not, " The Fair fhould fooih the Hero's care, ** The Hero (hould proteft the Fair ; '^ The Statefman*s toils a refpite find '' In pleafures of domedic kind ; '* And Kings themfelves in focial down *' Forget the thorns which line a crown. ** In humbler life, that Man fhould roam «« Bufy abroad, whilfl ihe at home '^ Impatient for his dear return *' Should bid the crackling incenfe burn, '* And fpread, as fortune might afford, <' The ^ial feaft, or frugal board. •' The joys of honeft Competence, •* The folace even of Indigence." After 190 7^^ Goat's Beard: A Fable. • After having laid down thefe general principles, he particu- larly addrcffcs the ladies \ and in his difcourfe to them, as well as in his more folemn harangue to the gentlemen, we think the Heathen Godhead rather inclined to be pedantic, and that bedifcovers too great an inclination to (hew his reading, which feems to lie rather out of his way, as he deals chiefly in mo- y dern hiftory. Much of what he fays, however, is not un- y/^ worthjLthe attention of his fair auditors. We are particularly / plcafcdlwith the following paflages : / + Some dames of lefs athletic mold. By mere misfortune rcnder'd bold, Hav6 drawn the dagger in defence Of their own fpotlefs innocence, O'er thefe the peniive Mufc ihall mourn. And Pity'a tear (hall grace their arn. f Others, a more heroic parr. By juft revenge to fury led. Have plung'd it in a huibind's heart. And triumph'd o'er the mighty dead. Though laurels are their meed, 'tis true. Let milder females have their doe. And be with humbler myrtles crown*d. Who X fuck'd the poifon from the wound. • • • Glorious, no doubt, it is, to dare The dangers of the Sylvan War,^ When foremoft in the chace you ride Some headlong fieed, you cannot guide. And owe, by providence, or chance. Your fafety to your ignorance. But ah! the confequential ill Might there reftrain ev'n woman's will, Thefurrough ploughed by Tyburn || hat On the fiiir forehead's Parian flat ; The freckles, blotches, and parch'd (kins. The worms, which like black-headed pins Peep through the damaik cheek, or rife On nofes bloated out of fize. Are things which females ought to dread.— But you know bed, and I proceed. + • Some 1 Of thefe two afleriions the Author docs not thufc to \ * Others j give examples, as Some might be thought fabulous, and Others invidious. t « Suci'J the foi/om] Whether the (lory of Eleanor of Caftile, wife to £dward the Firil of England, is fiaitious or not, the Eleanor Crofies exifling at prefent, are a fufficient teftimony of her httiband*s affeflions, and his gratitude to her memory.' g * Tyhurn hat] The fmali round hat; which acquired its oame from its being the di(lingui(hing mark of a pick*pockec : it U now adopted by gentlemen and ladits.' Ia The Gcai": Biord : A Fable, 191 • • • In modern days, the female pen Is paramount, and copes with men. Ladies have led th' inllruftive crew, And kindly told us all they knew. In France, in Britain, many a fcore.— I mention none — to praife the more. And yet in that fame little iile I view, with a peculiar fmile. And wifli to name a chofen few; A — — , or a , Or — But I won't. Ft envy raifes. Few men can bear each other's praifes. And in the Fair one would not fee A Genuj irritabile. • • • Be wife, be learn 'd, be brave, nay fear'd — But keep your fex^ and + hide the Beard. Having thus doled his moft gracious fpeech to the ladtesv he turns, or rather offe^ls to turn, to the gentlemen, for the majority of his precepts dill continue lefs applicable to the inalcs than to the females. From that fource indeed he draws the moft ilriking, the mod edifying, and moft entertaining parts of his difcourfe. The following llridtures on the modifli de- portment of the fexes are a juil, though fevere, comment on real life : • the prefent page, The refufc of an iron age. Speaking to the men of quality on their flile of behaviour to the women of rank, and its confequent cfFcft, Jove delivers himfelf thus : But now, when jr9ir appear before 'em. You want all deference, and decorum ; And, confcious of good Heav'n knows what. Noddle your heads, and flouch your hat ; Or, carelefs of the circling throng. Through full aflemblies lounge along, >\nd on a couch politely throw Your liftiefs limbs without a bow. While all the Fair, like Sheba's Queen, Croud eager to th' inviting fcene» \ * Hide the Beard,] A certain Grecian painter, who had ufually exerted his talents on lafcivious fubjefls, was criTimanded by the State under which he lived, to atone for his errors by forming a piece which (hould damp the mod licentious appetite. He accord- ingly drew a naked Venua with all the charms bis imagination could fuggeft, and then, to make her totally difgu fling, clapped heron a beard.' And I ^JL f 192 The Goat's Beard: A Fable, And o*er that couch in raptares hang To hear their SoloraOL'i harangue. Ko doubc 'tis edifying fluff, (For gentle ears are cannon-proof) And wife the dodrines which you teach. But your Examples more than preach. For 'tis from hence your high-bred laflea Lofe, or defpife, their native graces. Hence comes it tiiat at every rout They hoyden in, and hoyden out. The modeft dignity of yore. The ftcp chaftis'd, is fccn no more. They hop, ihcy gallop, and they trot, A curtefy is a thing forgot, Th' affedled flare, the thrufi-out chin. The leer, the titter, and the grin. Supply what '* hung on Hebe's cheek, •* And lov'd to live in dimple fleck." Nay, feme who boafl their iixtecn qaarten One migiht miftake for chandlers daaghters. Ah, could thefe trifiers of a day Know what their maflers think and fay. When o'er their claret they debate Each pretty vidlim's future fate ; With what contempt and malice fraught I'hey fneer the follies they have taught ; How deep a blufh their cheek would fire! Their little breads would burft with ire ; And the mofl heedlefs mawktn there. The loveliefl ideot, drop a tear. Virtues have fexes, paft a doubt, Mythologiils have mark'd them out; Nor yet in excellence alone Have this peculiar difierence fhown : Your Vices — that's too hard a name— Your Follies — fhould not be the fame* He winds up his do£tnne of propria qua martins in thefe words : Whether you fix your fancied reign In brothels, or in drawing-rooms. The little Sometifing flill retain. Be Gameilers, Gluttons, Jockies, Groomi^ Be all which Nature never meant, Free-thinkers in the full extent. But ah, for Something be rever'd. And keipyour Sex, and show the Beard. This little piece has, we think, a confiderable degree of me- rit. It is eafy and fpirited. It might perhaps have been rather more compreft ; and more attention fhould have been paid to ^ the rhymes, the inaccuracllf of which, in fuch (bort poems, J^^ fk Icarcely excufable. ^ Of Art. TuLc iL^L^^CdMs^ - — ^ ^^-^^? ^^•^^^ ^^ ( t93 ) AkT. VIII. Afa Ears : A Fable. AddrclTccI to the Author of Tift Goat's Beard, 410. 6 d, Riley. 1777. AN ill-natured and fatirical attack on the Laureat, for His lively fable, which is the fubje With leer uncouth, his fuit prefer'd : What though his form could boad no grtce^ No gentle imiles adorn'd his face. His mental graces all mufl own. To all his poliih'd fenfe was known ; Gay had in verfe proclainA'd of yore, How well his hands could grafp the oaf, Cobtradl with cautious care his fail, * '' Or fpread his canvafs to the gale. Since which with venturous bark he had try'd^ New ihoret, and climates far and wide ; Had dar'd the rage of winds and feas. Eager to view the Hebrides^ From whence he knew full well to write. Of OJftoH and the fecond fight. The crowd at fird with clamorous breath. Cried Bruin well deferv'd the wreath. When Envy with malignant tongue. Of other writings indant fung, Where fenfe and genius had been found ; Soon went this fentence hardi around : • Though for your voyage the envied meed, ' Might to your brows have been decreed, ' And well your tra£ts of politics, ' Might on your head the trophy fix, Rbv, Mar. 1777. O • Yet 1 94^ Pcarcc'i Comnuntary on Of Four EvangiUJts^ bfc;. « Yet as fomc things which once yon writ, > • Arc ftigmatiz'd with fcnfc and wit, > *« Wc deem you for the place unfit.' ^ 3 The portrait of the Jfs is particularly invidious, and in our opinion uncandid and unjuft. Of the amplification of Phaedrus^ by the modern fabulift, the Laureat has himfelf fpoken muck, luore plcafantly than bis adverfary : And now from eight old Ladn lines. Where fome fmall fpark of genius fhines^ To wire-draw many iheets ar^ able, • i^f^ ^^^ ^^^ monftrous work a fable. J(^ Emth '^ ^' "* .^«jght terfc lines has Phacdrus told V, '. (So frugal were the Bardf of old) .^jr A Tale of Goats ; and dos'd with grace Plan, Moral, all, in that (hort fpace. Alas, that ancient Nforalift > Knew nothing of the flender twid Which Italy, and France, have uvght To later tiroes to fpin the thought, . TJIfey are our raafters now». and We / Obfequious to their hi^h decree, Whate'er the Claffie Critics (ay Will tell it in a modern way. G§at*s Ritard, The laurel was faidby the ancient» to have the power o( fcreening thofe under its (hade from thunder; yet it cannoc defend modern laureats froln the artillery of their cdcemporaries». Ifourprefent —— New year's fongs and birth-day odes are not equal to f indar or Homer, they are not ridkolous, like thofe of Shadwell and Cibber. Their annual produAions ren- dtred the laurel contemptible; but the prefent Laureat, as* Ophelia fays, ^ wcars^his^ rue with adi&reace^ and you may^ call it Horb o* Grace on Suadoys^** ri Art. IX. AK^ommtntary on the Four Evangelifts and the ASs of the Apoftle$\ together with a new Tranjlation of St. Paul'sJirfiEfifik to the Corinthians^ with a Farafhrafe and Notes. By Zachanr Pearce, D. D. late Lord Biih(^ of. Eochefter. [ArticU comclmded^ TT^ROM the account givenof Dn Pearce in our kft Review, t; it appears that he was greatly celebrated for philoloeical- iearning. Thofe who- are acquainted with his edttioii of Z#ji» ffiffti, and his Cicero de Oratore^ and deOfficiisj need no other proofs of his fkill in the learned languages. His two LmUu Eptflks^ firft publifhed in the year 1721, fl^w how early his at* tention was turned to the ftudjr of the New Teftament. Thefe circumftances naturally raife our expe&Uions concerning the work before us, which we now proceed to examine. Wc (ball endeavour to do juftioe both to the Author and the Public, by layii« \ XI -JPl-J.5J9a^E55R«PaQPiQBaaGBHaa Pcarcc^i Commtktaty w the Fbut EvangeUJIt^ itc* 195 laying before our Readert fuch extradls from the Commenttry M (hall beft enable them to form a true judgment concerning it. On Matthew i. t. he obfervct, that inftead 6i Jefus Cbrijf^ we (honid every where read, Jefui the Chrift. Vcr. 21, Heft)Mfave bis piotU from their fms^ that is, fram the punijhment due te their fins^ fcelus being put for pana fceleris^ in Latin authors. We fee no reafon however to rejed the com- mon interpretation, which fuppofes that one part of Chrift's defign was to turn us away from our iniquities^ A<^s iii. 26. Tit* ii. 14. On Matthew ii. i, be hai the following ingenious conjee- ture : ^ from the firft Herod, Herod the Great, being fpoken of here, and Luke i. 5, as King of Judea^ without any mark to diftinguUh him from Herod ^grippa the elder, who was King qf Judea, aa well as his grandfather, and was the firft King af- ter him ofjudea^ it may feem probable that both Matthew and Luke wrote their gofpela before Herod Agrippa began to reign in Judea, i. e. within ten years after the crucifixion of Jefus : for the Emperor Claudius, at the beginning of his reign, gave that kingdom to him, which none of the firft Herod's family enj(^ed, as King, but he ; Archelaus having been an ethnarch oiuy, and Herod Antipas a tetrarch only, and of Galilee only.' On the mention of which l^ft^ he adds, it may be proper to lay before the Reader an ancient infcription, which Spon has publiflied, and which favours the above-mentioned conjedure on the addition of the word King in this place : <^ Herod the Titrarebp fin of Herod the King.** The following conjedure does not feem to carry any great probability with it, viz. that the Magi^ mentioned Matth. ii. I. were Jivus living in the colleges of the Magi. The general opinion ia in Avour of their being Heathens. Nor is it a fufficient rea- Ion for reje&ing this opinion, that Chrift's perfonal miniftry waa» for wife reafons, confined to the Jewa ; for the fame rea- iona did not hold againft an early revelation of his birth being made to the Gentiles, to whom he had been promifed long before, and who had an equal intereft in him with the Jews. Ife has produced feveral inftancea from Heathen writers to fliew ffaat they called a meteor, or any kind of ihort and tranfient light in the atmofphere, by the name of ini^ and flella» But why he (hould fuppofe the ftar, or light, which the wUe men faw, to be of the nature of what the Jewa called the Jbechinab or di- vine glory, we are at a lofs to determine. We read in Matthew ii. 6^ Thm Bethlehem in the land ofju^ iA^ art not the Uafl emmgft the princes ofjudmh: which is di* redly contrary to Micah v* a, both in the Hebrew text and Ibc Greek Seventy verlion. To reiaoTC Ihia dificultys Gro* rV 196 Peircc'j Cmmentarj on tbiFour BvangiUJIs^ (^ci XL tius and others propof/^ reading and tranflating both by wajr ^ ' of interrogation, Jri thou Bethlehem the leajl amongjl the thou- fanJs of Judah ? No, In confirmation of this fcnfe, Lr. Pearcc offers the three following very j lift obfervations : ift, < The Hebrew word in Micah rendered ////// in the Englifli tranfiatioH, may be rendered the leafi^ as it a£lua)ly is there frequently, particularly in Judg. vi. 15, i Sam. ix. 21, Jerem. xlix. 20, and chap. 1. 45. 2d]y, Both in the Hebrew and in the Greek of the Old and New Teftament, it is not unufual for a feiuence to be underftood by way of interrogation, though there is no mark placed at the beginning of the fentence, ufed in either of the languages for a mark of interrogation. In* ftances of this in the Hebrew are found in 2 Sam. xviii. 29, I Kings/xxi. 7, Job ii. 10, chap. xli. I, Zecb. viii. 6; and in the Greek, the fame is found frequently in paflages of the Old and New Teftament, as in 2 Sam* xviii. 29, Matth. xi. 3, Mark xi\r. 61. 3dly, When words are ufed thus interroga- tively, there is often at the end of them an anfwer of Yei or No to be fupplied in the fenfe, though it is not expreffed in the words. 'J^his is very common with thofe who write in the Hebrew language, and with ihofe, who, being Hebrews, write in the Greek. In the New Teftainent the word Uo is to be fupplied in i Cor. x. 19, 20, tl !v fvfAi'y ert fiJWXoy, r/triv; Jj ©T» «^(wXo9uTov, ri iny ; ff'hat fay I then ? that the idol is any thing ? or that which is offered to idols is any thing ? No. Sec alfo I Cor. xii. 31, A<3s viii. 31. An inftance where Tos is to be fupplied, is to be found in 1 Cor. ix. 10. Hence it follows that to afk, whether any thing is the Itaji^ and to anfwer N^ (as the Hebrew text and Sevfcnty verfion do) is the fame, as to affirm, that it is not the leaft, as Matthew here does.* In Matthew iii. 7, we are told, that many of the Pbarifees and Sadducecs came to hit (John's) haptifm. On this paiTage our Author has the following note : * It is obfervable, that Mat- thew does not fay here, to be baptized by him^ which are Luke's words concerning the multitude, chap. iii. 7. And that this was not the intention of the Pharifees and Sadducees in gene- ral (if it was of many of them) appears probable from Mattb. >cxi. 3^, where it is faid, that they (the chief priefts and elders of the people) did not believe in John; the confequence of which was, that they did not receive his baptifm as from heaven^ (lb. ver. 25.) Befides, it is faid by Luke, (chap. vii. 30.) that the Pharifees had not been baptized of John j and it is leb likely that the Sadducees had been. It feems, he adds, moft probable, that this coming of the Pharifees and Sadducees to John's baptifm, is the fame with the coming of the priefts and Levites (John i. 19) to a(k John, ff^ho art thou? For thofe priefts ai^d Levites might be fume of the one fed, and fome of the 1:-^'' —*-.:—. ^^ r^*-^ Pcarcc*/ Commentary on tbi Four EvangeS/ts, GTr, 197 the other.' — This is a very ingenious, and, withal, a very pro- bable conjediure. Neverthelefs, it is poifible that many, both of the Pharifees and Sadducees, might come with the intention of receiving John's baptifm, and yet afterwards refufe it when they became acquainted with the feverity of his do£irine, and were at the fame time exafperated with the (harpnefs of his re- proofs. See Matthew iii. 7. In order to (hew that oaths impofed by authority are not in- cluded in that prohibition, Swior not at . Te- fent. Phormio, ASt. i. Sc. 4. Ge. Modi apud portum (fc. vidi patrem.) An. Meumno? Ge. IntelUxti^ for Tes. So in Xeno- phon, Cyr. Exp. when he fays if n 0 Opoylvi;, his meaning is, Orontis confejfed it to be fo^ p. 62. Ed. Hutcb«' . O4 Oiir aoo Pearce*j Cemmentary $n tbi Fsur Evangtllfls^ He. Our principal defign in tranfcribing this excellent note is for the fake of ofcferving, that when Chrift was aflccd by the Ro- man governor. Art theu thi King of the Jetvs ? Ther^ was no ambiguity in his reply, T[bou Jayeji \ for he would be under- ilood to mean, / am. We do not know any writer who has given fo full and clear an account of the diiterent language in which the day of Chrift's refurredion is defcribed. Moft commonly it is faid, that he was to rife on the third day : but in Matthew, xii. 40. we read as follows: As Jcnas was three days and three nights in the whalers belly : fo Jhall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. The Jews, like us, had no one tvord by which to exprefs a day of twenty-four hours, or a vu;^69/A£pov, as the Greeks called ic, i. e. a night-day ^ as we might call it. They fcmetimes Ayled it a day, as we do; but at other times, a day and a nighty or a night and a day : fo that we are to un« derftand by the expreffion, three days and three nights \ three days (as we fhould exprefs ic), reckoning inclufively theiirlland thelaftfor two days, though only parts of days, and counting thofe parts of days for whole days. Aben-Ezra, on Lev. xii. 3. fpeaking of the ]aw for circumcifing an infant on the eighth day, fays, that, * if the infant was born bul one hour before the firft day was ended, it was counted for one whole day ; and fo, for the fame reafoB, the part of the day that was pad when the infant was circumcifed, was reckoned a whole day, if it was only one hour that was pafled, of the evening with which that eighth day began.' And to the fame purpoie. Porphyry, in his Trea- tife de Homer. Quaeft. 14. fpeaks thus : ^ bi^ that is at home in the evenittg^ and goes abroad on the morning of the third day^ is /aid to be from home on the third day^ though there is tnly one day . (ompUte^ which is the middle one. Matth. xxvii. 63. is thus explained by our Author : fVe remember that this deceiver faid^ while he was yet alive, Aftrr three days J will rife again j that is, in three days, or on the third day. So in 2 Chron* x. 5« where Rehoboam faid to the people. Come again unto me after thtee daysy it is added in ver. 12. that they come unto him on the third day^ as the king had commanded, faying. Come again to me $m the third day. The fame thing may be concluded from what we read in i Sam. X)c. 12. compared with ver. 19. For in ver* 12. Jonathan faid to David, fPhen I have funded my father^ abcui to tnorrow any time, or the third day \ and in ver, 19. he faid, jind when thou hoji ftayed three days, then thou fhalt go down quick- ly, &c. Thus alfo, whereas we are tpld in Gen. vii. 24. that the waters prevailed ti[on the earth an hundred and fifiy days ; it is faid in chap, vjii, 3. that after the end of the hundred and fifty 4ays the waters were abated. In the fame manner of fpeaking, jofephus (Anti^. i. I2i 2.) fays of Ifaac, that be was circuro- « cifei Tt^tct^s Commentary on the Four EvangiUJls^ (fc. 201 cifcd {fxirdi lyioriv ifMifav) after the eighth day^ meaning there* by on the eighth day: and fo what in Bell. Jud. i. 13. i, he expred^d by /Ltira Im ivo^ he cxprcflcd by iivri^u) /te* in hisAntiq. xiv. 13. 3. To this may be added, that Cicero ufes the expreffion pojfl in the fame way as iaitcH is ufed here i for in Tufc*. Difp. i. 47. he Tays JpoUofe id daturum ojlenditpoft ejus diet diem tertium^ qui ut illuxit^ mortuifunt reperti^ And (to cite no more) Ovid in Fait. vi. 774. Hiys, Poji feptem luces Junius aiius nit. Meaning, that on the feventh day, the month of June will be at an end/ We will only add, that the chief prielts and Pha- rifees underftood our Saviour in the fenfe explained above ; for they add, Command that the fepulchre be made Jure until the third dttj^ Matth. xxvii. 64. The extrafls already made from our Author, are fofficient to (hew how good a ufe he has made of his philological learning, and what fort of entertainment may be expected from the perufal of his commentary. Wc cannot however forbear lay- •^ip ing before the Reader fome ^ther extradls. The following /lt/i.A^c..K* ? criticifm deferves examination. In Luke ix. 51. we read, ' "* ' When the time vuas come that he Jhould be received up ; which our Author renders, When the days of his retiring were compleated. • I think/ fays he, • that the word aVaAn4'««f» n^uft fignify Jefus's retiring or withdrawing himjelf and not of his being re» ceivedup ; becaufe the word (ru/bb^Xupio-Oai, as here ufed before it, denotes a time compleated^ which that of his afcenfion was not then. The fenfe is, that the time was come, when Jefus was no longer to retire from Judea and the parts about Jerufalem (where he was born) as he had hitherto done ; for he had lived altogether in Galillee, left the Jews (hould have laid hold on him, before the work of his miniftry was ended, and full prooft of his divine milEon given, and (bme of the prophecies con* cerning him accomplilhed. The phrafe ifAifon rii; dvoLXYi^mi i^i is the fame with ifAt^oLi ru ivKXa^^dyny iot^oy^ or fui rf cipiendi : which expreflions the Greeks and Latins ufe, when they would iignify, that a man withdrew himfelf from fome danger to which he was near, or from fomething with which be was tired. The former was the cafe of Jefus, who (as John fays in chap. vii. i.) walked in Galillee \ for he would not walk im Jewry^ becaufe the Jews fought to kill him : the latter was the cafe of Proteus, (in Vlrg. Georg. iv. 403. where it is faid) In fecreta ferns ducam^ quo feffus ab undis Se recipit* It muft be acknowledged, that this 'interpretation fuits better with what follows, than any other we have feen. For after /j faying, ^it tt^#ii the days cf bis retiring wff compUatedj Luke ^s/sY^ /; S02 PcarceV CommitUaij $tt ihi Four Evang$li/l4^ kfu adds, he fiidfqflly ftt hh face U g9 Ujerufalem\ he now firmly refolved to go to that feat of his enemies, notwithftanding his knowledge of their intention to deftrov him. And our Author obferves, < that all which follows here In Luke, to ch. xix. 45. is reprefented by him as faid and done by Jefus, in his lafi journey from Gallilee to Jerufalem/ Certain it is, that till this timet Chrift had frequently withdrawn himfelf from his enemies; and that he had been blamed for not ihewing himfelf mort openly to the world* We could wi(h, however, that our Au- thor had produced the authority of fome Greek writer to juftify his explication of the word iyot,>sA\%ia%, ^ Scapula fays, < meta- phorice quoque dicitur, ivoiXafAialvny Ioutov, ut Latinis, eol* iigere fe^ apud Ifocr. in Archidamo/ And Conftantine fays, that dyotXaiA^avu^ denotes fometimes retraho, detineo, ut . dvoLkosj/Aivii^ Tov Imroyj equum frxno fiftere & coercere. So that the expreffion of the evangelift may import, that hitherto Chrift had reftrained himfelf, both with refpefi to his dodrine and conduft, (not trufting himfelf to any, John ii. 14. nor openly divulging his fufferings and death,} as well as with- drawn himfelf from danger. Our Author frequently undertakes to corred the text, and expunges words and whole verfes that he fuppofes to be inter- polations, without the authority of a fingle manufcript. * To me,' fays he, ^ the whole 17th verfe of the ift chapter of Matthew is an interpolation.' In his note on Matth. xxvii. i6« he fays, < I am inclined to think, that the words, fir many be called, but few are cbofen^ are in the Greek an interpolation/ And it muft be confefled that they have no near relation to the parable of the labourers hired at different hours of the day, as he has explained it, but arc very pertinent upon the common in- terpretation. See his notes on Matth. vii. 19. chap, ix.io. chap, xxvii. 8. Luke ii. 2. chap, xii, i. chap. xxii. 36. John vi. 4. 44* h&s xviii. 1 7. chap* xxiii. 8. We are far from taking upon us to fay, that there are no interpolations in the facred text ; but our Author fometimes at lead has recourfe to them without reafon, at leaft without neceffity. He rejeds Matth. viii* 17. Himfelf took our infirmities j and bare our fkk^ niffis\ becaufe * it is not obvious' (as he fays} < how this pro* phecy has any relation to Jefus's healing difeafes.' . Never was &ny prophecy more pertinently applied. Chrift took upon himfelf Our infirmities and fickneiTes by bis tender j^rm^tf/i^, and by the labimr and fatigue he underwent rather than lofe an opportunity of healing them, whereby they became a heavy load to him : he likewife bore them awajj , or renMved them by his miraculous jpower. Compare Gal. vi. 2. Rom. xv, i. The words of the evangelift arc a literal tranflauoa of the original^ If. Uii« 4* And Petrce'i dmmmiary on the Four Evangelifis, (is, 203 And had they been ufed only by way of accommodation, ou Author, on bis own principles, (fee his note on Matth. ii* 17.} could not have condemned the evangellft* It muft be matter of furprize to moft readers, to find the Bifliop taking much pains to difcredit, though he does not pro* fefledly reje£t, the miracle, which, according to Luke, (chap, xxii. 51.) Jefus performed upon the ear of Malchus. Thre^ objedions he has urged againft it. ift, * It is obfervable, that the three other evangelifts fay nothing about Jefus's touching the ear of Malchus and healing it/ Strike out of the evan- gelifts the feveral fa£)s peculiar to each, and how great a blank will be made in the Csofpel-hiftory ? The gofpel of John iit particular muft be almoft totally expunged, ^i^ < It feem« not probable, that Jefus fliould work a miracle then, when (as he faid to Judas and the reft) it was their hour and the power of darknefu^ This argument, did it deferve the name, would prove that Chrift*s power was not exerted in ftr iking to the ground thofe who came to apprehend him, John xviii. 6. jji^ ^^ j ^ Still lefsfiy^ probable, that fuch a miracle (hould not have ^^X>2^ f^ had fo mucn weight with the multitude, as to aftonilh them, and incline them to let Jefus depart quietly out of their hands/ This objcdion likewiie, did it conclude at all, would conclude more ftrongly againft the credibility of the miracle performed upon the perfons fent to feize him. The hSk is, that Jefus» ' after giving fufficient proof of his power to efcape fron> his ene- mies, voluntarily furrendered himfelf into their hands. Whatever praife may be due to Dr. Pearce as a grammarian^ we cannot always commend him as a critic of tafte and of judg- ment. His interpretation of many paftages is liable to jufi ob- je£lions. It was ufual with our Saviour to take occafion, from particular incidents, or occurrences, to deliver fome general in* firufiion. On Martha's wanting to call away Mary from her attendance on Chrift's difcourfe, to alTift her in preparing aa entertainment for him and his apoftles, Chrift reproves her too great folicitude on this occalion, and then adds that moft im« portant apophthegm. One thing is needful ; which be farther ex« plains by adding, Mary has chofen the good part (viz. that of re« ceiving his doSrine) which Jhall not be taken away from hir. Neverthelefs our Author, after Theophyladt, Bafil, and othe(s» (whom he does not cite) explains the one thing needful^ of em di/bofnuat ; though it is 0vident that one difli could not iufficp for (o large a company, who lay on diiFerent couches. In his account of the inftitution of the Lord's fupper, he fuppofes that thofe words, %obicb is Jhed for you^ refer, not to the bUod of Chriji^ but to the cup, or wine in it, juft poured outcif a larger vei&l for them Co drink, (Luke xxii. lo.}. Can any interpretation be more frigid aad trifling ? The language 3 o^ a04 Pearce*j Commentary on the Four EvangeVJls^ ffc^ of Nfatthew is exprefsly againft it, and refers the words is queftion to the bicod of Chrift, which, is Jhtd for many for ibo remijfion of ftm^ chip. xxvi. 28. Can this be true of the cup or of the wine poured out of a large veiTel for all the com- pany ? We were particularly difpleafed with his note on Af)s ii. %l where the hiftorian (ells us, that before the defcent of the Holy Ghuft on the z^^^\t%y fuddenly there came a found from heaven^ tf/#/*(that is, fomewbat refembling) a rufh'mg mighty V)ind\ a circumftance that feems to have been intended to im- prefs an awe. upon their minds, and to reprefent the (Irength and power of thofe gifts which they were going to receive* Our Author illuflrates this by a paflage from Juftin, (I. 24. c. 6J which afcribes the oracle at Delphi to a cold vapcur^ arijing from a deep hole in the earthy and driven upwards by a cer* teun force ^ as it were a wind^ which pufhed on the minds of the pro^ phots to madnefs, < Luke,' fays our Author, * reprefents the wind as coming from above, and Juftin as from beneath; but this latter fufficiently (hews, that this circumftance in infpira- tion was agreeable to the notions of the heathens.' But Juftin only fays, the vapour was driven up, < vi quadam, velut vento,* and our Author knew that the prophetic vapour entered the belly of the Pythia. But what affinity is there between this vapour^ forced into the virgin*! body^ and that found from heaven which filled the houfe where the apoftles were aft*embled ? In neither cafe was there any thing more than fome refemblance \o m wind. In Afls xxiv. 25. we are told, that as Paul nafoned of righte- oufnef^ temperance^ and judgment to ccme^ Felix trembled. Here Dr.Pearce fays, * The reafon of Felix's fear feems to have been, left Drufilla, who was a Jewefs, and knew, that what (he had done, was againft the law of Mofes, might be influenced by Paul's difcourfe, and Felix's happinefs with her be diftijrbed/ Did Drufilla fhew any Qgns of uneafinefs ? Had Paul appealed to the law of Mofes f is it certain that Felix felt no remorfe of confcience on this moving occafion, merely becaufe he did not afterwards a6l up to his prefent convi6lion I Some may be defirous of knowing what fentiments were en- tertained by our learned prelate on fubje<5ts of controveriial divinity. We fliall gratify their curiofity by laying before them his comment on two paflages which* have been the fubjefl of angry debate, without interpofing our own judgment. ' Un the firft verfe of the firft chapter of John, he exprefi*es himfelf in the following manner : ^ In the beginning, i. e. of time, or (what is equivalent) from all eternity, was the word, i. e. Jefus the Chrift, and the word was with God, or rather with the God^ \. e. with God the Father, emd tbo word was God.* On thefe laft Pcarcc'i Commentary bh tht Four Ev^nplijls^ isfc. 205 laft woi'ds he obferveS) • that in many places of this gofple, particularly in ver. 12, 13. 18. of this chapter, the article© if not found before itoiy though it is plain, that the true and proper God is. meant by it/ The other paflage is A6ts xiiu 48* Ji many as won ordained to eternal tifoy believed \ that i9, as many as were prepared (or difpofed) for eternal life, having no- vices or prejudices to hinder them from embracing Chriftianity. Compare i Cor. xvi. 15. It refleds great honour upon this learned Writer, that he difcovers no bigotry, nor undue attach- ment to any plrty of Chriftians. He propofes his own fenti- qients with calmnefs, and never inveighs with bitternefs againft thofe who differ from him in opinion. In this refpe£t he is worthy the imitation of all the various denominations of Cbrifiians. On the whole, we apprehend Dr. Pearce deferves to be ranked with other writers of eminence, who have employed their phi«» lological learning in iliuftrating the facred writings. We majr however be allowed to add, that the ufeful obfervations pecu« liar to our Author, might have been reduced within a much nar- rower compafs than two large quartos. This obfervation will apply Co. more modern commentators than Dr. Pearce. They would be more ufeful, becaufe more read, in fome abbreviated form* Befide his Commentary on the firft epiftle to the Corinthian9^ be has given us a new tranflation of it, more critical and exaft in fmp inftances, than the prefent; but like all other modern' tr*fltions of the New Teftament that we have feen, liable- ia. many cafes, t9 great objection. We can fee no necefEty for facrificing delicacy to grammatical nicety, in explaining the fol- lowing paflage, i Cor. vii. 18. Is any man called being iircum* cijid? let him not become uncircumcifed\ * let him not by arts of forgery endeavour to pull down the foreflcin again.' Nor can we approve of his rendering xAtirof aVoVoAo?, chap. i. i. the €alUd'i the apoftUy and referring the former to his being called to the faith of Chrift; for it was St. Paul's intention to affirm^ that he was ^ called apoJile\ that is, called by God to this high •ffice, not appointed to it by men. ^ His tranflation of i Cor. ix. 5. is greatly preferable to that now in ufe, * Have we not a right (£f»(riav) to lead about (aJ£A(p^v yMyQuyLx") a Chriflian wife, as the other apoftles, and the brethren of the Lord, and Cephas do?^ * St. Paul always means, by aSiX(pog or iitX(piiy a brother or fifter in the chriftian reli- gion ; that is, a Chriftian. And he infifts upon his having a right to marry, and have his wife maintained at the expence of his converts, provided 0>e was a Chrifttan wife; which limi- tation he lays down in chap. vii. 39. as a rule to all believers.* 4 Wc 2o6 ThtLifi ofXy^vM Hame^ Efq\ We could with pleafurc produce other inftances in which Kit tranflation deferves to be commended. But we muft refer the' reader to the work itfelf^ which, though it may notgracify his bigh-raifed expc£lation, will r^pay hi^ labour in perufing it.' Ar the end of the fpcond volume of the Biibop's Commen- tary, are reprinted^ his AfiracUs sf Jefus vindicattd^ which is the . beft anfwer to Woolfton j — Two Letters to Dr, fFaterland on the Euchariftj in which he differs widely from his learned friend concerning the nature of that ordinance;— and his well known, and very curious Epiftola Dua^ which were occafioned by Dr. Bentley's propofals for printing an edition of the New Tefta- ment. As the Public has long been in pofleiHoh of thefe pieces, they do not now come under examination. There is a new diflertation of Dr. Pearce's prefixed to his Commentary $ the- fubjedt of which is, Thi Year efiki Birth of Cbrift^ with a Chrono^ Ugicifl tabli. Of this tra<9, which is but fliort) the Reader will' not expe£i any abrrdgmeot. He will eafily imagine, that a work' of this kind is at belt unentertaining, and often proceeds upon* principles that are very doubtful, or difficult to be afoertained. The inference the Bifliop draws from the whole it, that we' may reckon Jefus to have been born on December ajth, in He- rod's thirty^third year ; and this will bring us, be thinks, to the truth at laft ; ^ and Chrift will, when his birth is reckoned* from that period, have been, in the firft or fecond month of Tiberius's fixteenth year, beginning to be about thirty years okl~ complete/ M ^ n ■ II III ■ I ■ ■ . » ■ .... I ^^ T^ Art. X. Tb$ Life ef David Hume, E/qi. Wriuen by hiafelf. 8vo» IS. 6d. Cadell. 1777* WHen men of fuch Parts, afid fuch Principles, as. thofe which diftinguiQied the charader and writings of Mr. Hume, come to face the immediate terrors oi death, the. world is always curious to learn in wl^at manner they fupport the . trying conflia : whether the near approach of that awful .change ef fiiiiatign which they are about to experience, (in an hour wherein one would think, the boldeft mortal would not dare: . either to dissemble or to trifle) has produced any rhr"r E^TK. i° ^^^'f ^'^ > whether they continue fixed, and fteady to their pafi profe(&oos} or, whether ^ new light* is let into * the foul's dark cottage,' as the poet exprefles it, < through the dbinks' 6[ its ruin $>-— opening wider, at the moment whea th^ batter'd fabric is tottering to its difTolution. The late departure of the celebrated philo(bpher juft men* tjoned, is an event of this kind ; and the public will, 00 doubt, be highly gratified by this UH<;tuESTIONABjUS aceount o£ bis Life, and of his Death, The 71k Lifi of David Bume, Efyy icf The' following advertUismeac is prefixed to the account of Uu Hume's Life : * Mr. Hain«, a few months before his death, wrote the following fliort accoant of his own Life; and, in a codicil to hi< will, defijeSi that it might be prefixed to the next edition of his works. That edition cannot be pnblifhed for a confiderable time. The Editor, in the mean while, in order to ferve the pnrchafers of the former edi- tions ; and, at the fame time, to gratify the impatience of the pubUc coriofity ; hu thought pioper to pnblifli it feparately.' The narrative is entitled * my nun Lifi ;' and begins, afiter a modeft apologv, with a brief account of the Author's family- conne£Hons. He then proceeds to mention his education, hir iludious, induftrious, and fober di{jpofition» his unfurmounuble' paffion for literature and philofopby» and the publication of hi» firft work, the Irgaufe on Human Natwn ^ which made its ap- pearance at London in 173s. This work was totally^^ difre* earned by the Public; or, to ufo the Autbor^s own words, it k11 dioi-bwnfrom thipnfi^ witfaout reaching fucb difiiii^ion % as even to excite a murmur among the xealots. In 1 74a, he publiihed the ift part of his EJfays^ which being bvoorably received, made him foon forget his late difappoint-' meot. In X747» he was invited by General St. Clair taattend him as fecrptary, in bis military embafly to the courts of Vienna and Turin* He then wore the uniform of an officer, and was ixw- tioduced at thofe courts, as aid-de^camp to the General. On Jus return from Italy, be fpent fome time with bis friend». in Scotland, and there compofed the fecond part of his Effayt^ which he called Political Difiomfis^ and alfo his Enfuiry €9n^ teming tbi Principles of Morals, in thefe works, together with> his Enquiry concerning Human Under/landing ^ which was pub- liihed while be was at Turin, he * caft a-new,' and interwove' bin firft unfortunate work ; conceiving that the ill fuccefs of the Treati(e.on Human Nature fprung rather from the inattentioa t^at he had paid to the manner in which it was writtent thaa (o* ajs y other defers of thst performance. His works now began to fell briflcly ; new editions were de» manded 1 Anfwers^ by reverends and right reverends, came out, two or three in a year; * We remember however, that it was diftingniflHd by the Reviewere of that time, though not in a manner faitable to the eiq)edations or> wiChes of the Aothor. It was treated with fome degree of contempt by the Writer of the Hijhfy of the fForks of the Learned, vol. ii. for tiie year 1739; who, oeverthelefs, pro^noilicated i«r/#r ebimgtt fron the matarer age of the [then yoangj author. There is m pleafimt llory of David's paying a vifit to the Critic, and threatening to pot himk to the fword ; but as we cannot doly aothcntkate the panicn- lars, we do not chufe tQ repeat them. • And f^ i lot Thi Life 5^ David Hume, Efqi • And I foQnd,' fays he, * by Dr. Warburton's railing, that the books were beglnniog to be ef^eemed in good company. Howevert I had fixed a refolution, which I inflexibly maintained, never co re* ply to any body ; and not being very irafcible in my temper, I hav« eaiilv kept royfelf clear of all literary fquabbles. Thefe fympcomsof ■ a rifing reputation gave me encouragement, as I was ever more diC-. pofed to fee the favourable than unvayourable fide of things ; a torn of miod which is more happy to poiTefs, than to be born to an edace often thoufand a year/ . We fliall now proceed a little farther, ia the Author's owil words : * la 1751* I removed from the country to the town, the true icene for a man of letters. In 17 c 2, were publilhed at Edinburgh, where I then lived, my Political Difcourfes, the only work of mine that was . fnccefsful on the firft publication. It was well received abroad and at home* In the fame year was publiihed at London, my Enquiry - coneerning the Principles of Morals ; which, in my own opinion (who ought not to judge on that fubfed), is of all my writings, hif- torical, phiiofophical, or literary, incomparably the beft. It cam«« unnoticed and unobferved into the world. ' In 17$2> the Faculty of Advocates chofe me their Librarian, an office from which I received little or no emolument, but which gave me the <:ommand of a large library. I then formed the plan of writing the Hiftory of England ; bat being frightened with the notion ' of continuing a narrative through a period of 1700 years, I com-., menced with theacceffion of theHoufe of Stuart, an epoch when, I thought, 'the mifreprefentations of fadion began chiefly to take place. I was, I own, fanguine in my expeftations of the fucceft of this work, I thought that I was the only hiftorian, that had at once negleded pre- fent power, intereft, and authority, and the cry of popular prrju«; dices ; and as the fubjefl was fuited to tvtry capacity, I expe^e4; proportional aj^laufe. fiat miierable was my difappointment : I was. aiTailed by one cry of reproach, dilapprobation, and even detefta- \ lion; Engl i(h, Scotch, and Irilh, Whig and Tory, . chnrchman ^nd fe^ary, freethinker and religion ift, patriot and courtier, united is their rage againfl the man, whohad prefumed to (hed a generous tear . for the fate of Charles I. and the Earl of Strafford ; and afker the firft •mballitions of their fury were over, what was dill more mortifying, the book feemed to fink into oblivion. Mr. Miliar told me, that ia a twelvemonth he fold only forty- five copies of it. I fcaroely, indeed, heard of one man in. the three kingdoms, confiderabie for rank or letters, that could endure the book. . I muft only except the primate of England, Dr. Herring, and the . primate . of .Ireland, Dr.. Stoae». which feem two odd exceptions. Thefe dignified prelates feparatsl/ fent me meiTages not to be difcouraged. * 1 was, however, I confefs, difcouraged ; and had not the war been at that time breaking out between France and England, I had certainly retired to fome provincial town of the former kingdoipy have changed my name, and never more have returned to my native country. But as this fcheme was not now pradicable» and thefiib- feqnent volume was con£derably advanced, I refoived to pick up courage and to perfevere. • Itt tbi Lift §fDiMii Iturae, Efqi 209 ' In this interval, I pabliihed at London my Natural Hiftory of keligion, along with fome other froall pieces : its public entry wa« rather obfcure, except only that Dv. Kurd wrote a pamphlet againlb it» with all the illiberal petulance* arrogance* and fcurrility, whick didingoifh the Warburtonian fchool. This pamphlet gave me fome confolation for the otherwife indilFerent reception of my performance.^ Mr. Hume goes on to relate the various futcefs which at« tended the publication of the fubfequent volumes of his hiftory. On the whole, we find that his writings, at length, grew into fuch vogue, that the copy-money given him by the bookfeilera * much exceeded any thing formerly known in England.' The pricci of literature baH, however, greatly rifen fince the time in wnich our Author tnus, with grateful exultation, acknow* Jedges how amply and nobly he thought himfelf rewarded for. his learned labours. Being arrived at the age oX fifty ^ our Author (having happily attained not only what he deemed an independtncy^ but even^ opulence) propofed to pafs the remainder of his life in philofo^ phic retirement, in his native country of Scotland ;-«>when in 17^39 * I received,* fays he, ' an invitation from the Earl of Hertford, with whom I was not in the leaft acquainted, to attend him on his embafly to Paris, with a near profpeft of beine appointed fecretary to theembaily; and, in the meanwhile, of performing the fundions of that office. This offer, however inviting, I at firft de« dined, both becanfe I was reluctant to begin connexions with the great, and becaufe I was afraid that the civilities and gay company of Paris, would prove difagreeable to a perfon of my age and hu- mour : bat on his LordQiip's repeating the invitation, 1 accepted of It. I have tvery reafon, both of pleakire and intereft, to think my« lelf happy in my connexions with that nobleman, as well as after* %v«rdf with his brother, Qeneral Conway.' He proceeds, — ' I was appointed fecretary to the embaify ; and» in fammer 176^, Lord Hertrord left me, being appointed Lord Lieu* tenant of Ireland. I was charge d'affaires till the arrival of the Duke of Richmond, towards the end of the year. In the beginning of 1 766. I left Paris, and next fummer went to Edinburgh, with the fame view as formerly, of burying myfelf in a philofophical retreat, X retarned to that place, not richer, bat with much more money^ mod a much larger income, by means of Lord Hertford's friendihip. Xhmn I left it ; and I was defirous of trying what fuperfluity could Srodece, as I had formerly made an experiment of a competency* ttt, in 1767, i received from Mr. Conway f an invitation to be Un« der-fecretary ; and this invitation, both the character of the perfon, mad my connexions with Lord Hereford, prevented me from declining. I fetproed to Edinburgh in 1769, very opulent (for I poiTcired a re« venue of 1000 1. a year), healthy, and though fomewhat llricken in years, with the profped of enjoying long my ea(e, and of feeing the increafe of my reputation. f Secreury of Sute for the northern depaxtmcnt. Rav, Mar. 1777. P * J» 4/rf aio Thi Life of Dzvid Hume f Efq; * In fpring 1775. 1 wts ftrock with a diforder in my bowels, which at firft gave me no alarm, but has fince, as I apprehend it, become I mortal and incurable, 1 now reckon upon a fpeedy difTolution. I have fufFcred very little pain from my diforder ; and what is more flrange, have, notwtihilanding the great decline of my perfon, never fufFcred a moment's abatement of my fpirits ; infomuch, that were I to name the period of my life, which I ihould mod choofe to pafs over again, I might be tempted to point to this later period. I poflefs the fame ardour as ever in lludy, and the fame gaiety in com* pany. I confider, befides, that a man of fixty five, by dying, cuts off only a few years of infirmities ; and though I fee many fymp- toms of my literary reputation's breaking out at lad with additional luflre, I knew that I could have but few years to enjoy it. It is di/HcuIt to be more detached from life than 1 am at prefent. : ' * To conclude hifiorically with my own character. I am, or ra- ther was (for that is the (lyle I mull now ufe in fpeaking of myfelf, which emboldens me the more to fpeak my fentiments) ; I was, I fay, a man of mild difpofitions, of command of temper, of an open, focial, and cheerful humour, capable of attachment, but little fufceptible of enmity, and of great moderation in all my paflions* Even my love of literary fame, my ruling pafTion, never foured my temper, notwithftanding my frequent difappointments. My com- pany was not unacceptable to the young and carelefs, at well as to the iludious and literary ; and as I took a particular pleafure in the company of modeft women, I had no reafon to be difpleafed with > the reception I met with from them. In a word, though mod men * any wile eminent, have found reafon to complain of calumny, I never was touched, or even attacked by her baneful tooth: and i though I wantonly cxpofed myfelf to the rage of both civil and reli- gious fadlions, they feemed to be difarmed in my behalf of their wonted fury. My friends never had occafion to vindicate any one circumflance of my charader and conduct : not but that the zealots, ^,, we may well fuppofe, <»ould have been glad to invent and propa* ' ' gate any (lory to my difadvanrage, but they could never find any f, which they thought would wear the face of probability. I cannot fay there is no vanity in making this funeral oration of myfelf, but I 1 ' hope it is not a mifplaced one; and this is a matter of fa6l which is eaijly cleared and alcertained.* rf By way o( continuation of Mr. Hume's account (which carries his Life down to a period * within about four months of its ^ final clofe) we have, in a letter from the oelebraicd Dr, Adam Smith to William Scrahan, Efq; a circumflantial detail of the manner in which he fupported his laft illnefs : the Doctor's ac- count begins, where Mr. Hume's ends. Though, in his own judgment, his difeafe was mortal, yet he allowed himfelf to be prevailed on to try the cfFefls of a long journey. He repaired to London, and his diforder feemed to yield to exercifc and a change of air. He was, next, ad- * Mr, Hume's paper is dated April 18, 1776. vifcd Thif Life d/Dilvid Hume, Efq\ %ix vifcd (o go to Bath, to drink the waters ; which appeared, for js fomc time, to have fo good an efFeft upon him, that even him- g^^t^-Jfr* felf began to entertain a better opinion of his own nealth. Bat, the Dodor adds, ' his fymptoms foon returned with their afual violence, and from that moment he gave up all thoughts of recovery, but fabmitted with the utmoft cheerfulnefs, and the mod perfe^ complacency and refignation. Upon his return to Edin* burgh, though he found him felf much weaker, yet his cheerfulnefs never abated, and he continued to divert himfelf, as ufual, with correding his own works for a new edition, with reading books of amufement, with the converfation of his friends ; and, fometimes ia the evening, with a party at his favourite game of whid. His cheer« fulnefs was fo great, and his converfation and amufcments ran fo much in their ufual flrain, that, notwithUanding all bad fymptoms^ many people could not believe he was dying.' The following remarkable inftance of Mn Hume's happy fc- renity of mind, and even pleafantry^ in what may, almoft, be ftyled his dying moments, is thus related ; but, nrft, we mud attend to the particular circumftance which led to it : In a converfation, one day, with the Author of this Lettefy when Dr. Smith was expreffing fome • faint hopes,* from his friend's cheerfulnefs, he anfwered, *' Your hopes are ground- iefs. An habitual diarrhoea of more than a year's (landing, would be a vtxy bad difeafe at any age : at my age it is a mortal one. When I lie down in the evening, I feel my felf weaker than when I Tofe in the morning; and when I rife in the morning, weaker than when I lay down in the evening. I am fenfible, beiides, that fome of my vital parts are afFefled, ?o thatl muft foon die." ** Well,'* faid I, *' if it muft be fo, you have at leait the fatisfaflion of leaving all your friends, your brother's family in particular, in great pro« fperity." He faid that he felt that fatisfadlion fo fenfibly, that whea he was reading a few days before, Luciaa's Dialogues of the Dead, among all the excufes which are alleged to Charon for not entering readily into his boat, he could not find one that fitted him ; he had no houfe to fioifh, he had no daughter to provide for, he had no enemies upon whom he wifhed to revenge him felf. '* I could not well imagine," faid he, ** what excufe I could make to Charon ia order to obtain a little delay. I have done ^s^xy thing of confe- ' quence which I ever meant to do, and I could at no time expedl to leave my relations and friends in a better fituation than that ia which I am now likely to leave them ; I, therefore, have all reafoa to die contented.'* He then diverted himfelf with inventing feveral jocular excufes, which he fuppofed he might make to Charon, and with imagining the very furly anfwers which it' might fuit the cha- radter of Charon to return to them. '* Upon further confideration,'* faid he, '* 1 thought 1 might fay to him. Good Charon, I have been correfUng my works for a new edition. Allow me a little time, that 1 may fee how the Public receives the alterations." But Cha- ron would anfwer, *' When you havefeen the effect of thefeyou will be for making other alterations. There will be no end of fuch ex* cufcs; fo, honcft friend, flcafe ftep into the boat." Bat i might P 2 lUU ^r t Tbt Lift 9f David Hmne, Rfqi 0ill urge, ** Have a little patience* good Charon, I hare been t deavonring lo open the eyes of the Pablic. If I live a fe«y yo longer, I may have the fatisfafttoo of feeing the downfal of fpme the prevailing fyflems of faperftition."^ But Charon woald di lofe all temper and deoeacy. ** Yon loitering rogue, that will i Juppen theie many hundred yean. Do you fancy I will grant yoi leafe for h long a term ? Get into the boat this inftant, you b loitering rogue.^ The foregoing converfation happened on the 8th of Augu He was now become fo weak, that the company of his m intimate friends fatigued him ; for his fptrits continued in fu a flow, and his focial difpofition remained ftill fo unbrokc that when any friend was with him, he could not help talkir with greater exertion, than fuited the weakncfs of his bo< At his own defirc, therefore, Dr. Smith agreed to leave £di burgh— on condition that Mr. Hume (houid fend for him, whc cvet he wiOied to fee him : Dr. Black, the phyfician who tended him, promifing in the mean time to fend Dr. S. da fionally, an account of the (late of Mr. Hume's health. On the 22d of Augufl: Dr. Black informed Dr. S. by lett that although Mr. Hume grew ftill weaker, he continued qu free from anxiety, impatience, or low fpirits ; and that he paf his time very well, as ufual, with the affiftance of amufi books. The next day Dr, Smith received a letter frem Mr. Hui bimfelf i of which an extrad is given in this pamphlet. \ toiade ufe of his nephew's hand, in writing it, as he *^ did x rife that day." He fays, ^' I go very faft to decline, and I xiight had a fmall fever, which 1 hoped might put a quicker ] riod to this tedious lllnefs^ but unluckily it has, in a great mi fure gone off. I cannot fubmit to your coming over here my account, as it is pofBble for me to fee you (o fmall a p of the day, but Dr. Black can better inform you concern! the degree of ftrength which may from time to time rem; with me. Adieu, &c." On the a5tb, two days after writing the above letter, A Hume expired,*^* in fuch an happy comppfure of mind, tl nothing could exceed it * :' fo Dr. Smith exprefles it ; and which we may add the genuine and pious exclamation of a verend and truly orthodox divine, on reading the account, length, from which we have extradVed the foreg4>iflg parti< lars, — ** Oh ! what good Christian would hot wi TO Dl£ SUCH A DeaTH !" • « He never,' fays the Doftor, * dropped the fmalleft exprefl of impatience ; but when he had occafion to fpeak to the peo about him, always did it with affedUon and tenaernefs.*^ 1 Price V AdSitonal Obfervatiitu on Civil Libirtj. 2 1 3 Dr. Smith's letter coacludet with the following fummary of Mr. Hume's chira^er : * Thus died our moft.excelleQty and never to be forgotten friend ; concerning whofe philofophical opinions men will, no doabt, jadge varioufly, erery one approving, or condemning them, according as they bappA) to coincide or difagree with his own ; but concerninjgf whofe charadler and condud there can fcarce be a difference of opi- nion. His temper^ indeed, feemed to be more happily balanced. If I may be allowed fuch an expreifion, than that perhaps of any other man I have ever known. Even in the lowed ^ate of his fortune« his great and necelTary frugality never hindered him from exercifingt upon proper occafions, a6ls both of charity and generofity. It wu n frugality founded, not upon avarice, but upon the love of indepen- dency. The extreme genclenefs of his nature never weakened either the firmne(s of his mind, or the fteadinefs of his refolutions. His conflant pleafantry was the jgenuine effuiiOn of good-nature and good-humour, tempered with delicacy and modefty, and without even the flighted tin^ure of malignity, fo frequently the difagree^ able (burce of what is called wit in other men. It never was the jneaninf^ of his raillery to mortify ; and therefore, far from offend* in^, it feldoffi failed to pleafe and delight, even thole who were the objeAs of it. To his friends, who were frequently the objeds of it, there was not perhaps any one of all his great and amiable qualities^ which contributed more to endear his converfation. And that gaiety of temper, fo agreeable in fociety, bat which is fo often accompa- nied with frivolous and fuperficial qualities, was in him certainly at- tended with the moft fevere application, the moft extenfive learning, the greateft depth of thought, and a capacity in t^tvy refped the mod comprehenfive. Upon the whole, 1 have always confidered him» both in his lifetime and iince his death, as approaching as nearly to the idea of a perfedly wife and virtuous man, as perhaps the nature of human frailty wiJi permit.' ♦^* There is a good engraving of Mr. Hume, prefixed to the Life, by way of frontifpiece. £^ ^ Art. XL Additional Ob/trviUionj cm tbi Nature and Valut $f Civii Libertjt t^d the War *witb Amtrica^ &c» By Richard Price, D.D. ]p. R.S. 8vo. as. 6d. Cadeil, 1777. DR. Price has prefixed to this new publication, an intro- a duAory view of its contents, imm whence we (hall ab« |^ ftra^, in our own way, a few paniculars. He firft remarks, that in his former pamphlet he had given ^ a brief account of the nature of liberty in general, and of civil liberty in particular. That account, he fays, appears to him, after carefully reconiidering it, to be juft; and he ac- kndwledges that he does not think it in his power to improve it : to this his anfwerers, perhaps, will reply, that they have done it for him. In order, however, to be as explicit as poffible on this fubjed^ ^xA to remove thofe mifapprebeniions of hit fentiments, into P 3 which 2 1 4 Priced Additional Obfervations on Civil Liberty* ivhich fome hdve fallen, he has thought it proper to add th^ fMpplemental and explanatory obfervations which will be found in the firfl: part of this pamphlet. In this reconfideration of the fubjedfr, the Dodtor has eftabli(hed fome very important dif- tindions; and has, at lead, given ms a clear view of what civil government ought to be. Part the fccond opens with remarks on fome particulars in Lord North's fpeecb, at opening the budget* in April laft; and here we have the Author's farther obfervations on the furplus of the revenue, on the (quantity of coin in the kingdom, and on paper credit. He then proceeds to take into farther confidera- tion the ftate of the nation, the war with America, and the fchemes for raifing money by public loans : with refpeft to the American war, the Dr. continues to afHrm that he cannot expedl any other than a tragical and deplorable iflue from it : whether, in this place he means tragical with refpedt to Britain, or to America, or both, is not clear. But, he adds, * let events turn out as they will, I fball always reflect with fatisfadion, that I have, tho' a private perfon, of little confequence, born my teftimony from deep-felt conviftion, againft a war which muft fhock the feelings and the reafon of every conilderate perfon.' - As his profpeS of the ftate of the kingdom is, without ^oubt, a melancholy one, he premifes that this is not the efFe£^, as fome have intimated, of either a natural difpofition, in the writer, to gloominefs, or of finifter views. Few, fays the ivorthy Doctor, * who know me, will entertain fuch a fufpi- cion. Valuing moji what politicians and ftatefmen valije Uafl. \ feel myfelf perfeftly eafy with refpedl to my intereft as a citizen of this world ; nor is there a change of fituation that can make me happier, except a return to privacy and obfcurity. The opinion I have entertained of the prefent danger of tl^c kingdom is, therefore, the efFeS of evidence, which appears to me irrefiftible. This evidence I have ftated to the public j ^nd every one may judge of it as he pleafes.'— — In the third part we have, j* an abflrafl of oiir exports and imports, from 1697, to 1773, with remarks, in order to (hew * the progrefs of ©ur foreign trade, and its effc£l on the nation from the beginning of this ccptury^ and particularly, to point put an unfavorable change which feems to have taken place fince 1764:— z;/z. that the balance has been aga'mjl us. In the fecond Section of the laft part, the Aiithor has given an analyfjs * of all the different articles of the national debt, • The Dodor has not fcrupled to repeat this Tinker's term ; he, perhaps, thought himfelf couDtenacced by thofe who introduced it }VL the Houfe of Commons. Price*i Additional Obfcrvations on Civil Liberty. 21 5 which will probably inform every perfon of mojl that he can wifii to know concerning ihcm.' See, (after an account of the Dutch, German, Swedifh, French, Spanifh, Portuguefe and Englifh painters, together with thofe of Switzer* land and Geneva, who are very few in number, and puny in merit) treats of fculpture; points out the origin and progrtfa of that fine art, and defcribes the principal pieces it has pro- duced in different nations. IV. Trigonfmetrie ReSfiUgne W fes Ufages : i. e. ReSfilimal Tcigonometry and its Ufes. By the Abbe Rossi gnol, ancient Profeflbr of Mathematics and Natural Philofophy in the Uni- verfity of Milan, 8vo. Paris, l^^'^^ A judicious colleAioa of the moft ufeful and important parts of the fcience in queftion ; and happily fuited by its fimplicity and perfpicuitjr, to even ordinary capacities. The fix fe^ions into which it it divided, treat principally of the conftrud)ion of tables of fines, the refolution of triangles, the meafure of diflances by land, at fea, and in the heavens j in all which we find interefiing problema •F diflFerent forms. V. Les CaraSferes du Mefjii verifies^ tffc. u e. He Chara£fers of tbi Mejftah verified in Jefus of Nazareth. By Mr. Clemencs, Canon of the Church of Rouen, 8vo. 2 Vols. 1776. The Author determines the charaderiftical marks of the Mefiiah ^ith preciiion and accuracy ; points out in confequence of tbefe charaders '/ A 2iS Foreign Coriespondekce. charaftcrs (which are drawn from the cleareft prcdiaions) the prophecies that, taken in a literal fcnfe, regard the MeiEah ; and by a comparifon of thefe prophecies with the events, fets the divine miflion of Chrift in the moft ftriking light. There is a great deal of good erudition and found critical judgment in this work. VI. The Abbe Auger, Profcflbr of Belles Lettns at Rouen and Member of the Academy of Sciences in that city, has pub- liflied in five Volumes 8vo. a French Tranflation of the whole Works of Demofthenes and iEfchines. We fliould not have mentioned this tranflation, were ix not accompanied with remarks upon the genius and produdions of thefe two great orators, with critical notes on the Greek text, a preliminary difcourfe con- cerning Eloquence, a Treatife on the Jurifdidlion and Laws of Athens, and other pieces, relative to Grecian Laws and Littra- ture, which have real merit. VIL The following work is too intimately conefled with the improvement of the cotton man u factories, not to deferve a particular attention : Its title is : UArt de la Ttinture des fils y etoffes de Coton^ iic. i. c. The Art of dying Cotton^ both in the Thread and in the Piece \ to which is prefixed, a new Theory of the true Caufes of the Fixation or Permanence of Colours^ — together with DireSJions relative to the Cultivation of PaJleU IVoad and Madder. By M. LE PiLEUR d'Apligny. lamo. Paris. 1776. This work ^as met with the higheft approbation, as containing re- fearches of the utmoft importance to the improvement of the ufeful art of dying. Vill. Expoji des Moyens Curatifs iff Prefervatifs^ &c. i. e. The Prefervatives and Methods of Cure that may be employed in the contagious Diforders among the horned Cottle. By M. Vico i'AzYR, Doftor Regent of the Medical Faculty at Paris, Commiflary General of Epidemical Difcafes, &c. Paris. 8vo, 1776. The journal of obfervatbns and experiments of this eminent phyfician, that was publiflicd at Auch in 1775, and other pieces of his, relating to the contagious diforders among cattle that have appeared fince, (hew the fagacity, care and afiiduity with which he had ftudied the important fubjedt / lh«c» m treated in the publication now before us. Tho' the modeft and truly learned Author does not pretend to have found out a certain remedy for this deftruftivc contagion, yet his book opens very important views of the fubjeft, and is full of ufeful information and excellent direflions, that may be reduced to practice with the greateft facility. IX. A book relative to the foregoing fubjeiS has juft fallen ac- cidentally into our hands, which was publiOied at f^ienna in the year 1775, by Mr. J. S. Michael Seger, under the following ^itle : ALhandlung vm dem Md^ltau^ &c. i. Ct A Tnatifi concern- inf Foreign Correspondencs; 210 tng the Mildew^ confidered as the principal Caufe of Epidemic Difeafes among the Cattle^ with Dire^ions concerning the Manner of treating thefe Difeafes. This Author obfervcs, that mildew^ which he confiders as a kind of ruft, is of fuch a fharp and corrofive nature that it raifcs blifters on the feet of the fhep- herds, who go bare-footed, and even confumes' the hoofs of the cattle. He fufpefls that it has more or lefs the quality of arfenic, tho' he does not pretend to affirm this pofitivelf. Its pernicious influence, according to him, is rendered ftill more powerful by a variety of circumftances, fuch as fending the cattle into the fields too early in the fpring, their drinking water mixed with ice or but lately thawed, their being kept ia ftables that are too clofe and filthy, and are not fufficientlv aired ; the mildew, producing the difeafe, is that which dries and burns the grafs and leaves. It falls ufually in the morning particularly after a thunder-ftorm. Its poifonous quality, {which does not continue above twenty-four hours) never operates, but when it has been fwallowed immediately after itt falling. The diforder, it occafions, attacks the ftomach, is accompanied with pimples on the tongue, with lofs of appetite, with the deficcation of the aliments in the ftomach, with a cough and a difficulty of refpiration. As a prcfcrvative the Author prefcribes purging in fpring and in winter. The medi- cine he advifes is compofed of thirty grains of fulphur of anti- mdny and fixty grains of refin of jalap. He is again ft voQiiting, and every thing that is of a heating nature. X. The Abbe Sauri, whofe courfe of philofophy, for the ufc of the French univerfities, has ^one thro'^feveral editions has now compleated that courfe, by two publications, merit* jng particular notice. The firfi is. La Morale du Citoyen dm Monde ^ ou la Morale de la Raifon : i. e. The Moral Syjlem of a Citizen of the If^orldj or the Morality of Reafon. — The fecond is, A Courfe of Natural Philofophy^ Theoretical and Experimental. 8vow Paris. 1776. The moral fyftem is divided into two fcdions; of which one relates to the internal Ra^tc of fociety, and treats, among other objeds, of religion, fuicide, duelling; of the opinions qf philofophers concerning the nature of virtue and the principle of approbation ; of the condudl and manners of man in fociety ; of the origin of moral fentiments, and the praftical rules of moral conduft. The other fe£)ion, more ^mple and extenfive, prefents a tablature of the external ftate of civil fociety, which comprehends agriculture, population, manufadures, commerce, navigation, war, pofitive laws, legifla- tive power, political interefts, connexions and ri<5hts, internal policy, &c. Alt thsfe fubjcfls • are trcattd with judgment, precifion and perfpicuity. ^ ' Xr. The 220 Foreign Cosreipohoknce. XI. The fame judicioui and learned writer has publi(hed« in 4 Vols. lamo. Paris. A Courfi of Natural PhiUfophyy (Cntrs di Pbyfeque Expirimental i^ The$rifUi) divided into eleven fedions; in which the various branches of that importSint fcience are treated under the following heads, — the mecbanifhi of bodies, hydrodynamics*, the theory of phyfical powers, ta(les» odours, found, optics, phyfical afironomy, tides, eledricityt magnetifm, water, fire, air, all kinds of meteors and their influence on vegetation. The memoirs of all the learned academies of Europe, and the moft celebrated works in thf clafs of aftronomy and natural philofopb^, that have appeare4 in modern tiroes, have furnifhed to the induftry and judicious choice of the Abbe Sauri, the materials for this excellent All. RichiTches Pbilofopbiques fur U 'Natun de PJir Nitraut fcf iU rAir dephlogifique : i. e. Pbilofopbical Rifearches conarning tbi Naturi of Nitrous Air and Air diprivid of its Phlogifton. By the Abbe Felix Fontana, Diredor of the Royal Cabinet of Natural Hiftory at Florence. 8vo. Paris. 1777. This little work, which is not beyond the fize of a pamphlet, is interefting in its contents, and may be confidered as an improvement upon the juftly celebrated difcoveries of Dr. Prieftley, relative to tb^ clement we breathe, and its modifications and properties. Tho Abbe divides his work into two parts ; in the firft, he inquire# into the nature of nitrous air, and finds it compofed of 9 nitrous acid faturated with phlogifton. Hence he proceeds to feveral curious refearches concerning the nature and properties of other kinds of air, and he determines the principles and degrees of the falubrity of the diiFerent kinds of air we breathe^ by the diminution they fufFer in their union with nitrous air^ In the fecoifd part the Abbe Fontana treats of dephlogifti. cated air, of the origin of common air, and of the, revivifcaiiem of metals without the addition of the phlogifton. He has been convinced by a feries of experiments made with the utmofl- pare, that dephlogiflicated air and even the atmofpherical air are nothing more than the nitrous acid decompofed and deprived of its natural phlogiflon. Thefe experiments feem to provp that mercurial calx or powder, fuch as red precipitate^ is reduced to metal, by the intervention or influence of the phlogifton, which the nitrous acid leaves in thefe calcinations, when it becomes dephlogifiicated air^ or, in other words, is deprived of its phlogifton.— >The fubjed thus treated, by the ingenious Abb^ merits the attention of natural philofophers and chemifb* * A urm which fignifies the powers of flaids« particalarly water. ITALY, Fo&IION CORRESPONDENCS. m ITALY. XIIL The congregation of the Propaganda at Rome, have ?ubK(hed under the iafpedion of the Abbe Amaduzzi the )ire£tor of their Printing- houfe and the R. F. Carpani, fotv flierly a Miffionary in Pegu, in an OSfavo Volume, The Barmam vr Soman Alphaiit of the Kingdem of Ava and the adjacent Courn^ iries.^^Tht Latin title is, Jiphabeticum Barmanum feu Bomanum regni Avae, finitimarumque Regiomum. The kingdom of Avm iituated in the 21ft degree of longitude, lies contiguous to Tibet, and Chinefe Tartary, and is furrounded by the kingdoms of Pegu, Tangut, Laos, Caffi or Afiem and Arrakan. The dominion of the Monarch of Ava is extenfive, comprehending Tangut, Pegu, AfTem, Prum, Pagan, Martaban, the provinces Talvai and Tenafierim and the Ifle of Nigralia. The Barmam or Boman language derives its name from the term Boma^ which fignifies a nrong man or a great nation, and it is fpokea in all the teritories of the King of Ava; its alphabet confifta of thirty-three radical letters, and feveral compounded ones? it begins with K and ends with A. It has> not the Q^ nor the F ; but it has three kinds of the I and two of the V and the O. BeAdes their vulgar language the inhabitants of Ava have another of great antiquity, which is confecrated to the ex^ ipreffion of their religious dodrines and ceremonies, and ia called Bali or Batia. This language is only known by aa order of priefts, called Talapoins^ who live much in the fame manner as the monadic orders of the church of Rome, The favages of thefe countries have alfo a peculiar language, whick they call Carian and which is palpably diftinft from the two others. ^ Although the inhabitants of thefe countries are idolaters, who wormip under the denomination of Godoma the famooi Bujfa^ or Deity of the Tibetans, the Barnabite Miffionaries have found means of ereding among them thirteen churches. XIV. The lovers of ancient Italian literature will not be difpleafed to find the Orfeo^ or Orpheus, a tragedy of Aogelo Politian, publifbed for the firft time entire from two old manu^ fcripts, and illuftrated by the notes of an obfervantine monk. Father Affo de BufFeto, Profeflbr of Philofophy in the Royal Schools of Guaftalla. This work has been lately publifhed at Venice, in 4to. under the infpedion of Father Lewis Anthonjr of Ravenna. 1776. Politian is well known, as bearing aa eminent rank among the wits and literati of the fifteenth century; but it is not fo well known, that, at the age of eighteen he compofed this tragedy, which he began and finifhed in the fpace of two days. It is a noble compofttion, and not- withftanding its defe^b* which are thofe of iu age, it is writtea '/ itjs I 222 Foreign Correspondence. written with that beautiful fimplicity, which chara^erizes the ancient dramas. XV. L$ dntiche Camere delU Terme di Tito^ &c. i. e. A Dt^ fcription of the ancient ChamhitSy which contained the Thermae 9r Baths of Titus^ illuftraied by Plans^ ViewSy &c. delineated, engraven and illuminated by L. Mirri, by the abbot Joseph Carletti, Folio. Rome. 1776. This elegant publica- tion, which exhibits a defcription of thefe famous baths, and of the paintings that adorned them, accompanied with learned aiid ingenious notes, will undoubtedly meet with the favourable l^eception ^Imj deferve. from all the lovers of architecture, and of the fine arts, /i beautiful pidtu're of Venus and Adonis, and another reprefenting the Centaur Eurytus embracing Hip- podamia, whom Thefeus delivers from the Monfter, are among the principal pieces in this curious work. XVL OpufcuU di Fiftca AnimaUy &c. i. c. JPhtlofophical 7reatifef relative to the Animal and Vegetable JVorldsy by the Abbot Spalan- zANi, Profeflbr of Natural Hiftory in the Univerfity of Pavia, Member of the Royal Society of London, together with Letters^ addrejfed^ on Occafion cf thefe Treatifes to Mr. Bonnet of Geneva.^ and other learned Men. Vol. !• 8vo. Printed by the Typogra- phical Society at ModenOy 1776. This firft volume (of what M. Spalanzani znXV^pufculi or * "i'of which is / little works) contains hut one treatife, the fubjed / thofe minute animals that are rendered vifible only by the inicrofcope, which arife, in multitudes from vegetable or animal feed infufed, and which are called on that account, Animalcules cf Infufion. This fubjedi has an intimate connection with the generation of organized bodies, concerning which profound fecret of nature the hypothefes of learned and fanciful obfervers have been fo various and unfatisfaclory. The hypothelis of Mr. Needham is combated with great (Irength of reafoning, ieconded by experiments, in the volume before us. Mr. Need- ham fuppofcs matter endowed with (what he calls) a vegetative f^ force, which fets it in motion, eledirifies it, and communicates to it a kind of vitality ^ diftindl from fcnfibility. To this force he attributes the productions of animalcules of infufions, and to prove that thefe minute beings do not proceed from fpeciAc germs, he alleJged his having obferved that they exided in vtiTels placed upon fire, which muft of necefBty have deftroyed fuch germs. Our abbot, to invalidate this obfervation, placed vefTcIs hermetically clofed in boiling water, and declared, that in this experiment no animacules were produced from the infufed fubftances. He related this experiment in his Effay Ql containing Microfcopical Obfervaticns on the Syjlem of Meffrs, Need" ^^ hom and Buffan^ relative to Generations publilhed in 1765. Mr. ' Needham tranflated this efiay mto French, and in his notes gave Foreign Correspondence.' 223 gave the following anfwer to M. SpalanzanPs obfervation, firft, that the ebullition (which according to the abbot's account bad continued for an hour) might have dioiinifbed greatly, or perhaps deftroyed entirely the vegetativi force of the infufed fubftances, and fecondly, that it might have alfo diminiihed the elafticity of the air contained in the vefTels. In the volume now before us Mr. Spalanzani ihews, and in our opinion with confiderable ftrength of evidence, that neither of thefe cafes exift: — he proves, in anfwer to the firft, by concluQons deduced from a variety of experiments, that the length of the ebullition inftead of being prejudicial to the produdion of animalcules, encreafes the number in all the different feeds he employed, except in the corn of Turkey, — that feeds roafted in the fire, like cofFec, reduced to powder and then infufed, had more animalcules than thofe which had experienced fmaller degrees of heat, and that the mod intenfe degrees of heat did not at all diminiOi the fecundity in queftion. In anfwer to Mr. Needham's fecond obfervation, the abbot (hews by different experiments, that, by the a£l of clofing hermetically earthern veffels, the internal air is not rarified, and of confcquence lofes nothing of itfe elafticity, nay, that on opening vefTels thus clofed, a fort of flame is obferved to (hoot forth, which is a clear indication that the elafticity of the internal air has increafed, inftead of diminiftiing. After having confidered the microfcopical animals, as they arc affeSed by heat, and compared them, in this refpeft, with thofe that are vifible to the naked eye, our Author confiders each of thefe clafles as they are affe^ed by cold. From this inquiry (which has fuggefted to the induftrious abbot many curious obfervations and experiments, related in an interefting manner) he proceeds to general confiderations on the adion of heat and Cold on all living creatures, beginning with man. And here he refutes M. de Buffon, who attributes the torpid fiate of feveral animals during the winter, to the natural coldnefs of their blood, which the warmth alone of the atmof- phere can maintain in a ftate of fluidity : our Author obferves^ on the contrary, that of the animals, which are in this fituation, feveral have the blood extremely warm, fuch as hedge- hogs, marmots, and bats ; and tho' it be true, that during the ftate of torpor the blood is chilled or ftagnant in thefe animals, yet he is perfuaded that the torpor of the animal does not fo much proceed from this chillnefs of the blood as from the numbed- nefs of the folids : various experiments on frogs, which have been recalled to life, after having loft all their blood, confirmed the abbot in this hypothefis. In the fecond part of the volume, M. Spalanzani attacks the confequence which Mr. Needham deduced from his hypo- thefft, 8 •/ 22«. Ft>RBI01l -Co&ESSPONBSNCt: thefis, eVcii thic the aninulcules of infufions were to tannf plants^ trftDsformed into real animab. Mr. Need bam pretended to deinonftrate this confequence by experiments. His antagonift repeated thcfe experiments ^ but tho' they gave him occafion toobferve the produdion c^ the roicrofcopic |daats, defcribed by Needham* yet he could not difcern in thefe plants any real marks of (ponuneous motion or transformation, and he even perceived that the motion which deceived Mr. Needham was pipduced by circumftances totally different from viulity. From hence our Author proceeds to a very curious inquiry concern- ing Uie. generation of there animalcules, and after repeating in various ways and with all poffible precautions againft illufion aund orror> the experiments of M. tU SauJ/un of Geneva, on that fubjed, he concludes that thefe animals are re»produced liko.tbe tirelh- water polypus, by divifion and, as it were by (hoots^ we muft refer the reader to the work itfelf, for an account of the diflferent ways in which this divifion is efie^hu^ according to the different forts of the little beings in queftion* In his way. Ma Spalanzani refutes the hypothefis of Mr. Ellis, with mfp^ to the generation of the animalcules of infufions, and afterwards proves, by a detail of nice and decifive experiment, that fome of them are viviparous, others oviparous, and all of them hermaphrodites in the moil rigorous fenfc of thatterm. He then returns, again, to Mr. Needham (Ecce .hertun Crif^ fbms !) who maintained that thefe animalcules are only indued with vitality, — and proves, againft him, that they bear all the true chara4^ers and diftindive marks of animality, which arc defined in an accurate and philofophical manner in the conclu- fion of this volume.— The fecond volume of this Opu/atli^ which nuft be interefting to the lovers of Natural Hiftocy, ihall be the iiibje£t of a future article, as foon as it comes to hand. A VII. Ccmpifidio tiiUa Storh Gup'ofica^ tiz. i. e. An AhriJ^mimt $ftht Geographical^ Natural^ and Civil Hifinj of Cbili.%^0. Bologna* 1776. rhilijfhn* ylntftl in rha tnrrii nnnr, is remarkable for the mildnefs of its climate and the fruitful nefs of its foil. It abounds with ufeful and agreeable plants, produces almoft ail the wild vegetables known in Europe ; and many plants, which require among us the moft careful and diKgent cultivation, grow naturally in that kingdom. The defcription, howeveri of thefe productions of nature, is not the part of this publica-* tion which is the mod recommendable. In general, the branch of Natural Hiftory is here treated in a manner lefs enteruining and methodical than the others. The Civil Hiftory of Chili is well compofed, inftrudive and entertaining: the Author makes us acquainted with the different provinces of that king*^ dom, the language of its inhabitants; their religion, (which refembles much that of the other Indians) the civil and military • govern* P6kki(^N Correspondbncb; 225 gbVernment of the Araucanians, their manner of liviiig, their dreft, amufements, exercifes^ and every thing relating to that trarlike people, who pride themfelves in that liberty and inde-^ ptndence, which they have always piaintained againft thd' Spaniards. The Hiftory of the Spanish Conquefts and Settle* ments concludes the work. XVIII. Saggio d* Ihtruziwe^ &c. i, e. An EJJay concerning . Thtoicgical InflruSfion ; dedicated to his Holinefs Pius V. 4to. ' Rome. 1776. Father Gerdil^ a Barnabite, otie of the mod acute and moft philofophical geniufes in Italy, who has acquired an iiluftrious rank among the metaphyficians, by his remarks on Locki*s EJfay on the Hwhan Vndtrftandingy is the Author of tHig work. And, indeed, there is in it a ftrange mixture of the Philofopher and the Barnabite. It is a pity to fee thig celebrated pen difplaying alternately, throughout this volume, its uncommon powers in defence of the beft and the worft caufe. His defence of revelation is excellent ; his attacks upon deifm and fiiaterialifm are vidorious ; but when he puts on his conjuring cap to maintain the unity qI the church and the iniife£iibiUty of St. Peter's chair, we are tempted to fay of him,- as ^wift faid of himfclf, before his looking-glafs, v^hen he begait to doat, poor man ! XIX. Mufai Capitolini antiqua Infcriptiona a Francifco Eugenia Gma/co; Jllexandrino^ ejufdem Mufai Curator e P. nunc primum Editi^g^ Notifque iliujhata: i. e. The ancient Infcriptions of the CvUe&ion kept in the Capitol^ now firji publijhed together and illuHrated tuiib Not/Sy by the Marquis Guasco, &c. Vol. I. 4to« rrinted' at Rome by Salomoni. Thefe infcriptions, which are divided into claiTes by the noble and learned Editor, mud be flngularljr ihterefting to the lovers of antiquitj^ and philolog3s as there is not, perhaps, one of them that does not throw light upon fome point of erudition. The infcriptions, contained in this firft Volame, relate to t^e names and attributes of gods and goddefles, their temples, altars, ftatues, prieib; as alfo to the Roman Emperors, Confub and Prefeds of the city. Some of thefe infcriptions have already been publtflied, in a fcattered manner, without any explication, and iIl*copied ; but no fuch defeds- Vrill be found in the prefent publication. A fecond'and third Volume will foon be publiflied, and wil^ complete this valuable c^lledion. GERMANY. XX. Erxoelhkif^gen Merktvurdiger Kranken Gefcbkbte^ &c. i. e. Jn Account tf fever al remarkable Cafes in the t*ra^ice if Phyfic. By Mr. Holdefreund, Brunfwick. 1776. The twelve cafes contained in this curious colleftion, and on which the Author has communicated his obfervations to the public, are, firft, a fnadnefs, cured by a fternutative, compofed of powder of hellebore Rev. Mar. 1777* Q^ and 226 f oE£iGN Correspondence. and oil of marjoram, which made the patient evacuate a large quantity of fetid watcr^ and of worms, fimilar to thofe which . are found in checfc — The perforation of the intcftin^'s by 4 worm of the round kind^ half an ell lon^i^ which wa? difcovered by an ulcer^ which made way for it, and was drawn out of the wound wiihout any bad conicqucnces — T he hire of a mad dog,. which was cured by mercurial frifiions, producing a faliva- tion — The return of the m^nfes in a woman at the age of fevcnty — An itch which fucceeded a fuppreiTion of the menfes — A cholic in the flomach, which returned weekly, and waj accompanicrj, at each Ht, with a kind of jaundice, and evacua* tions of yellow urine — A woman^ who brought forth (tvcn^ ftrong and healthy children, before her mwthly courfis began— A head ach accompanied with convuiiions, and fuch thickncfs- of humours, that the bliftcr, raifcd by the bli(l.rin(r-plaifter contained a real jelly ; this diforder was not cured — A Placeman compofed of bladders — A conilipacion of thirteen days, which the {Irongeft cly Iters were, unable to remove, and which was cured by a fright; fomcthin^ like this has often happened.— An ulcer, which contained a ftune — A hemorrhage in the nofe» which fupplied the want of the mefifts, XXL There are alfo fevcral cafes and obfervations worthy of • the attention of the learned in the following. coUocl ion., Ab^ handlungen und Hecba.htungtny &c. i. c. jVLdical Dijfertathnf 4ind Obfttvatiom^ by a Society of Ph)ficians at Hamburtr, pu^* tijkcd by Mr. P. D. Gif. ke, Dodor of Phyfic, and Profcffur of Natural Philofophy. Hamburg. 1776. Vol. L in 8vo. XKiil' EnliitTWg zur /illegemelncn^ &c., i, e. jIn Introduolion to the gtneral Harmohy thjt reigns in the IhSlrine of all Nati'9fis and all Ages y relative to the Gods. 8vo. Leiplic, 1776. The order in which the anonymous Author of ibis work relates the origin and progrefs of the ancient mythology, in a pre^ liminary difcourfe, appears to us natural and plaufibic, and it is iliuftrated and fupporied by an extonfive knowledge of antiquity. Agriculture, adronomy, the obfervation of in- animate nature in its different afpe^ts of benignity and feve-> rity, in its connection with our Wdnts and enjoyments, en- gendered the firft forms of mythology in Egypt i — the gratitude and terror excited by public benefadors and oppreflors en- larged the fphere of polytheifm, — and the inlercouric opened between nations by navigation, commerce and emigrations, multiplied aild propagated, throughout the world, the forms of religious error and idolatry. '^p£& work itfelf is divided into three books. In the firft, our Author treats fu^ceffively in five chapters, of the origin of good and evil, of meteors, of the pcrfe tipe recoinipcndtfd in if apon that rational footing, which diftingoiflics medicine as a fcience from mere empiricifm. Withpvl atumpting 0^2 to '^u^ 128 Monthly Catal6oue, Medical. to Uy down any precife ideas of the stx^ difFerent difcafes w&kb rdtfk under the appellations of h^dlic and flow fevers, and con* fumpcions ; without endeavouring to afcertain to which ingredientt of the compound medicine propofed, the falutary effeftf are chiefly ^9m% ; the Author troubles himfelf no further than to give a very fummary detail of cafes (apparently from memory) with copies ef prefcriptions from the apothecary's file. The remedy is a fo* lution of myrrh in water, with fait of ftecl and fait of wormwood. Dr. Griffith anticipates a chemical objedlion which immediately oc- curs to ir, on account of the decompofition which mud take place on mixing the ingredients ; and rightly obferves, that the ochre pre- cipitaied frcm the fait of fteel by the alkali cannot abfblutely be re- garded as an inadlive fubftance, (inceit may be adled upon 10 various Hays we are unacquainted with, by the jo ices of the ftomack and bowels* But furely this is a very random way of exhibiting a medi- cine! In fome cafes we are informed, that nitre was fob&tated to fait of wormwood : but although this mud produce a macerial altera- tion in the medicine, no atttcmpt is made to explain the nature or efFefls of this alteration. With refpedt to any prejudices which the fttppofed qualities of myrrh and fteel might occafion againft their exhi- biiion in febrile dilorders, we are ready to acknowledge, that they ought at once to give way to well authenticated proofs of their inno- cenceand cfiicacy ;— andwe^hink thofe adduced in theprefentpublica--' tion well deferve the attention of the faculty. We cannot fay fo much in favour of the method of curiae lotemal haemorrhages by a mixture of cool drawn linfeed oil and unCture of rhubarb ; iince it does not appear, even by the cafes related, to be at all fuperior, or equal, in efiicacy, to well-known and kis empirical methods. A Aft. 14. A particular Account of the Rickets in Children \ and Remarks on its Analogy to the Kin^^i Evil. With general Direc- tions how to cure fuch difeafed Infants in an eafy and efKcacious manner. Alfo, Receipts for the Prevention of moft Difeafes of Cliilfiren ; and a remedy for Con*vulfions and the Hooping- C§mfrh. 'Uy W. Farrcr, M. D. i2mo. 1 s. Johnfon. 1773 *. We do not like to fee a man afhamed of his vocation. Here does this good DoAor give himfelf and his readers much needlefs trouble, in attempting toward off the charge of quackery, which he juilly apprehends he is liable to incur, from this advertifement of his JUteraiime TinQure and Antimonial Po^wJer, Our late acquaintance^ honed Mr. Spilfbury, a£ted with much more candour. He boldly aiTumed the appellation and colours of his party, and made a furious incurfion into the quarters of his antagonifts, the Regulan. If Dr Farrer, with bis * due Deference to the Geotlemen Review- ers,* really wi^es to be informed why they cannot confider the vender of a nofirum in the re/J>e£)abie light of a promoter of nfefol Icnow- Icdge, we can readily anfwer, that it is becaufe he refafes to contri- bute any thing to the common (Ipck of fcience; confines within a narrow circle the beneficial efifedls of a remedy which, if honeft, he moil think of importance to mankind ; and is almoft neceilarily led * This article has been for a long time miilaid, with a few •thers artkeiMiecUfs.' to Monthly Catalogub, Politkah 229 to prafUfe onworthy arts, and make extravagant pretenfionsy in fupport ef the credit of his medicine. With regard to the incrodudlory matter (as we may Call it) of this little piece, though decently written, it contains no nt^ informa- tion concerning the difeafes mentioned in it. One fentence woold lead us' to fufpefl, that the Author was a native of a iifter-kingdom. He (ays, 'when the child is able to walk before he can make ufeof his legs, he is generally fuppofed to have the Rickets,* W^e confefs . we have no very clear coroprehenfion of the nature of this fymptom. ^1 Art. 15. ATreatife up$n the ExtraSiion of the Chryftalline Lens. By George Borthwick, Surgeon of the Fourteenth Regiment of Dragoons. 8vo. i s. Edinburgh. 1775. Sold by Murray io London. Few points in the prafticc of furgery have been controverted with more warmth than the comparative merit of the two operations of #jir« > trading and defrfjjtng the cryllalline lens in a cauradt. We hoped, from the title of this little piece, to have met with fome further evidence which might afiiH the practitioner to fettle his judgment 04 this fubjed ; but were fomewhat difappointcd in finding it to con« tain nothing, a few anatomical remarks excepted, but a defcriptioi^ of the manner of performing the operation of Extraction. This ap« pears fufiiciently judicious, but has little claim to originality or improvement. Nothing is pronounced direClly concerning the fuc- cefs of the operation in the Author's practice ; but the following cafual remark would lead us to form an unfavourable idea of it. ' la aboat the fpaceof ten days, the wound of the cornea is alimod united ; but a eoufiderahle opacity^ which fometimes extends a confiderable «vay, often remains for many lAfeeki,* This, we Ihould fear, (and we a are not told to the contrary) would fometimes remain for life. J\^ Art. i6m An EJfay on the Theory and Cure of the Venereal Go^ Borrhaea, and the Difeafes ivbich happen inconfequence of that Dif order » By John Andree, Surgeon to the Magdalen Hofpital, and Teacher of Anatomy. 8vo. i s. Blyth, &c. 1776. Afterchealmoftinfinite number of publications on the Venerea] Dif- eafe in all its forms, it cannot be expeded that any thing very ongioal will l)e contained in a (hilling pamphlet, the fubjeCt of which is fo extenlive as that of Mr. Andree's. This, in faCt, i$ a judicious ab* firaCl of the mod rational opinions in theory and pradice now enter- tained with regard to the diforder on which it treats ; and may prove more inflmdive to the ybung practitioner than many works of larger balk. A PoLITICAt. -*»• kxt. i^. A Political Paradox. 8vo. 6d. Almon. kJUng at the minidry ;-^who have declared, on a folemn occaiion* their defire of reftoring to America the hleffiugs of laiv and liberty. To prove their iincerity, thefe bleilings, it is remarked, are tendered to the Americans, by the hands of 40,000 lawgivers from Britain and Germany. The ingenious Pamphleteer makes the mod of this paradoxical appearance 10 the coodad of Government ; bat he hat fome other thoughts, relative to the (late of liberty at hume ; for which the patriots will applaud him, while the advocates for adini* oiilratioo will fet him ifi^VL-^faQious ^nd difqfe^td* Q^l Art. 130 Monthly CAtMocuE, iMv. Art. 1 8. CharaHerr. Containing an Impartial Review of the public Condu^ and Abilities of the mod cmineot Perfon^es in thd Parliament of Great Britain ; confidered as Statefmen* Senators, and Public Speakers. Revifed and corrected by the Author y fince their original Publication in the G«z£//f/r. Svo. 2s, 6d. Bsw, &c. 1777. Thefe charadlerifttc delineations have obtained, from the poblic, a very confiderable fhare of approbatipn. They appear to have be^a 4rawn with tolerable impartiality! although the ingenious Author ktms to lean, in fpme degree, toward the party in oppofition.' His profe^ed principal objed, is to enable the Reader to form ajuH iftimate of the abilities, and political 'value of our leading men in both houfes of Parliament. The perfonages who figure in this col- IcAion, are the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond, the Lords Manf: field, Camden, Lyttehon, Chatham, Hillfborough, Suffolk, Shel- |>urne. Sandwich, North, and Lord George Germaine ;, with Meffrs. Burke, Thurloe, Barre, Wcdderburne, Fox, Welborc Ellis, and JDunning. — The portraits of thefe public charadlers, though perhaps not corre^ly finifhed, may at lead be faid to have been fketched by Itmailerly hand. — The Author, we obferve, continues to augment his lift, through his original channel of conveyance, the Gasctttur ; fo chat we may, in due time, cxpedl a fequel to the prefent coUedlion. Law. fkxt. 19. The Penal Statutes abridged^ and atphabetioilly arranged. Calculated to ferve the dcfirable End of an alphabetical Com- mon-place Book of the penal Laws. Exhibiting, at ot»e View, the Nature of the Offence ; the Penalty annexed to it. for the firft, fecond, and third Offence ; the Number of Witneffes and Magif- trates neceffary toConvidion ; the Application of the Penalty; tht Manner of profecuttng and recovering the Penalty. By George Clark, Efq. 8vo. 3 s. fewed. Fielding aad W^er. 1777. In ourReview for February 1776, p. 162. we gave a brief accoant of Mr. Addington's abridgment of the penal ftacutcs. That work ^as given in a tabular form; this is arranged in the dtdionar>'- method : to which we have, in fome meafare, given the preference *. A compilement of this kind may be confidered as an appendix to 'fiern^s Jitfiice ; for we find, particularly in this book of Mr. Clark's, (we have not Mr. Addington's at hand) a number of titles which are not comprehended in Mr. Burn's very valuable performance. We . fpeak from a comparifon of the eleventh f edition of this lad «eii- lioned urork, with the pfefent abridgemem ; which may be regarded as ai kind of /srd^'ar to the penal ftatutes ; and in that view it may be of ufe. Art, 20. C$fiftderations en the La%vs relating te the Office tf a CorontTf and on the Pradice of Coroners, in taking laqoifitions Jkper %fi/um corporis. Sec 8vo^ 29. 6d. NewoaiUe prtBCedf Sold by Baldwin in London. The Author of this pamphlet offers many fenfible remarks •• tke flefodive ftate of our laws refpedling the iaquifitioaa takea by com- * In the account of Mr. Addington^^'book. I Yft believe thfre i^ pofv a 13th edition of Bora'i JuAioe. Monthly Catalocui, NoviU and Mtnmrs. 231 ners on dead bodies, and their iofiproper execution ; and inodeflly propofes amendments, in o»r appreheniion, not unworchy the atten- tion of the Legiflature. The particulars on which he chiefly infills are thefe j that the law being entirely filent concerning the c]iialin- cacions of a juror on a coroner's inquell, the juries, on thefe occa- fions, are generally fummoned in a hady and carclefs manner ; that the jury on a coroner*8 inqueft is not challengable, nor capable Of being amerced by ihe coroner ; that the coroner's power to appre- hend and commit, is at prf'fent liable to difpare ; that coroners, contrary to the main defign of their inquefts, which is to afcertain the means by which the dcceafed came to his death, refufe to hear anf tvidence but the evidence for the King ; tha;, in cafes of fuicide, the inqueft often make/ a return of Filo tit Je, without any juiHfiable ^(^ ground or evidence ; but more frequently return a verdidl ot Lunacy^ ' without having either a ihadow or prefumption to fupport them in r^ fuch judgment, other than what (hey infer from their own partial «thd» £/f and capricious reafonings ; that the law of Deodands is unreafonable -^nd oppre/Iive ; that fufncient attention is not paid to tl;e qualifica- tions of coroners, who ou >ht nol only to be men of ilrid integrity, but pofTcfled of aconildrrable fhare of juridical learning; and laiUy, thac there is not fu^icient provifion made for the puniOiment of mifbeha- viour in coroners, or for the protedlionof the fiibject from the wilful and oppreiTive abufe of the laws committed to their execution. On thcfc feveral topics, the Writer cxprcflTes himfelf in a manner which fhows him to be well acquainted with his fubjed ; and he de- ciares it to be his intention, not to weaken or depreciate political regulations and legal authority, but to contribute in foine degree toward the improvement and perfedion of our excellent fyRem of jarilprudencc. ^ I7 Novels and Memoirs. *^* Art. 21. Liberal Opinions^ in which is continued the Hiftory of fienignus: written by himfelf, and publilhed by Courtney Mel- moth. Vol. V. and VI. izmo. 69. Robin ion, &c. 1776. Having fully cxprafTcd cur fentiments concerning the literary and moral merit of the former parts of this wo k*, we find thefe con« eluding volumes fo- fimilar to the preceding, that we think it un- neceifar/ to dwell upon them, farther than to remark, that they abound with delineations of charader, and defcriptions of fcenes in low- life, which fliow that the Author pofleiTes a tolerable vein of pleafantry, and is no (Iranger to the world. F Art. 22. 7hi Pupil of PUafure : or, the New Syjiem illuftrated. • Infcribed to Mr. Eugenia Stanhope, Editor of Lord Chellerfield'i Letters. By Cc/t^rtney Melmotb. 2 Vols, izmo, 6s. Robinfon &c. 1777- Though we arc, perhaps, as much convinced of the dangerous tendency of fomc of the principles incukared in lord Cheftcrfield s letters as the Author of ibis work, and would by no means be under- ftood as inhnuating an apology for duplicity or licentioufnefs ; we (an not but think, that in the ardor of his zeal for morality, he has ♦ Sec Rev. Vol, LIL page i|.68, and VoL LV. pa^ 319. 0^4 done 232 Monthly Gatalooui, MfciUtmuus. done fomc injuftice to the noble Author whom he cenfaref, by diyeding the hero of his piece of every fentiment ofhonoury delicacy apd humanity. Whatever latitude his iQrd/hip s fyftem may allow, in the purfuit of pleafure or the pra^^ice of diffimqlation, thero feems to be no foundation for loading it with the infamy of pro* dttcing characters capable of every fpecies of villany. And. in thi) light we piuR confidcr Mr. Mclmoih's Pupil of Pleafure; whom he has defci'jbcd as forming a plan of fedudlion agaioft a married ^oman ^\io was in the lad ftage of a confumption, and at length, ieizing the moment of a fainting fit into which hii prefence had thrown her» for accompliihing his purpofc by force. Thi| part of the ftory is related with fo many heightening circnmftances, that it if impoffible to read it without feeling difguft, ^nd pronouncing the whole unnatural and (hocking. Jn the other parts of the work| the fcenes of fedudion are painted in fuch glowing colours, thaf; ^me readers may be apt to quelHon whether Mr. Melmoth's prepa- ration will operate as an antidote againll the poifoa of lord Chefter* field's writings. ^ "C B o T A N y/ Art. 23. Thi Elements of Botany \ containing the H'ftory of tho Science: with accurate Definitions of all the Terms of Art, exemplified in eleven Copper plates ; the Theory of Vegetables ; the fcientific Arrangement of Plants, and names ufed in Botany; Rules concerning the general Hillory, Virtues, and Ufes of Plants. Being a Tranflation of the PbiU/opbia Botanical and other Treatifet of the celebrated Linn^us. hy Hugh Rofc, Apothecary. 8vq« 6 8. Boards. Cadell, &c. 1779. Mr. Rofe appears to have eV^cuted this ufeful work with judgment anA accuracy; and as the *wboU of this treatife had not before appeared in our language, this publication will,' doubilefs, prove highly acceptable to thofe Englilh readers who are attached to th^ fubjedl. — ^The Tranflator has added, iyy way of appmdix* a defcrip- tion of fome plants lately foupd in Norfolk and Suffolk, never before difcovered in England, or not delcribed as EogliOi plants; and illuilrated with three additional copper-plates. M4SCELLANBOUS. Art. 24. Minutes of the Trial and Examination of certain Ptrfm in the Province of Nenu Tork^ chareed with having been cngage< in a Confpiracy againd the Authority of the Congrefs, and th ' Liberties of America. 8vo. is. Bcw. 1776. If this account be authentic*, it is worthy of notice. It relat he particulars which came opt on the examination of Mr, M.itthe« ate mayor of New York, anid other perfons, accufed of a confpira againft the Congrefs, and efpccially againil Walhingion. Tl propofcd, it feems, to fcize and carry off this American Samfon', tfie help of bis Delilah, a Mrs. Gibbons, who had promifed i\ her afiillance. Matthews was condemned to fufFer death ; but, i { * The anonymous Editor fays, the minutes were found at York by the BritiHi troops, among the papers of a perfon appears to have been fccretary to the committee of enquiry. Monthly CAtAtoouit MfaUmuna. 233 Ml meeting, Aog. i. the Congrefs refolved to poftpone the execo*. tioQ of the fentence, ^ne die^ aod ordered him to be carried into Connedicat, there to be kept imprifoned till further orders. Art, 25. A trfii Account of the Trial 0/ Mr, Samuel Eruckfhmv^s Anion for falfe Impr if onment^ in Guildhall, London, June 13, 1776: and alfo of all the former Peoceedings in the Courts of Law^ Folio. 6d. Kearfly, This remarkable caufe has been, for thcfe fix years pad, agitated in the courts of Law; and has, at length, been determined in favour, of Mr. Brucklhaw the unfortunate plaintifi'; with a verdid of onlf fi'vt pounds damages: a miferable reparation^ as he exprefles it, /ir ' his almoft unparalUUd lurongs and fujfe^ings, — In our Rev, Vol. L* page 412, wc briefly mentioned a tormer publication of Mr. B.'a \ P« the Abufe of pri*vate Mad hou/es^ and on his own particular treat* snent, under an ill-fupported charge of lunacy. He had recourfe to \ the law for redrefs, and we here 6nd an account of 1027 /. 9/. 6dm aflual expence in the litigation : to the difcharge of which the benevolent fubfcriptions f raifed for him. have proved very unequal. Art. 26. A DiJJertation upon the Epijiles of Phalarts^ with an Anfwer to the Objections of the Hon. Cnarles Boyle, iky Richard Bentley, D.D. Chaplain in Ordinary, and Li braiy- keeper to his Majefty. To which are added. Dr. Bentley's Diiusrration on the Epiflies of Themiftocles, Socrates, Euripides and others, and the Fables of i^fop ; as originally printed, with occafional Remarks on the whole. 8vo. 6 s. Bowyer and Nichoils. 17774 There is a refped due to thofe learned men, who were engaged in the Bentleian controverfy, though, in fa£l, they knew no more i of Phalaris than they did of the colour of Myron's cow. Oiur ( Readers, therefore, will not exped that we Qiould attempt to renevir * the idea of that controverfy, by dating the circumflances of it, at a I time when the chief point in difpute is fo little interefting. We I ihall only obferve, .that the occafional remarks of the Editor are judi- cious and pertinent ; and that the book was well worth reprinting, 1 as it contains a vtry large fund of ancient learning. ^ ^ Art. 27. Infurance in Lotteries conjideredj with a Table, (hewing • the Utility of the following Calculations iq any Lottery that ii drawn in any Number of Days, from thirty-iix to forty* five, both '' induiive. By a Calculator. 8vo. Leacroft. 1779. DeGgned to guard again il the pernicious praflice of infuring lottery tickets; and exhibiting in a feries of tables the tm/ value of ^ an infurance again ft a blank or a prize for every day : whereby the difadvantage of infuring in the common nK>de and the immenie profit \ of office- keepers, are diljplayed, as cautions to the unwary. t) • - J^^^M^ t Of the amount of the fums fobfcribed, the names of the fub- fcribera, and the manner in whicl^the money wit expended^ ^^, l^couat is givea ia this narratiye* ' Artw l|24 MdtrTMLY CATAtoavE, AK/aHdaegEt. . Aft. 29. Stati 9f the Gaoh in London, Weftmi nfter, oftd" Borough ^Soothwark. To which ]> add«d, an Account of the pref^snt bute of the Convtfls fentenced to hard Labour on board the Ja/- t$iia opoB the Raver Thames. By William Smith, M. D. Hvo^ 18, 6d. 1776. We havt hitherto fo»nd ourkbret aader the difagrfeable necefDty of animadverting on many of this Author's former puLlications ; and Acnefare fetl a i^ncere pleaTore in being now able to fpeak in terjns of approbaition of the prcfent performance, both with refped to in« tension and exeeatioo. The di&/efies and abniies which it preTenta %f> the view of the Public are of a nature which mu6 intereft every feeling mindy and excite gn earned defire to promote any fcheme by which Kktj may be removed. The occafion which gave rife to the present performance is this : Sir Charles Whitworth, chairman of the WiJIminJfir'charitjf^.hsLv* ing propofed to the committee of that inftitutioa that the Author ihould viAty and give medical aflUlance to» the fick prifoners in the gaols io LondoBy Weft minder, and South wark ; the prspofal was a{»pi0«ed ofy on March 2^, 1776, and the Author immediately on* ^rtook the charge. Fcom that time, to the 14th of September, he informs us that *■ 380 perfons have been cured x>f varjous cr>m- plaioH, moftiy of the putrid kind ;' and adds that the Ptrblic will oe convinced, ' from the experiment their charitable donation [that of the Wtjimimfitr-charityl has enabled him to make, what good will arife from a permanent ellabliihment for the relief of iick pri^ foaers/ — ac a comparatively fmaJl expence. The Author's medical attendance on the imprifoaed &ck, gave him opfortonicies of being an intimate witncfs of their Ipcal 4iftreies, and a competent judge of the ciroumftances by which thofe diflrefles are occaiioned, or at leail highiy aggravated. Among thofe lail may he reckoned, the want of frelb air» undleanlinefs, and the almoll total inefiicacy of the provifioni m^de bv the legifla* tniC) from the days of Elizabeth to the prefent time, relpe6ling this particular object. It appears that ievea the recent adl, 14 Geo. IIU mfn 59> is already become a dead letter; the xegulations prescribed by it being, in gctteral, very little attended to, \w^ in iomt in fiances loully ncglo^icd. The detail which the Author gives of the various fpeci^s of mifery fbfivxed by him, in the dreadful manfions which he has vidted, in diibhaBging the duties of his fun^ion, wUl, vyre hope, by mQMAy. By no means worthy oH the fubjed. The firfi line evinces a want of taile and delicacf : ** Hark! whence that loud funereal jr///.*' Had the Author alluded to the grief of the tiger, which her Grace fometime kept, (he ugly word jrr// might have had fome propriety. ** And ohear the grave's dull btrrors with a fong." The poet nnft have been duii indeed, when he gave that epithet to bomr. ** B«oeath thy fmiles reviving Science rear'd '' With l>righur 'vm-dure her immortal head/' The head of Science is here defcribed as green ; the Writer certainly took the image from his own. His poverty of imagination has been fo very diilrcSing, that he has at laft been obliged to defetibe les of reafon independently of a written revelation : for this pnrpofe be endeavours to Ihew, that the mind of maq. is fa per naturally endowed with a divine principle, which countera^ the evil principle, natural to him in confequence of the lapfe of his firft parents, and which it the fource of his faith in God, and in the . ,:.} immortality of the foul. He fuppofes that this principle, which he ^nominates a di^iaft fenfation in the misd of man, and (emettmes a fpiritual medium or organ, is the true foundation of theology, 7his f<;cro8, as far we have been able to difcover it, to be the ge« neral (cope of his reafoning ; but he has collected together fuch a snais of heterogeneoips matter, that it is difficult to keep in fight the objedt at which he ultimately aims. And we much fear^ however iaudable his defign may be, that this theological Survey will anfwer very Fas t-D ay Sermons. ^137 very little purpofe, either in the way of antidote againft dtifa, ox of inllruftion and edification to believers* Tl ^ SERMONS preached December 13, 1776, being the Day appointed for a Public Fast ; continued: See our kft Month's Review, p, 160. XXIII. 'Judgment begun in the Honfe ofGod^ to he finijhed on its Ent* xo///— :Preacbed in Duke*Streec Chapel, WeHtninller. By G. Mar- riotty Redor of Alphamilone in Eflcx, Leflarer of St. Luke's, &c« 4to, 1 s. Flexney, &c. Ditfers from mod' of the Fad Sermons, in this refpe£t,— that P#- perj is the chief obje£l of the Author's fears and appreheniions, and the main theme of his animated and not inelegant declamation. We approve his zeal againft the Babylonifh harlot, fo far as it is pru- dently and feafonabfy exerted ; but we do not think the Faftday was the proper time for giving the old Jezebel her dreffing. . XXIV. SubjeQion to the higher Po'wers, A Sermon • by S. Joha Chryfoftom, Patriarch of Conftantinople, near 14CO Years ago, explaining that celebrated PafTage upon Government, Rom. xiii* 1 — II. iVanflated from the Greek, and preached to a Country ^ Congregation. — To which is added, a Letter from a late Jud^ concerning the Right of Great Britain to tax her Colonies. Witk an Appendix. By Ed. Lewis, M. A. Redlor of Waterftock and Emington, Oxon. 4to. i s. Oxford printed, and fold by RU vington in London. What have the fubjedls of a free government to do with the politi- cal (entiments of this venerable Have ^ ? St. Chryfoflom's notions of paflive obedience might found well enough on the (hores of Byzaa« tium, but we are little obliged to his tranflator for naturalizing them in Britain. The ' Letter from a Judge,' which is here Hitched to the good Father's antique mantle, like a patch of SpittalHelds tabby on a piece of old tapeilry, is faid to have been written^ in 1763, by the late Sir Jofeph Yeates, and addrefTed to Chriftopher Griffith, Efq; at that time member for the county of Berks ; and contains fome arguments in fupport of the defign of taxing America, which have, fince, beei^ irrefragably anfwered by the advocates on the other fide. Of Mr. Lewis's amiable candor, moderation, and decency of de« portment in the field of concroverfy, take the following fpeclmej>t from hid Appendix : After an i»ivedlive, in the hacknied drain, againft modern pa* triotifm, iie thus proceeds : * Suppofe that in confequence of thele patriotic notions of a natural and inalienable right. Sec, — I (hotild . Ihcot my worthy friend and neighbour, the collcttor of the window tax, who, backed by the authority of the whole Jcgiilature, aitcmpted CO enter my hoiife, in order to diftrain my goods, and to fell them» * Every man is a flave» who Uvea in fubjedion to a de^tic go- vernmeBt. to :^j^-- 138 Sermons* to pay the faid tax. Does Reafon fay, I fliouIJ merit applaufe as si patriot and friend to Liberty, or that I ought to be hanged as a rebel • < ^wad a murderer. Think as you pleafe, but I am fure my cOnfcience would fiy in my face, and relt me that hanging was too gentle a death for fuch a villain/ [fo far yov {»y well, Mr; Ltwtf ^go oa. Sir !] * But at the fame time, does not there fceni to be fpme rea* Ion that that fa^ious leveller. Dr. Fnce, (hould meet with the fame fate, with his liberty bock, lying calcuj^ltions, and cUy cup dangling at his backQde [O fye^ Mr. Lewis!] in readinefs to receiire [hold yoar nofc. Reader!] the lalt difcharge of nature font upon you, Mr. Lewis !] in her laft efforts, and f6r a recompcnce to Jack Ketch, lor executing a deed of more merit, than that whereby its prefent owner gained it/— Enough of Mailer Lewis, Redor of Waterftock and'Emington ! XXV. National Pro/ptntj and National Rtligion in/iparahly conneQed^ By C. De Coeilbgon, M. A. 8vo. 1 s. Oliver, 5rc. We are feldom difpof«l to controvert the dftftrines ufuafly enforced at tb$ Lock ; and were we, at this time, incHned to animadvert on fome of the immoderately goo^ things advanced in the prcfent fermon, we ihould be elFe£lua4!y withheld by the benevolent words printed at the bottom of the title-page, viz. " For the benefit of the Lock Hofpital." XXV L Thi Script un Precept ofSubjeSion to Civil Government ^ ftated and enforced^ hx Nottingham, by Thomas Prentice. Z^o. 6 d. Boofey, &c. Another pious recommendation of the flavSlh doArineof pafiveobe* dicnce. According to this Gentleman's principles, if cak^n incbrir fall extent (of which he is, perhaps, not aware) the Glorious Revo- lution was a mod unchriflian meafure. This Preacher may be a fin« >% cere, well-meaning divine, but he is a very indificrent politiciaa. Ahy XXVIL The Nature of religious Ahfiinence^ as a Means of diptteUfing national Calamities ^ and adverting the bea'vj Judgnunts of Goer, By the Rev. George Kelly, jun. B« A. late of Baliol College, Oxford. 4U). 6d. Bew. Having expended our whole (lock of praife on the Pad-Sernloiis of an Hurd, a Butler, a RadclifF, a Steboing, aLeUrtd, &c. we are lorry to find that we have none left for the perfbrmance of poor Mr. Kelly : who feeros to be a mighty good fort of mia^ -- - - • - ■• '- ■ ■ ■■ ~ - ^ -■■-,- Single SERMONS on various Occafimi. I. Preached at the Anniverfary Meeting of the Clergv, in tht Ci" thedral Church of St. Paul, May 9, 1776. Bv Beilby Porteus# D. D. now Bifhop of Cheder. 4to. 1 1. Bathnrft. A oathetic and elegant recommendation of this excellent charity 1 including a juft and proper encomium on our clergy. To the fer- mon is added, ' A Lift of the annual account of the contribotiona to the charity, from 1721 to 1776 iaclufive ; in order to (hew die gra« dnU increafe and decline thereof: and it is hoped tSiat the benevo- lent intention of fo good an inftitotion, by which fo many raluaUc members to fociety hnve been niifed« will never be ftifiinred to hm*-, guifh, but, on the contrary, go hand in hand with the libertlitf of the times.' II. Before CoRR£SPONDElfCB« 239 11. Bfeforc the Houfc of Lordt, Jan. 30, 1777. ^Y Jo^n LorA Bi (hop of Bangor. 410, is. Robron. There is nochiog here unfriendly to civil Libert/, as duly rtgt^ laied, and rapporced on juft and cooftitutional principles. liL Before tlic Governors of Addcnbrook's Hoijpiiil^ June 27, 1776^. in Grc^c St. Thonat^s Church, Cambridge. Ty John Warreti^ D. D. PfebcadaryofEly. 410. is Davis, &c. Pubiilbed for (he beoefic of ihe charity ;— with a date of tlie hofpital. I IV. TAe Prn/ifi^s rf thi Gtfl^t uwdir tbi flrengtfi Ohligathns to ia^ h^r to diflingutjk thimfel*va by an tminuit Drgret of Bitty and Ftr^K tut: — At St. ihomas'*, Jan. i, 1777, for the Benefit ot (he Cha^ ri:y School id Gravel-iaae Soutbwark. Ey Joftph Towers. 8vo« 6 d, Johnfon, &c. V. Tbi Naiuri^ Ntciffity^ and Jdsmntage of the. reiigious Oi/frvatiptL cfthe Sabbath — jllulirated, ^c. For the Encouragement of a So- ciety for fupprefling the Profanation of the Lord s Day. By C. Dc Coeilogon, M. A. 8vo. 6d. MlCthews. CORRESPONDENCE. To the Authors of the Monthly Review* Gentlemen, 1HAVE bccti moch pleafed with the Review given, in yoar laff Appendix, oi[Bufcbing's Tour bt Brandenburg — but I have met with fome ibcpiic*jl mntra*velled people, who feem liot very ready to credit what you tell us, of the great extent of the city of BeHin. Ta the veracity of the account there given, I can, however, add my tcftlmony as an eyc-witncfs. 1 very lately pafled force time in thst capital ; and I can, with great trifth, afTare the Public (by yoor &- \our).ihat Berlin is, certainly, on«of the * largtfl cities in Earopc.* It canaor be much lefs (a« to the extent of ground on wkicb ir itands) than Paiis: and tht9» I believe, h ^afcertoined by an excel- lent plan, publifhed by FTeld Marlhal Schmettaw. The ilreet in which I refided, is above ftFnr Bn^lifh miles long, in a flrait line. — The number 6f flreets^ and boufet is, however, moch inferior to tbtt of the flre«ts anrd honfes in London and Paris ; becanfe tkere are, in Berlin, no little, narrow. Crooked, damp, and dark ftreeti^ courts, lanes, anti alleys, which difgriKre the ca{>ka{s of Eilglaad an^ France ; and becaufe the houfcs, which, in general^, are Ihttely and fpacioos, have out ofHces, conrt-yards, and gardens belonging c^ them. There are, alfo, great nombersof fquares, and otiitr opeor pnblic places. Many of the principal fireett air, moreover^ fo wide^ that fix coaches may ran abreaft in theo, witboac tflcommoding the foot pafTengeri on either fide : and the crof» ftreeti are wide enough to admit of three coaches at once. I cannot omit to jnention, here, the magnificence and elegance of Potfdam ; even with refpedt to the private honfes* Thefe aie, ge« nerally, built at the King's expence. Common tradefmen-, foldiersp. invalids, orphans, — nay beggars^ are lodged* at Poifdim, in edi- fices, which, any where elfe, might ferve for men of rank, fortune, and ufte. One of the King's \9XtXA de cbambre, Ivnt \n m palace fie i^O Co&RE8i»O^DEKC£. £t for a fovereign prince. It is built on the plan of the cnftomHooJe at Rome, which is decorated with the noale remains of the temples y / / ^ of Anroninus and Faufiima, It has a magnificent flight of twelve ^T f^^^^ • fluted columns in the front, which arc ahpvc fixty feet lon^. The y windows confift of poliflied plateglafs. The Military Orphan and Workhoufe is, in grandeur and neatnefs, perhaps equal to Greenwich Hofpital ; in which foreigners, and after ages, will juflly admire the royal montficence of the founder, and the noble charity of thia opulent and powerful nation* I intended a few obfervations on the PrufCan Tobacco trade \ but» (bfpe^ing that you will not like an epiflle the better for its great length, I will, for the prefcnt, only add, that I am, Gentlemen, ^. , Your conllant reader and humble fervant, March,-, 17-7. j^gjj^ ^1 . .1. I, I .. - ■ ■ - , I I , Errata in the Reviews for January tf»^ February. P. 21, 1. «, iax'injlruatd^ r. entrupd. %, f. j?^ Ayi^4fr^,T* «^ — 23, 1. 12, del. nor. ^ ^ — 24, V penult, for 1776, r. 1766. — 48, par. j^, 1. 2 — 3, r. tragedy q^ Mar iamne. -—50, Rouffeau, of Geneva, being, by miflake, mentioned infiead of the famous pvet of ^hat name, our Readers are delired to corredl thcjr copies with the pen, left a refpeftable character ihould, in any degree, fuffer, by the error continuing to fland in the page : fee more on this head, p. 103, of laft Month's Review. In February. •«- f 0O9 L 7, after virtue, put a clofe his narrative., at a lime when the affairs of the Netherlands were in an unfettled ftate, and to leave his Readers in ftifpence concerning their iflTue. If this be acknowledged to be a defeat in our Author's general plan, he will, however, be readily allowed no inconfiderable fhareof m^rit from the execution of the work. He has colledlcd with judgment a variety of valuable materials^ and arranged them with perfpicuity. His ftyle, though not highly finifhed, is clear, and except in a few inftances, corredt. The reflec- tions which are occafionally inteifpcrfed through the work^ if they do not difcover ihofe extcnfive views, and that profound penetration which we admire in feme of the ancient, and in a few of the modern, hiftorians, are yet manly and judicious, aind (hew the Aiithor to be a true friend to the religious and civil liberties of mankind. When he relates the horrid perfecutions which were carried on by Philip, particularly under the duke of Aha^ againft the Proteftants, we often find him (without departing from the dignity of the hi(lorian)^cxpre(Hng an honeft indignation againft ' the hateful fpirit which occafioned them. His account of the; origin and eflFedts of the eftablifliment of the inquifition in Spain is as follows : * This tribunal, which, although it was not the parent, has been the nurfe and guardian of ignorance and fuperllition, in every king* dom into which it has been admitted, was introduced into Spain near a century before the prefent period, by Ferdinand and Ifabella ; and i was principally intended to prevent the relapfe of the Jews and Moors, who had been converted, or pretended to be converted to the faith of the church of Rome. Its jurifdidion was not confined to the Jews and Moors, but extended to all thofe who, in their pradice or opi- nions, differed from the eflablifhed church. In the united kingdoms of Cadile and Arragon, there were eighteen different inqaiStorial courts ; having each of them its counfellors, termed apoflolic inqui- fitors, its fecretaries, ferjeants, and other officers ; and befides thefe, there were twenty thoufand familiars difperfed throughout the king- dom, who aflcd as fpies and informers, and were employed to appre* hend all fufpeded perfons, and to commit them for their trial, to the prifons which belonged to the inquifition. By chefe familiars, per« fons were feized on bare fufpicion ; and, in contradidion to the common rules of law, they were put to the torture, tried and con- demned by the inquiiicors, without being confronted either with their accufers, or with the witnefTes on whofe evidence they were condem- ned, Thepuniihments inHi£lcd were more or lefs dreadful, according IP the caprice and humour of the judges. The unhappy vi^ijns were eithei WatfoaV Htftoryofihi Rtign of Philip II. King of Spain, 24 J either (Irangled, or committed to the flames, or loaded with chaini* and (but up in dungeons during life. Their effedls were CGnfifcaced^ and their families Ibgmatifed with infamy* This inflltutioD was, no doubt, well calculated to produce an uni- formity of religious profeiTion, but it had a tendency likewife to de- flroy the fweets of fociai life; to banilh all freedom of thought and fpeech ; to dillurb men's minds with the mod difquieting apprehen- (ions, and to produce the mod intolerable flavery, by reducing per« fons of all ranks of life to a Date of abjedt dependence upon prieds ; whofe integrity, were it even greater than that of other men, as in every falfe religion it is lefs, mud have been corrupted by the an* controuled authority which they were allowed to exercife. Such, nearly, were the fentiments which even the Spaniards en- tertained of this iniquitous tribunal, at the time when it was citOitd. But not having had experience then of its pernicious eiFewls, and confidercng it as intended for the chadifement of Jews and infidels, tbey only murmured and complained, till, the yoke being wreathed about their necks, the mod fecret murmurings became dangerous^ and often fatal to thofe who uttered them. By this tribunal, a vifible change was wrought in the temper of the people ; and referve, di(^ trad, and jealoufy, became thedidinguidiingcharader of a Spaniard. Jt perpetuated and confirmed the reign of ignorance and fuperdition. It inflamed the rage of religious bigotry; and, by the cruel fpedacles to which, in the execution of its decrees, it familiarifed the people, it nouriflied in them that ferocious fpirit, which, in the Netherlands and America, they manifeded by deeds that have fixed an everlading reproach on the Spanifli name. But thefe confiderations could not be apprehended bv Philip ; nor^ if they had been fuggeded to him, would they have had any influence upon hiscondudl. He had imbibed, in all its virulence, that fpirit of bigotry and perfecution, which gave birth to the inquifition. He regarded heretics as the mod odious of criminals, and confidered a ^departure in his fubjeAs from the Roniidi fuperdition, as the mod dreadful calamity that could befal them. He was therefore deter- mined tofupport the inqQifitors with all his power, and he encouraged them to exert themfelves, in the exercife of their ofHce, with th« utmod diligence* The zeal and vigilance of thefe men fully corref- ponded to that ardour with which their fovereign was inflamed ; yet fo irrefidible in this age was the fpirit of innovation, and fo great the force of truth, that the opinions of the reformers had found their way even into Spain, and were embraced openly by great numbers of both (ext^t among whom there were both prieds and nuns. £ven the archbidiop of Toledo, Bartlcmi di Carantui y Miranda^ was from certain proportions contained in a catechifm which he publifhed, fufpedled to have efpoufed them. The inquificors informed the king of the grounds of their fufpicion, anddeflred to receivehis indruftions for their condudl. Caranza had been univerfally refpefled as one of the mod virtuous and learned prelates in Spain. Having, whea provincial olf the order of St. Dominique, been carried by Philip into England, as a perfon well qualified to promote the re-edablidiment of popery in that kingdom, he had laboured with fo much zeal for tha: end, and thereby recommended himfelf fo powerfully to the king, R a tha( 244 Watfon'j Hijloryofthi Reign of Philip U. Kln£ of Spain; that in the year one thoufand five hundred 'and and fifty fcvcn, Philip advanced him to the primacy. His firll employment, after attaining this high dignity, was to adminiller fpiritual comfort to the late Empeior, whom he attended in &is laft diflrefs. Bat the memory of his merit and feryices was now obliterated. Philip wrote to the inquifitors from the Netherlands, that they mufl, without hefitation, proceed againll the archbilhop as they would do a2;ainft othcf delinquents ; and that they (hould not fpare even his own fon, if they found him guilty of herefy. Caranza was accordingly thrown into prilbn, and his revenues were fequellratcd. The propofitions in his catechifm, at which the inquifitors had taken offence, were held to be of a difputable nature, ei'en among the Catholics themfelves. Jt is probable, however, that fentence would have been pronounced againd him, had hot the Pope interpofed, and claimed an exclufive right to decide the caufe. Philip, anxious for the honour cf the holy ofiice, to whofe power he was defirous that no bounds (hould be prefcribed, enjployed all his interefl to prevail on the pontiff to drop his pretenfions. But at lad he himfelf yieldeci ; and Caranza, after having languiihed in prifon for fix years and feven months, was tranfported to Rome, where he was releafed from confinement, baC died in a few weeks after he was fet at liberty. ' Before Ihilip's arrival in the city of Valladolid, an Auto-de-fe had been celebrated, in which a great number of proteftants were committed to the*Hames. Theie were dill in the prifons of the in- quifition more than thirty perfons, a^aind whom the fame dreadful punifliment had been denounced. Philip, eager to give public proof^ as early as pofiible, of his abhorrence ofthefe innovators, defired the inquifitors to fix a day for their execution. The dreadful ceremony, (more repugnant to humanity, as well as to the fpirit of the Chridiaa religion, than the mod abominable facrifices recorded in the annals of the pagan world) was conduced with the greatcd folemnity which the inquifitors could devife; and Philip, attended by his fon Don Carlos, by his fider, and by his courtiers and guards, fat within ight of the unhappy vidims. After hearing a fermon from the "bidiop of Zamora, he rofe from his feat, and having drawn his fwo d, asa fignal, that with it he would defend the huly faith, he caufed an oath to be adminidered to him by the Inquifitor General, that he would fupport the inquifition and its miniders, againd all heretics and apodates, or oihers who (hould attempt to oppofe it; and would compel his fubjedts every where to yield obedience to iti decrees. Annong the protcdants condemned, there was a nobleman of the name of Den Carlos di Seffa, who, when the executioners werq conducing him to the dake, called out to the king for mercy, faying, *• and cand thou thus, O king, witnefs the torments of thy fubj^dls I fave us from this cruel death ; we do notdeferve it." •• No/* Philip ilernly replied, *' I would myfelf carry wood to burn piy own ion, >vcre he fuch a wretch as thou." After which, he beheld thq horrid (pedlacle that followed, with acompofure and tranquillity tha( tctoktned the mod unfeeling heart. This dreadful feverity, joined with certain rigid laws, enaftcd to prevent the importation of Lutheran tooks, fooii produced the defired efFe£l. After the celebration of another Auto-de-fe, in whi^h about M\y protedants fudbied, all th(^ VatfonV t};j!oryofihi ReSgn of Phinpll. Jt/*^ df Spain. 74$ ifieft, If there were any who fliil remained, either concealed their fehtiments, or made their efcape into foreign parts.' The charaScr of Philip, who was fteadily, and from prin- ciple, a bigot in religion, and a tyrant in poiit.cs, is admirably contraffed by that of William I. prince of Orange. The fol- lowing extract, at the fame time that it contains many inte^efting particulars in the conduft of this great man, affords a proof of the Writer's impartiality, in relating without difguile the errors and mifcondudt of the reformers. * William could nor, either with fafcty or honour, have left his army fooner than he did. From Orfoy, where it was difbanded, he ,went, attendedl only by his own domelUcs, and a company of horfe, to Campenin OveryfTel, and from thence he pafTcd over the Zuider fea to Unchuyfen ; where he was joyfully received, and all his direflions for the greater fecurity of the place, were carried immedi- ately into execution. After (laying there for feme days, and viliting the other towns in the province, he fet out for Haerlem ; having ap^ pointed a convention of the States to be held in that city, toconfider of the prefent fituation of their affairs.' His arrival excited in perfons of all ranks the mod unfeigned joy ; but this joy, he perceived, was greatly allayed by their apprehenfions of being unable to refid an enemy, bsfore whom he himfelf, at the head of a powerful army» had been obliged to recire. The hrft object of his attention was to raife their drooping fpirits, by making them fenfible of the advan- tages which they pofleiTed in the nature and iituation of their country* which, while they retained their fuperiority at fea, and a£led in con- cert, would render abortive all the attempts of the Spaniards- to reduce them. The mbgnanimity which he difplayed diffufed itfelf into evtry bread ; and the deputies unanimoufly declared, that they would be entirely governed by his counfel in all their conduct, and would lay down their lives fooner than abandon that invaluable liberty, without uhich they thought life itfelf was not defirable. In the prefent temper of their minds, William might have ruled the people of the maritime provinces with an abroluie fway ; but he Knew there was a much fafer as well as' a more cffedlual method of ex- erciiing power, and wifelv rcfolvcd to confult the States in every matter of importance, anci to take upon himfelf only the execution of their commands. For this purpbfe he frequently convened thdm ; and in order to give greater weight to their decifions, he perfuaded them to admit into their number the deputies of twelve 6ther cities* beftdes thofe of whom their afTembly had been hitherto compofed : a meaforewhich was no lefs gracious and popular, than it was wife and prudent, it flattered the vanity of thofe towns on which the new privilege was betiowed ; engaged them to contribute with greater alacrity their (hare of the public expences ; and drew the feveral dif- trids of the province. into a date of more intimate Union v^ith one another. With the States, thus increafcd in nunhber, the prince applied himfelf to rediify the diforders which had prevailed, and to put the provinte into a polture of defence againll the Spaniards. It had been deferted during the late commotions by many of the prin- cipal ifihabiuntii by itveral members of the courts of jullice, and R3 bj 246 Watfon'j Hljlorj oftht Reign of Philip II. King 9/ Spain. by the officers of the revenue, and others whp had public employ- roeuts ; which they had been induced co abandon, either by their at- tachment to popery, or their di^idence in the duration and dabilicy of.the prefent government. The numerous vacancies which were thus occafioned, were fupplied with protcilants ; and no catholic was admitted into any ofiice, or allowed to take any concern in the ad*- sniniftration of public affairs. The exercife of the Romifh religion was prohibited in the churches ; and the only worihip permitted to be cxercifed publicly, was the proteflant, as taught by Calvin, and pradifed in Geneva, and the Palatinate. * Thus far the Prince of Orange complied with the inclination of the people, by a great majority of whom the principles of the reform- ers had been embraced. But all perfecution on account of religion, he^difcouraged to the utmoll of his power. His reafoning» for tolera- tion were more fuccefsful now in favour of the papifts, than they had been formerly wiih the duchefs of Parma, in behalf of the refbrmeri. The States, by his perfuaiion, re(blved, that no perfon whatever ihould be moleded on account of his religion, provided that he lived t)uietly, kept no correfpondence with the Spaniards, and gave 00 difturbance to the edablifhed mode of worfhip. William found greater difficulty in reHraining the licentioufnefs of the army, than in fettling either the courts of jullice or the church. When we refled on thofe horrid fcenes which were exhibited in the Netherlands by the Duke of Alva and his afTociates, it will not appear furprifing, that the proteilants ihould have conceived the moil violent animoiity againft their bloody perfecurors. They had feen their dearcft rela- tions and friends, befides many perfons whom they revered on account of the innocence and fandlity of their lives, treated like the mofk flagitious malefadlors : and many of themfelves had, in order to avoid the fame fate, been obliged to abandon their habitations, and to wander from place to place, forlorn and indigent. In the bitter- nefs of their diflrefs, they had forgot the fpirit of that religion for which they fuffered ; and on many occafions, wrecked their ven^> ]|eance again H their enemies with a brutal fury. To the Spaniards who were taken prifoners at fea, the proteilants on board the fleet gave no quarter ; while the eccleiiadics, and many others, whoft only crime was their adherence to the religion of tbeir anceftoriv were treated by the proteftant fokiiers with equal inhumanity. • The count of La Marc, commander in chief of the forces, wai fa far ffom oppofing thefe enormities, that he encouraged his fol* diers in committing them. This nobleman's principal virtue wat intrepidity ; and under the cloak of 2eal for liberty, and the reformed jeligion, hefeems to have xntedded nothing fo much as the gratifica- tion of his avarice or revenge. The Prince of Orange, who from his jutural humanity, and a prudent regard to future confequences, was utterly averfe from every fpecies of violence, attempted to make hia fetifible of the folly and iniquity of his condud. But finding that he was not likely to fucceed, and that the fokiiers fHll indulged thenu felves without con troul in their wonted exccffes, he rtfcmd the mat- ter to the cognizance of the States, and defired them to confider coolf what was proper to be done. The States, who were highly tocenfed againfl the Count, for hii contempt of their authorfqri deprived hia 5 of WatfonV mjlory ef the Reign of Philip 11. King of Spain. 247 df his command, and ordered him to be apprehended. Williamy unwilling to forget the fervices which the Count had performed ia the beginning of the revolt, foon after interpofed in his behalf, and prevailed upon the States to releafe him. But La Marc could not di« ged the affront which bad been offered him. He complained loudl/ of the States for their ingratitude ; boaftcd of his authority in the ft^rt and army, and attempted to excite a fpirit of fedition among tho people. The States were meditating to feize him a fecond time, in order to bring him to his trial. But the Prince of Orange, prompted Jbv tendemefs for his relations, and a fenfe of his former fervices, JMTuaded them from executing their defign, and advifed them to lufter him to leave the province. The Slates lillencd, though with fnmc reluftance to this advice, and the Count having left the Ne- therlands, died foon af erwards in the city of Liege.* Dr. VVatfon clofcs his general rcvicv/ of the chara£ler of Wil- liam of Orange, with this fpirited reply to the charge of ambi- tion, which many catholic writers have brought againft him. * It is not to the purpofc which the Popifti hiltorians intended tof ferve, by their portraits of William's chara6ler, to fay of him that he was ambitious: in it.'clf, ambition mci its neither praife nor blame, but is culpable or laudable according to the end at which it afpires, and the means which it employs. 13ut if we judge concerning tho chara£ler of the Prince of Orange according to this criterion, it maft be impoflible for perfons fo oppofite in their principles, as the catho* lie and proteftant hiilorians to agree. * If, with the former, we place the rights of all fovereigns on the fame foundation, without diiiinguiihing between an abfolute prince and the fovcrcign of a free people, and believe that every prince is by an indefeafiblc and divine right, intitlcd to exercife a defpotic power over the religion and liberty of his fnbjefts ; if we believe, that with the pcrmifFion of the pope, a king may violate his mod folemn o«th€, and that the obligations of his fubjcds to obedience remain in force, even after every condition upon which they entered into them haa been violated : if with fuch principles as thefe, we judge of the character of the Prince of Orange, it will be difiicult not to confider him as guilty both of perju;y and rebellion ; and, in this cafe, the moft favourable verdi£t that can be pafTcd upon his conduct, is to fay, that it proceeded from a criminal ambition. ' But if, on the other hand, we regard the pontiff's preteniions to the power of fetting men at liberty from their oaths as abfurd and im- pious ; if we regard the rights of fubjefts as no lefs facred than thofe of kings; if we di(lingui(h between a prince invefted with unlimited authority, and one whofe power is circumfcribed by the fundamental laws of the itate ; between a prince whofe right to his dominions is indefeaiible, and one who obtained his fovereignty only upon certain terms, which he fwore to fulfil, while his fubjeds engaged to yield- their obedience on condition of his fulfilling them^ in this cafe, our judgment of William's charader will be extremely different from what it was on the former fuppofition. //> 'will [(hall] not be fatis- fied with barely afferting his innocence of thofe crimes of which his enemies have accufed him, but lue %vill [fhall] confer upon him the glorious appellations which his coootrymen beftowed, of the father of R 4 ^ his 248 Rutty on the London and Edinhurgh Difpenfatorles. his country, and the guardian of its liberty and laws, who gencrouffy facrificcd his intereU, eafe, and fafety to the public good ; and who, firft by CDunfcl and perfuafion, and afterwards by force of arms, did more to jefcuc his fellow citizenrfrom opprelTion, than was ever done in fuch untoward circumllanccs by any patriot in the world before.' From thcfe fpecimens of this work, our Readers will, we doubt not, be inclined to allow it a very confiderable fhare of merit ; and this opinion will receive farther confirmation f^om the extrads which wc propofc to lay before them in a future !^/^*^ Article". ^ JJ^ AkT. II. Objir^vaticns en the London and Edinburgh Difpenjatories \ fwith an Account of the various SuhjeSis of the Materia Mcdica. net eontained in either of thefe U orks. By the late John Ruity, M. D. Author of a Synopfis of Mineral Waters, and oiUer Works. 1 zmo* 3 s, 6d. Dilly. 1776. Art. III. Materia Medic a Ant i qua IS Nova^ Repurgata W lUuftrO' ta ; fi've de Medicament or um Simplicuim Officinialium Facultatibns Trailatus, Audorc Johanne Rutiy, M. D. Sec. Opus XL Anno- ram. 4to. Rotterdami, Sumptibus E. & C- Dilly. 1775* Piice 1 ]. IS. bound. IT may ft em rather indelicate and unfair to crkicife the work of a Wiiter who is not now in a fituation to anfwer for . himfclf. As ihc fubjecl however of the firft of thefe articles ia a matter of public concern ; and as we think very diftcrently, with jcfped to tVe main objt-vSt of it, from the late Author, who had acquired feme degree of reputation in the medical world ; we fhall beftow more attention on thefe Ohjtrvatiam th;^n they might othcrwifc appear to merit. t While every rational praditioner of Medicine, who is fin-; ccrely concerned for the advancement of his art, and the good of niankind, has rejoiced at the approctches toward reformation, ^ which the colleges of London and Edinburgh have manifefted ^Jn in-lhcir refpeSive Difpenfatorics, by ib^rejeding many of the trifling articles which had Obtained, and lon^r kept a place there ;. the Author of thefe f Obfervatiorv^ feems feelingly to lament the' ralhnefs of thefe Expurgators, and pretended Reformers ; and firongly pleads, on various and frequently very flight pretences, for the; readmilTion of many of the proscribed fubjedts of ihe Mct^^ teria Alidica \ as well as for the admiflion of various new articles which had never yet been honoured with a place in either of thefe Medical Codes. We fliall iranfcribe, and occafionally animadvert upon, a few paiF^ges contained in the firft of thefe publications, without any particuUr leleclion ; as th^re are few- p:»ges of the work which are not adapted to furnilh matter fof criticifm. The Author commences it wiih a fummary enumeration of various fimpks, which have cither not beea adopted^ 9riwhich» aftei* 9 Rutty on the London and Edinhurgh Difpenfatorla^ 24^' r a prior adoption, have been reje£ted, by the London and nburgh colleges. After reciting and condemning the omif* 18 of the firft of thefe bodies ; he obferves that the latter, far n endeavpuring to fupply their defers, * feem to have in« 7ed the fpirit of retrenching yet farther >' and gives us nu* ous inftances in fupport of the charge. )ne of thefe grievous negle£ts is that, < as to the $icw/Xy > ^ have left the apothecary's fhop deftitute not only of figs, ins, and dates, but of honey, and even of fugar for his ipsand juleps.' — An horrible charge indeed, — this omiflion of tts and kickjbaws^ — corifidering the many bitter potions that e from that receptacle. ; }oth the London and Edinburgh colleges are charged with - ing omitted — * among the Cathartics, Jlnus nigVa bacciftpa^ ri rad, Bryonia alba rad* Convolvulus major i^ mlnor^ Cy^ SaiiJioreSy Iris vuig. ftu Germanica^ Linum catbarticumj Me%i^^ », Oxylapaihi rad. Pruni fjlv, fiwts^ Rhaponticumf Sambnc. CoFi. Jus.' — We have lumped the tranfgreffions of the two college» this head together :-— but what pretence can be urged for lling the patient with deco£lions or infufions of bark of elder. Sowers of hips ; when a few grains of rhubarb, or jalap, will the bufinefs of purgation, much more terfely and effeSualby t* CitOy tute & jucuridt ? Thofe who are difpofed towards the exercife of vomiting, y here meet with a pleafing variety of fubftitutes to ipccaco- tia ; ftould they be at a lofs to procure themfelyes that recre- on. The two colleges are equally culpable, according to* r Author, in having, both of them, rejected the following- ididatcs for that fundtion ;— ' Afarirad, Erigerum^ NarciJ/isy imula Vtrisy Raphanus hori. Sedum minus vermiculatum acre.' After a fimilar enumeration of fimples, not adopted, or re- ied, by both colleges, and which are here clafled according their refpcftive or reputed virtues ; the Author defcends to rticulars, and prefents each negle^d or profcribed article in alphabetical order ; annexing to each the letter L or £, to^ licate that the article in queftion has either not been admitted to, or has been rejedied by the London or Edinburgh collegetf^ both. We (hall only tranfcribe a paflage or two as fpeeinvens* ^ L and E, Adeps Anserinus, Goofe Greafe. — May be ad*; itted as a variety among the fatty fubftances, being allowed'-— y all old nurles, he might have added) ' to be mqre fubtile d penetrating than hog's greafe.' • L and E, Mianthum alburn^ Ruta Muraria^ C B. Wbit« [aiden hair. Wall Rue. — Here the London and Edinburghr illeges are no guides to us in Dublin \ for of all the maiden*hair» is is the moft common here, being, indeed, very frequent oiif d walls in our neighbourhood^ &c/-^and th^re let it remaio.|. 4 k # ^O Rutty'j JUaierta MidUcy hzi -*.« though it agrees,' we are further told, * with the CapWut V4neris\ and in all probability is pofTcflcd o{ ih^ fame virtues,* * Land E. Faha Major^ C. B. Garden Bean. — The omiffion of this article by both colleges is not to be excufcd^ even for the ufefulnefs of its njjsal, particularly in inflammations of the breads and /£/?^j— either difcufling them, or bringing them to fuppu- ration, &c.* • L and E. Porrum Capitatuwy C 5. Leeks, — Dcfcrve^ a ' place in a Materia Medlca^ — (*yc> *"^ in a porridge pot too, but^ furely not in a Difpenfatory) both for its frequency and ufefulnefs, \rith which the ancients were well acquainted, both in reference to diet and medicine, and particularly as an emmenagogue; Hid Hippocrates ordered the juice to be drank for this purpofe/ , The general pleas which the Author offers for the adoption of his candidates are, either that the propofed article is eafy to be had, on, old w^Hs, or dunghills s or that it has the fandion of antiquity — that is, of old women ^ and fometimes, that it has lieen formerly .received and adopted by one or both of the col- leges :— -an unfortunate recommendation furely^ for after a long poflTeiEon, and fi fair trial, the ejedlment afix)rds a pretty ftrong proof of the infignificance of the fubje£l'. On fuch pleas how- ever be folicits the admiffion or readmiifion of no lefs than 287 fimples into our two difpenfatories ; and not content with pre- ftnting this enormous body oi Jimple recruits for the medical fervice, many of whom have long fince been drumtxied out of it, as non*efficients ; he pleads for the admii&on of numerous iiibje£ls of a different clafs ; — ten new dijlilled waters^ flx new ^tra£lsy, twelve Rabs^ and nine new TinSlures. — Surely he would jjave been much better employed in decimating the prefent efla- blilbment ; or in inquiring into the titles of many of the old occupants that compofe it. Towards the clofe of the volume, the Author oflTers feveral obfervations on fome of the preparations and compofitions in both difpenfatories. Thcfe remarks are chiefly pharmaceutical | and fome of them appear to merit attention. The obje&ions which we have made to this fmaller perform- ance are not fo extenfively applicable to the Author's larger work, the title of which is prefixed to this article. It is ex- peded from the Author of a Materia MedUa that he ihould ad- mit into his colledtion every fubjedt that has any, even the moft - dubious, pretenfions to medical efficacy. The Author arranges the articles in alphabetical order i and, like all his predecefTors in this' walk, is rather too copious in difplaying the legendary virtues 6f many of his fimples. The work, however, may oc- eafionally be confulted with advantage as a pharmacal common- place book.; compiled from ancient and modern writers,^ and apgniented with additional obfervations, on feveral of the arti* desy peculiar to the Author. ._ ift# Art. ( 251 > Art. IV. Elements tf FoJfilogy\ or, an arrarngment' of TolJtls int9 ClafTes, Orders, Genera, and Species ; ijoitb their CbaraQeru By George Edwards, Efq. 8vo. as. 6d. fewed. White, 1776, IN order to obtain a knowledge of the true or imimate nature of mineral bodies, or of the properties by which they are diftingui(bed from each other, recourfe muft be bad to chemiftry. But as the chemical qualities of bodies are far from being apparent, and are, in general, only x% be difcovered by proccffcs frequently opcroie and difficult; fome artificial method bjecomes necelTary, founded on their ex- ternal and more obvious appearances and charaders ; by which the Tyro may be enabled to diflinguifli the different fu^e6ls of the mineral kingdom, and refer each to that particular dafs^ ^rdir thcreCore* that thefe three fyfteme ■ ■ " • ^ ^ " ^ ' of 254 Hian TuckerV Strmons. * of religion^ government, and commerce, ace all the parts •f one general plan of providence. The Dean endeavours to dcmonftrate, in the next place, (from I Cor. vii. 31) that the vulgar notion of luxury's being the means of employing a greater number of hands than other- wife would have found employment, and confequently of being ^thereby beneficial to commerce, is a grand mistake ;»- and therefore, that the principles of pure and uncorrupced mo* rals will ever be found to be the beft rules for promoting and extending mutual and univerfal commerce* "S^ ^ The fcope oi the ninth difcourfe (from 2 Cor. if! 27) is to * give a rational account,, and to fet forth the moral ufes, of the inftitution of Lent. ^ In the tenth (from Luke Jx. ^8) the indifpenfable duty of ^ ^ reflitution, in its feveral branches, is particularly inculcated ; and Dr. Tucker labours to make it fully appear, that injuries done to the public revenue, and to the characters of perfons in high ftations, are of a more atrocious nature than injuries done to private property, or to private characters. The eleventh fermon (from Matthew xv. 9) divides the er- rors and corruptions of Popery into two clafles, viz. thofe which are merely, or for the moft part, only abfurd% and thofe which are really mifchicvous in their confequences, and deftruc^ the of the peace and welfare of fociety, as well as abfurd. The condu£t, which true and conftftent Proteftants ought to hold in refpedl to both thefe forti, is pointed out and enforced. In the fubfequent difcourfe, from the fame text, the Author endeavours to prove, that the parallel pretended to be drawn between the do£lrine of the Holy Trinity, and the dodrine of tranfubftantion, and of other errors of the church of Reme^ is falfe and groundlefs ; and to (hew, in various lights, and from a variety of circumftances, that this confidence of boafting againft the church of England is empty and vain. What the Dean hath advanced upon this fubjed is fomewhat ingenious, but, in our opinion, by no means fatisfad^ory. The evils of auricular confeffion, as pradifed in the church of Rome, are next difplayed, from James v. 16; and fome di- rections are given with regard to that occafional confeffion, one to another, which may be expedient in very particular cafes and circumftances. ^ In the fourteenth fermon (from John xxi. 22) the line is IL^tjniL^ attempted to be drawn between {iitiSk parts in the deep myfle- ^ ries of our religion, which appear to be unknowable^ and fuch 86 are knowahle : and our proper duty is ihewn to confift in ac« quiefcing in our ignorance refpe&ing th: foim:r, and i|i dif- chargiog all thofe moral and religioua ofBcesf, which are re- quired of us in confcquence of the latter* Dean Tucker^ Sermons. 255 The intention of the fifteenth difcourfe (from Heb. 1. i.) is •to fet forth the different periods and difpenfations of religioii from firft to laft; and to explain in what fenfe. every difpcn- fation, whether general or particular, muft have fomeihing iii It fxt and invayiable^ and in what fenfc alfo it raay admit of variety and alteraticus. .] The fixieenth fermon (from Proverbs xxii. 6) was preached before the Governors of the Charity-Schools in London. Dr. Tucker here ftrongly recommends the neceflity of inculcating the (aving truths of the gofpel, and the duj^es of praSical re- ligion |n the minds of children, efpecially the children of the j)Oorer fort; and he endeavours to (hew, that charity-fchools, in conjun^ion with infirmaries, are almoft the only means left, confiftently with our prefent ideas ©f conftltutional li- berty, for inftilling into the lower chfs of people the du» ties of living pioufly, righteoufly, and foberly in this prefent world. The laft difcourfe was preached on the 30th of January, from I Pet. ii. 17. And here the Dean attempts to prove that the foundation of all human governments, like that of the divine government, confifts in power, wifdom, and goodnefs; — but each of thefc in a very finite and imperfeft manner, even at the beft, and often fubjedl to great changes and revolutions for the worfe : fo that our obedience to fuch governments ought not to be abfolute, or unlimited, without any rcfcrvcs or exceptions. Neverthelefs, as human governments there muft be, notwithftanding all their faults and imperfec* tions, he maintains that the general duty of the fubjeft is cer- tainly obedience and mn-reftjlance \ and that the exceptive cafes of refiftance muft be left to the natural feelings of mankind, which arc feldom or never wanting to advertife us in all dan- gerous cafes of this nature. This fermon contains fomething of the fcheme of Dr. Tucker's threatened attack upon Mr. Locke ; at the profped of which, no true friend of that great man feels the leaft concern. In the application of the fermon to the prefent times. Dr. Tucker afTerts, that the fame prin- ciples and maxims are now returning, which fprcad fo much mifery over thefe kingdoms once before 5— that the fame re- publican fchemes are again in agitation ; — that the fame plans, are now forming anew \ — that the fame engines of deilrudion are again at work to pull down and demolifh our goodly fa- brics both in church and ftate : in (hort, that there is a fettled plan, and a premeditated defign of overturning the conftitution. This, he thi*iks, is the true majier-key^ which unlocks and lays opien the latent defigns of thofe who oppofe the meafures of ad- miniftration. The Dean of Glocefter hath again and again re- peated this bafe and groundlefs calumny in bis political wri- tingsi •/ 25^ Rowley'/ Pirns. tings ; and be is now willing to fan£lify his theology with it^ tVe dare fay he is not a little proud of his majier^hy i but, far cur parts, we can fcarcely help comparing it to the bungling workman(bip of fome country blackfmith, who finds it dif&* cult to make a key that (hall be able to turn a common lock. Dr. Tucker's Ityle is perfpicuous and cafy, without being mean ; and, on that account, very proper for the pulpit. jm Art. VI. Poems f fwpfcftd u have been voriiten at B rifle! hy Tbemat Rvwltf and OthtrsiH the Fifteenth Century ; the greateft Part oovr firft pi/^lifhed from the mod authentic Copies, with an engraved Specimen of One of the MSS. To which are added* a Preface, AH introdadory Account of the feveral Pieces, and a Gloftary. 8vo. 5 s. Boards. Payne. 1777. ON mm firft opening thefe Poems, the fmooth ftyle of the harmony, the eafy march of the verfe, the regular ftation of the caefura, the flruSure of the phrafe, and the caft and complexion of the thoughts, i^ade us presently conclude that they were Muk Ruins. — if fuch they are, their merit is of no high eftimation, it being as eafy for a perfon accuftomed to verfification, and acquainted with obfolete terms, to fabricate an old poem as to write a new one : but if, on the contrary* they are really productions of the fifteenth century, they are the mod extraordinary literary curiofities that this or any recent period has produced ; for they would (hew us that the graces of numbers, and the refinements of poetical melody, are of no modern date, but belonged to one of the firft adventurers in £ngli(h poefy. This curious queftion, then, it is our imme< diate office to inveftigate, and we enter upon ic with the greate fatisfafiion, as we are in pofTefnon of fome authentic document' fefpeding the inquiry, which do not appear in the work befa lis. In the firft place it is neccflary to adduce the Preface to tl publication : ' The poems, which make the principal part of this colleAr have for fome time excited much curiofityy as the fuppofed pro:' ^ions of Thomas Rowley, a priefl of Briftol, in the reign; Henry VI. and Edward IV. They are here faithfully printed ' the moll authentic MSS. that could be procured ; of which a f cular defcription is given in the Introdudory account ef the fe pieces eentained in this 'uolume^ fubjoined to this Preface. Nc taore therefore feems neceffary ac prefent, than to inform the F ihortly of the manner in which thefe poems were firft brou; light, and of the authority upon which they are afcribed to t) fons whofe names they bear. * This cannot be done fo fatisfaflorily as in the words George Catcott of Briftol, to whofe very laudable zeal the P indebted for the moft confiderable pact of ttie following co Rowlcy'x Pomsi i^^ Itis accotint of the matter is this : " The firft difcovcry of certain MSS. having been depofited in Reddifc church, above three centu- ries ago» was made in the year 176S, at the time of opening the nev bridge at Briftol* and was owing to a publication in Farley ^ Weekly Jcurnal^ i Oftober 17689 containing an Account 6f th ceremonies 06-^ /er*vedat the opening of the old bridge^ taken, as it was faid, from a vtT^ ancient MS. This excited the corioficy of fome perfons to en* quire after the original. The printer, Mr. Farle/i could give no account of It, or of the perfon who brought the copy ; but after much enquiry it was difcovered, that the perfon who brought the copy was a youth, between 15 and 16 years of age, whoS name was Thomas Chatterton, and whofe family had been fextons of Red- clift church for near 15O years. Mis father, who was now dead, had alfo been niafter of the freefchool in Pile-ftreett The yopn^ man was at firft unwilling to difcover from whence he hid the ori- ginal ; but, after many promifes made to him, he was at lafi: pre* vailed on to acknowledge, that he had received this, together iMtth many other MSS. from his father, who had foUnd them in a largd Cheft in an upper room over the chapel on the north fide of Redclifc church." * Soon aAcr this Mr. Catcott commenced his acquaintance with young Chatterton *, and, partly as prefents partly as purchafes, pi^- cured III ■ 1 1 I I II I I I i» * * Tke hiftory of this youth ii Co iotimately coaoe£(ed with that of the poems now poblUhed, that the Reader cannot Ibe too early apprised of the principal cir« cumftances of hii (hort life. He was born on the ioth of November 175s, and educated at a charity- (chool on St. Auguftin*! fiack, where nothing more was taaghe than reading, writings and accouati. At the age of fourteen, he was articled clerk to an attorney, with whom he continued till he left Briftol in April tyyo. * Though his education wai thus confined, he difcovered an early turn towards poetry and Engliih antiquitiet, particularly heraldry. How foon be began to be an author ii not known. In the Totun and Country MagaTuni for March 1769, are two letterf, probably from him, at they are dated at Briftol, and fubfcrlbed with his ufual fignature, D. B. The firft contains Ihort extracts from two MSS. '< written three hundred years ago hy one Rowley^ a Mwkr concerning drefi in the age of Henry II. ; the other, << Ethslgar, a 5^011 ^mw,** in bombaft profe. In the fame Magazine for May 1769, are three communications from Briftol, with the (ame flgnatare, D. B. v/as. Ceroick, tranjiated from the Saxon (in the fame ftyle witk Xtmblgar), ^. ^ii^—Ohfervathns upon Saxon Heraldry , withdrawing! of Saxotk atchievements, Sic. p> 245. — Elinourk and Jug a, written three hundred y fan ag9 by T. RowLi t, a fecuhr pritftj p. 173, Thu laft poem is reprinted in this volume, p. 19. In the fubfequent months of 1769 and 1770 there are feveral other piecet ia the fame Magazine, which are undoubtedly of his compofition. ' In April 1770, he left Briftol and came to London, in hopes of advancing his fortune by his talents for writing, of which, by this time, he had conceived a very high opinion. In the profccution of this fcbeme, he appears to have almoft en- tirely depended upon the patronage of a fet of gentlemen, whom an eminent author long ago pointed out, as not the very toorjt judges or rctOarders of merit, the book- fellers of this great city. At hit firft arrival indeed he was fo unlucky as to find two of his expefltd Maeccnafa, the one in the King^s Bench, and the other in New- ' pte. But this little difappointment was alleviated by the encouragement which he received from other quarters } and on the I4ih of May he writes to his mother, in high fpirits upon the change in his fituation, with the following farcaftic reflc^ioa lipon his former patrons at Briftol. " jls to Afr. , Mr, , Mr, , ice, tec, they rate literary tumher fo low, that I helieve an author, in their eftimation, mnS he poor indeed I But here matters are otherwij'e. Had Rowley leen a Londoner injftadofa Briftowyan, / coy/d have lived hy copying his works,* Kiv. Apr, 1777. S « la §58 Rowley*^ Poem. cored from him copies of many of his MSS. in profe atid verft. Other copies were difpofed of» in the fame way, to Mr. William Barrett, an eminent furgeon at Briftol, who has long been engaged in writing the hiftory of that city. Mr. Barrett alfo pjocored from bim feveral fragments, fome of a confiderable length, written opoa ▼ellom*, which he aiTei-ted to be part of his ongiaal MSS» la ihort, in the fpace of about eighteen months, from Odober 1768 to April 1770, befides the Poems now publifhed, he produced as many compo(xti9ns, in profe and Verfe, under the names of Rowley^ Ca* oynge, &c, as would nearly fill fuch another volume. * In April 1770 Chatterton went to London, and died there in the Auguft following ; fo that the whole hiftory of this very extraordi- nary tranfaftion cannot now probably be known with any certainty* Whatever may have been his part in it ; whether he was the author, or only the copier (as he condantly averted) of all thefe produc« tions ; he appesrs to have kept the fecret entirely to himfclf, and not to have put it in the power of any other perfon, to bear certain teflimony either to his fraud or to his veracity. * Thequeflion therefore concerning the authenticity of thefe Poems muft now be decided by an examination of the fragments upon vet- lum, which Mr. Barrett received from Chatterton as past of his ori- ' In a letter to bis fifter, dated 30 May, he informs her, that he is to be employed " in tvr'uinw a %oluminaut bifto'y ^London, to appear in uumben the beginning of next nvinter.** In the mean time, he bad written fomething in praife of the Lord*- Mayor (Beckford), which had procured him the honour of being prefented to his Lordfliip. In the letter juft mentioned he gives the following account of his recep- tion) with fome curious ohfervations upon political writing : *< The Lord-May«r re* ceived me as politely as a citizen could. But the devil of the matter is, there it no money to be got of this fide of the queftion.— rBut he is a poor author who carv- xioc write on both fidet.— EfTays on the patriotic fide will fetch no more than what the copy is Told for. At the patriots themielves are fearching for a place^ they have np gr^ttuity to fpare.— On the other band, unpopular cflTays will not even be accepted j and you mull pay to have them printed : but then you feldora lofe by it, If courtiers are fo fenfible of their deficiency in merit, that they gcneroufly reward all who know how to dawb them with the appearance of it/* < Notwith (landing his employment on the Hiftory of London, he continued to write inceffantly in various -periodical publications. On the nth of July he tells hit fifter that he had pieces iaft month tn the G^fpel AUgaxine ; the Town and Cmw trff vi», Maria Friendlefs ; Falfe Step | Hunter of Oddities j To Mifs B«i(h, S^c. Court and City \ London \ PoTtticai Regtfter, ttc. But all thefe exertions of his genius brought in fo little profit, that he was foon reduced to real indigence ; from which he was relieved by death (in what manner is not ceruinly known), on the 24th of Augull, or thereabout, when he wanted near three months to complete his eigh« teenth year. The floor of his chamber was covered with written papers, which he had torn into fmall pieces ^ but there was no appearance (as the Editor has been credibly informed) of any writings on parchment or vellum.* * * One of thefe fragments, by Mr. Barrett's permiBioo, has been copied in the manner of a Facfiniie, by that ingenious artift Mr. Stnitt, and an engraving of it is inferted at p. 188. Two other ftnall fragmentt of Poetry are printed in p. 277, 8, 9. See the Jntroduffory Account. - The fragmentt in profe, which are confidcrably larger, Mr. Barrett intends to publiih in his Hiftory of Briftol, which, the Editor has the fatisfadion to inform the Public, it very far advanced. In the fante work will be inferted ADifcorfe on BriJIowe, and the other hiftorical piecet in profe> which Chatterton at diflcrent timet delivered out, as copied from Rowley*s MSS.^ with fuch remarks by Mr. Barrett, at he of all men living it hdk qualified to makc^ from his accurate rciearchcs iaX9 the Antiquities of Briftel.* gxnal Rowley'l PomsL 159 ginal MSS. and by the internal evidence which the ieveral pieces afTord. If the Fragments (hall be judged to be genuine, it will fiill remain to be determined* how far their genninenefs Qiould {trvt to authenticate the reft of the colledlion, of which no copies, older than thofe made by Chatterton, have ever been produced* On the other hand, if the writing of the Fragments fliall be judged to be counter- feit and forged by Chattenon, it will not of neceflity follow, that the matter of them Was alfo forged by him, and Hill lefs» that all the other compofitions, which he profefled to have copied from ancient MSS. were merely inventions of his own. in either cafe, the deci- fion muft finally depend upon the internal evidence* * It may be expeded perhaps, that the Editor (hould give an opi- nion upon this important queftion ; but he rather choofe», for many reafons» to leave it to the determination of the nnprejudiced and in- telligent Reader. He had long been defirous that «hefe Poems fhould be printed ; and therefore readily undertook the charge of fuper* intending the edition. This he has executed in the manner which feemed to him beft fuited to fuch a publication ; and here he meant that his taflc (hoald end. Whether the Poems be really ancient, or modem ; the compofitions of Rowley, or the forgeries of Chatterton ; they mull always be confidered as a mod fingular literary curiofity.' Hitherto it appears that the perfonal evidence of the authen- ticity of thefe Poems refts entirely on the faith of Chatterton,— on the faith of a vagrant^ living by expedients, and equally de- ftimte of property and of principle. We have been credibly informed that this young man carried his MSS. to Mr. Horace Walpole, and that he met with no encouragement from that learned and ingenious gentleman, who fufpeded his veracity : a circumflance which, certainly, does not fpeak in favour of the originality of thefe produdlions. On the other band, we have feen part of a letter from -Dr. Mills, Dean of Exeter, and Prefident of the Society of Antiquaries, in which he thus ex- prefTes himfelf : ** The Poems are uoiverfally admired ; but I lament the omiffion of the proofs, which would have eftablifhed their authenticity with every one who is open to convidioa. The names of the heroes in the Battle of Haftyngs, who en- lifted under Duke William, correfpond exaAly with the roll of Battle Abbey." Some of the proofs to which the Dean here alludes are be- fore us ; but thefe, and the teftimonies arifing from the intro- dudory part of this publication, together with our final fenti- ments concerning its ancient or modern birth, would fwell this Article beyond the allowable limits, and muft, therefore, be deferred to the enfuing month :— particularly as our Readers will look for a fpecimen, and wifli to form their judgment from that internal evidence, which the Editgry in bis Pre&ce^ holds out as the the only proof. S 2 Frm atf0 Rowley'; Pamii, From the Tragycal Enterlude of MLL Am CELMONDE, atBavsTowE. Before yonne roddie Tonne has dxoove hys wayne Thrpwe halfe hys joornie, dyehce yn gites* of gonlde, Mee» happelefi n^ee, l^ee wylfe a wretche behoulde, Miefelfe, aiM j^l that's myne, bounde ynnc myfchaunces chayne, Jhi Birtha^ *whU tUidi Naiurg framt thttfayrtf Whie art thou all that poyntelie ^ canne bewrecne "^ ? Whic art then iiptt as coarfe as odhers are ? — Botte then thie foothle woalde t}irow thy vyfage fheene, Yatt (hemres con thie comelie femlyk€eneydd I lele joie wyth fyke reddoure * as nowe, Whann hallie preefty (he lechemanne of the foulc* Dydd knytte us both ynn a caytyfnede *" vowe : Now hallie Julia's felynefle ys grate ; Shap ^ haveth nowe ymade hy& woes for to emmate ^. B 1 R T H A. Mie lorde, & hu(bande» fyke a joie ys mine ; Botte mayden modeftie mode ne foe iaiej Albeyt^ thou mayeft rede ytt ynn myne eyne. Or ynn myne harte» where thou Ihalte be for aie ; Inn fothe, I have botte meeded out thie faie f ; For twe]ve tymes twelve the mone bathe bin yblente^, A% manie tymes hathe vyed the Qodde of daie. And on the gra/Te her lemes ' of filverr fente, *■ robes, mantels. ^ a pen* c exprefi. ^ countenance. e covered* f foch. g another. *» at once. * nighty. k hardy, valorous. 1 violence. » binding, enforcing, » fatCt « leflen^ decrcafc. P faith. "4 blinded. ' li|JitS| ra)'S. Sythe RowkyV P9im. 261 Sythe thoa dydft cheefc mee for thie fivete to bee, Enad^ynge ynn the fame moile faiefoUie to mee. Ofce have I feeoe thbe atte the noDe>>laie fealle, Whanne deyfde bie thiefetfe, fof wane of pheeret'% Awhylft thie merryemen dyde laogbe and)eafte» Qnn mte thoufniuft all iynt^ io mn all tarts. Thoa wardeft mee at eyff ynn hondred* feeres, y^left a daygnous ' looke to thee be fente, Aod offrendres " made mee, moe thann yie compheeret, OfFe fcarpes ^ of fcarlette^ & iyn^ paramente' ; All thie yntente to pleafe #a8 fyded f ro mer, I faie ytt, I mofte ftreve thatt yoa ameJed bee, iE L L A. Mie lyttel kyndneflcs whyche I dydd doe, Thie gentlenefs doth corven them foe grete, Lyche bawfyn * olyph^nnrtsf * mie g^tfnet doe (heWe ; Thou doeft mie cfiooghtes of paying' love amate ^. fiotte hann mie a^yonns ftraughte ^ the rolle of fs^te, Pyghte thee fromnd Hell, or broughtc Heaven down to thee, Layde the whol worlde a faildflole atte thie fecte, On fmyle woalde be AifFycyll mcde for mee. I amm Loves borro'r, & canne never paie, Bott be hys borrower iVylle, 5r tbyne, niie fwete, for aie. B I R T H A. Love, doe nott rate yonr achevmentes ^ foe fmalle ; As I to yon, fyke love an toe mee beare ; For nochyorge pafte wille Birtha: ever call, Ne en a foode from Heaven thynke to cheere* As farr as t hys fray Ic brutyllc flefch wyli fpere, Syke, & ne fanfher I expcde of ybuf ; Be notte toe flackeyn love, neovcrdcare-; A fmall fyre, yan a londe flame, prov^es mote true* iE L L A. Thie gentie wordis doe thie voltfnde * keni^e To bee moe clergionde thann ys ynn meynde of meAne. iELLA. BIRTHA. CELMONDE, MYNSTRELLES. CELMOtfDE. Alle bleffynges (howre on gentle i£Ha's heiklie 1^ Oft maie the moone, yn fylverr flieenyge ly^te^ Inn varied chaunges varyoi Meffynges fliedde, Befprengeynge far abrode mifchaofice^ nyghte ; And thou, fayi'd Birtha 1 tHou, fayre Dame, fo bryghce» Long mzft^ thoa wyth &\\zi fynde much pdace, . Wythe felynefle, ar ivy th a roal)^, bedyghte, Wyth everych chanagyngfemone new joies encreafe ! I, as a token of mte love to fpeajtei Have brought you-j«bbea ofalcy.at>pyghte youre bray ne to breake. % . I . I Ml • fellows, equals. ^ ^xi^VipixX. b ^fentSi offeringr. ▼ icarf% X rohcs of fciiiet. V bbunidcdl * large. " • elcphaati^' ^ dtftiby. f ilr^chc4* ^ ferviccit • memory, uAderfiaqding^ S I i€ L L A. .# a62 Rowlcy'j Poms. ^ L L A. When fopperes pafte we'lle drenche youre ale foe (troQge» Tydc lyfc, tyde death. C R L M O N D E. Ye Mynftrellet, chaunt yoor fooge. MjnftrelUs Songi, bie a Mannt and IFomannem M A N N p. Toorne thee to thie Shepfterr ^ fwayne ; Bryghte fonne has ne droncke the dewe From tbeffoures of jelUiue hue ; Tourne tnee, Alyce, backe agayne. WOMAN N £• No, bcftoikerre*, I wyllee goe, Soft lie tryppynrge o'ere the meei ^, Lyche the {ylver-footed doe, Seekeynge (helterr yn grene treei* M A N N E. Set the mofs'grwiine drnj^i hankie pereynge ynne the ftreme belowe ; Here weMle fytte, yn dewie danke ; Tourne thee, Alyce, do notte goe. W O M A N N E. I've hearde erfle mie grandame faie, Yonge damoyfelles fchulde ne bee, Inne the Twotie monthe of Maie, Wythe yonge menne bie the grene wode tree, M A N N E. Syttethee, Alyce, fytte, and harke^ Howe the oazle ^ chaantt hys noate* The chelandree ^^ greie mom larke, Chaantynge from theyre lyttel throate; W O M A N N E. I hetre them from eche grene wode xxtt^ Chaantynge owte fo blatauntlie ', Tcllynge le^urnyes ■ to mce, Myfcheefe ys whanne yon are nygh* M A N N E: See alobee the meet fo grene Pied daifiei, kynge-coppes fwote ^ Alle wee fee, bie non bee feene. If ete botte ihepe fettes here a fbte. W O M A N N E. ^ Shepfter fwayne, yon tare mie gratchie "• Qute aponne ye ! lette me goe* Leave mee fwythe, or Tile alatcbe. K^hymne^ thysjomri damejbedl kn§w$. f SbephenU ff decaver. ^ meadowi* i The black-bard }f QQld-finch; I loodly. m Udttrei. a apparcL MANNE, Rowley V Pnms* t<3 M A N N £. See ! tbe crokynge brionie Roundt tht papier fwyftt hitfprM | Round the oake the grejsne ivif Florryfcheth and ly veth aie. Lette D8 feate us bie thys tree» Laughe^ and Tynge to lovynge ayret; Come, and doe notte coyen bee ( Nature made all thynges bie payres* Drooried cattes wylle after kynde ; Gentle doves wylle kyfs and coe : W O M A N N E, Botte xnanne, hee mode bee ywrynde^ T)lle fyr preefte make on of two. Tempte mee ne to the foole thyoge; I wylle no mannes lemanne be ; Tyil fyr preeile hys fonge doethe fynge. Thou (halt neere fynde aught of mee. M A N N £. Bie oure ladle her yborne, To-morrowe» foone as ytce ys daie, I'llc make thee wyfe, ne bee forfworne^ So tyde me lyfe or dethe for aie. W O M A N N E. Whatt dothe lette, botte that nowe Wee attenes ^» thos honde yn honde. Unto diviniftre p goe. And bee lyncked yn wedlocke bonde ? M A N N E. I agree, and thus I plyghte Honde, and harte, and all that's myne; Good fyr Rogerr, do us ryghte. Make us one, at Cothbertes ihryne. B O T H E. We wylle ynn a bordelle ^ lyve, Hailie, thoughe of no eflate ; Everyche docke moe love (hall gyye ; H'ti ynn giitnejft luyll bi grtatt. -« L L A. I lyche thys fonge, I lyche ytt myckle well ; And there ys monie for yer fyngeynge now ; Butte have you noone thatt marriage-bleflynges telle ? CELMONDE. In marriage, bleflynges are botte fewe, I trowe* MYNSTRBLLES. Laverder, wee have; and, gyffybu pleafe, willeiynge. As well as owre chouge-voyces wyll permytte. • At oncc« P a divine. *i a cottage^ ' Lord* S 4 iBI^LA. 164 Rowley'^ Piems^ iE L L A. Cofome then, and fee yon Avotelie tune the ftryvge. And ftret % and engyne all the haman wytte. Toe pleafe roie dame. MYNSTRBLLES. We'll ftiayne owrc wytte and fynge. ^ynftrtlUt Songe, FYRSTE MYNStRELLB. The boddynge floarettes blolhes atte the lyghte | The meet be fprfoged wyth the yellowe hue ; Ynn daifeyd mantelt y% the mountayne dyghte ; The neih < yonge coweflepe bendethe wyth the dewe ; The trees enlefedg yntoe Heavenne (Iraughce, Whenn gentle wyndes doe blowe, to whefllyng dynne y% brought, The evenynge pomet« and bryngci the dewe alonge ; The roddie welkyne (heeneth to the eyne ; Arounde the alefiake lILyn^LitlXt fynge the fonge ; Yonge iyie ronnde the doore pofte do entwyne $ I laie mc^ onn the graiTe } yette, to mie wylle, Albeytte all ys fayre»' there hckethe fomethynge ilylle. SECOl^DE MYNSTRELLE* So Adam thooghtene, whann, yn Paradyfe, All Heavenne and Erth dyd hommage to hyt mynde ; Ynn Womman alleyne mannei pleafaunce lyet; ^i luftrumentis ofjch 'wne m^9 tbi fyiuli. Gc, taki a lujft mUoi thii armii, and fu W^Httr^ and bro^nit hjlUs^ nvjll havt a ebarme ftr tbei. THYRDE M Y N S T R E L L E. Wh'anne Autunipne blake" and ibnne-brent doe appere, With hys gonlde honde guylteynge the falleyne lefe, Bryngeyoge oppe Wynterr to folfylle the yere, Beerynge uponne hys backe the riped (faefe ; Whan all the hyls wythe wo^die fcde ys whyte ; Whanne levynne-fyres and lemes do mete from far the fyghte | Whann the fayre apple, radde as even GfiCf Do bende the tree unto the fruflyle grounde ^ When joicie gere^, and berries of blacke die. Doe dannce yn ayre, and call the eyne arounde ; IrhanUt bee the eveii foule, or even fayre, I^ethynckes mie hartys joie ys (ley need wi^h. fomme care. SECOIiDE MYNSTRELI^E. Aagelles bee wrogte to be of neidber kynde; Angelles alleyne n:om.m chafe "^ defyre bee free ; fbflifijj a Xswnnbatt ovifij^ tbi mjadj^ atte, wytboat wommanne, cannot ftyllcd bee ; ^ie. feynde yn ceiles, boue» havyrge blodde and tf re ^^ Do fynde the fpryte to joie on fyghte of womanne fayre : * Stretcli^ \ tcod^r* ^ '^'k^A* ^ hot. > health. ^ommef) % Rowlc/i Pitms. 265 Wommen bee made» notte for hemfelves, botte aitnne» Bone ef hys bone, and cbyld of hys defire ; Fromme an ^utyle membere fyrfte beganne, Ywroghte with moclie of water, lyttele iytt ; Therefore tliie feke the fytt of love, to bete ^he xnilkynefs of kynde, aad make hemftlfes complete* Albeytte, wythoat wommen, menne were pheeret To falvage kynde, and wolde botte lyve to flea, Botte wommen ne efte the fpryghte of peace fo cheiet, Tochelod yn Angel joie heie Angeles bee 3 Go, take thee fwythyn y to thie &dd a wyfe, j^ec bante or bleflbd hie, yn proovyoge marryage lyfe. Anodher Mynftielles Sooge, Ht Sjr Thybbot Gorgei. Js Elynour hh thi green leffelU nnat Jjfttjnge^ As from the fines here fie harried. She fayde, as herr ivfyae homks nvhpf hefin nuas Attyityt^^. Whaite pkafire ytt ys t9 he married f Mie hufiande^ Lorde Thcmas, a forrefier hesdd^^ As sHfer eleme pyntu, er the hajkate. Does ma cheryfeusmcys frpm Elynour hotdde^ I ha've yit as fiene ae I afieytt. ffhann I fyvidwyth miefadre yn merrie Clvwd-deU. Tho* tiuat at my Uefk to mynde J^nynge, f JiyUi wanted fimetlynge, hotti \cademy of Madrid, and of the Society for promoting Natural Knowledge at Berlin, 2 Vols. 4to« 2 L at. Boarda» White, Ac. 1777- THOUGH we have had this work too Oiort a time in our hands, to enable us yet to enter upon the narrative part of it ; we take the earlieft opportunity of explaining the na- ture and defign of the undertaking, and of reciting the rooft material circumftances relative to the publication : efpecially as the fpeedy appearance of another account of the fame Voyage, written by Capt. Cook, under the fanftion of the Board of Admiralty, has been announced in the public papers. Accord- ingly, previous to an abftrac^ of the Voyage itfelf, we (hall en- . dravour to gratify the curiofity of our Readers, by giving an account of the circumftanccs and motives which induced the Author to undertake this work ; fo far, at leaft, sis thefe arc explained to us in his prefatory addrefs, and, wc may add, binted at even in his title-page.-->In the latter we are firft ftruck with the following quatrain : ' * On ne repouiTe point la veriti fans bruit, ^ £t de quelque fa^on qu'on I'arrete au paflTage^ * On verra tot-ou-tard que c'etoit un outrage, « DoHt il falloit qu'au moins la h%nt$ fut le fruit/ Db Missy. This motto fecms to convey a meaning not very favourable to certain perfons unknown* As yet it docs not appear to us whether the never-failing prevalence of iruth^ held forth in it, relates only to the Author's perfonal concerns, or dealings with thofe who have the direction of the Admiralty-account of the laft circumnavigation ; or whether it carries another and more general meaning, relative to matters of a more public na- ture *• Such lights as the Preface affords we {hall endeavour to communicate^ in the following aaalyfis of it : V After ■I ■ I ■ » » i* ■■IMWIII >■■!■■■ 11 ■■■ I . I , IW ,1 .1 ■! !■■■ ■ ■■■■ * Speaking of the intended publication, the Author hiatt his apprehenfions that, in one partiealar, it nay probably refemble Dr. Hawkefworth's compilation, * where many important obfervations, thought ohoxiitu, have been fupprefled, as is caftomary in France.' — ' The fame aatnority^e a^ds, which blew off M. de Bongainville from the ifland of Juan Fernandez, coold hufli to iUence the Britiih gans, whilft the Endeavour cannonaded thePortugnefe fort at Madeira.' —The two circumftanccs here alloded to, fays the Author, are well- Jkndwor fads, though fupprefled in the publiihed narratives. ' M. • wJdt Bongainville fpeiu fome time at Jaaa FernaAdcsi and completely 9 ' refreflicd Forftcr'i Voyage rctmd the World* 267 After rpeaking of the liberal motives which had produced and dircfled the three former voyages of difcovery, « a fourth/ favs the Author, ^ was undertaken by order of an enlightened Monarch, upon a more enlarged and majeftic plan than ever was put in execution before. The greateft navigator of hit time, two able aftronomcrs, a man of fcience to ftudy nature in all her receiTes, and a painter to copy fome of her moft cu- rious produdtions, were feicded at the expcnce of the natidn* After completing their voyage, they have prepared to give an account of their refpeftive difcoveries, which cannot fail of crowning their employers, at leaft, with immortal honour/ ^ TheBrititb nation,' the Author adds, * did not fend out and liberally fupport my father [Dr. J. R. Forfter] as a natu* ralift, who was merely to bring home a coUedion of butterflies and dried plants. That fuperior wifdom which guides the counfels of this nation, induced many perfons of confiderabl^ diftindion to z€t on this occafion with unexampled greatnefs* So far from prefcribing rules for his condudl, they conceived that the man whom they had chofen, prompted by his natural love of fcience, would endeavour to derive the greateft poffible advantages to learning from his voyage. He was only there* fore direded to exercife all his talents, and to extend his ob« fervations to every remarkable obied. From him they ex- peded a philofipbical hijiory of the Voyage, free from prejudice and vulgar error, where human nature fliould be reprefented without any adherence to fallacious fyftems, and upon the prin- ciples of general philanthropy ; in (hort, 4m acccunt wrktm ttpm fi plan which the learned Wirld bad not hitherto feen executed,* Mr. Forfter next proceeds to inform us that the firft fpeci- mens of his father's labours * were infcribed and prefented to his Majefty within four months after his return from the voy- age ; — that, with refpe£t to the Hijiory of the Voyage^ • the prin- cipal performance which was demanded at his hands,* it was at Arft propofed that a fingle or continued narrative fliould be formed from his and Capt. Cook's journals, diftinguiflied by particular marks; — that bis. father accordingly drew up feveral (heets as a fpecimen ; but that it was afterwards thought more expedient to feparate the two journals ;— that the Lords of the refreflied his crew there ; though he wifhes to have it underftood that contrary winds prevented his touching at that ifland. — Capt. Cookp in the £ndeavoar» battered the Loo fort at Madeira^ in conjniidum with an Englifti frigate, thus refenting an aifront which had been offered to the Britifh flag.* This ftory» however, is flatly contra* ididted by the Gentlemen who made this voyage ; and who p<^(ivelj affirm that ho fuch circumftance ever happened. * QhdraBtret Gtuermm PUmarumi He. Ato. Londf $ee Monthly Review, Dec, 1776, p. 479, Admiralty Admiralty generonily granted the whole emolumeots arifing * from the numerous plates engraved for the future publication, the expence of which amounted to upwards of 2000 1. in equal Ibares to Dr. Forfter and Capt. Cook ; — that an agreement^ authenticated by the iignature of Lord Sandwich, was drawn -up in April laft, ^ fpecifying the particular parts of the ac- count which were to be prepared for the prefs by each of the paitie^ feparately, and confirming to them both jointly the ge- nerous gift of the plates from the Board of Admiralty/ In conformity to this arrangement, we are told. Dr. Forfler < prefented a fecond fpecimen of his Narrative for the perufal •of the Earl of Sandwich, and was much furprifed at firfl chat ^bis fecond eflay was entirely difapproved ; but after feme time he was convinced that, as the word ^^ Narrativi'* was. omitted in the agreement, he had no right to compoQp a conne^d ac- coimt of the voyage. He was told that if he meant to pre- ftrve bis claim to half the profits arifing from the plates, — ^b^ muft conform to the l^tUr of the agreement ; and though be . \m4 always ironfidered himfelf as fent out chiefly with a view to write the biftory of the voyage, he acquiefced for the benefit of his family, and ftri^y confined himfelf to the publication .of his unconnedied philok>phical obfervations made in the courfo of the voyage/ ^ I muft confefs,* adds the Author, whofe own words wo choofe to give on this occafion. as the quefiion is ratlicr of the .cafiiiftical kind— * it hurt me much, to fee the chief intent of .jay father's miflion defeated, and the Public dilappointed in their expectations of a pbilofophical recital of fa^. How- ever, as I had been appointed his affiftant in the courfe of this .expedition, I thought it incumbent upon me at Icaft to atumpt to write fuch a narrative* Every confideration prompted me to undertake the tafk, which it was no longer in his power to per* form. It was a duty we owed to the Public ; I had collected fttfEcienK laaterials during the voyage, and I had 9s much good will to* begin wkh» a» any traveller that ever wrote, or any compiler iia^ tver ufai hribid U mutilate' a narrative. I was bound by 00 agreement whatibever, and that to which my fi- ther had ftgned^ did not make him anfwerable for my adions^ .not ija the moft diftant manner, preclude his givine me af&ft- ance. Therefore in every important circumftance, T had leave to confult his journals, and have been enabled to draw up my narrative with the moft fcrupulous attention^to hiltbrical truth/ After flightly mentioning the two anonymous relatioi^s of the lale voyage, Mr* ForAer takes frefli notice of the intended pub- lication, by Authority. Here too ic ituy he proper tg le^ve the Author to fpeak for himfelf. ' Anot4iei» naffativeof tliia circumnavigation, is fnd to have been written by Capt. James Cook of b4s*Mf|dftyVRo)ial Navy, undciT Forfter*; Vij^e r$uml tti WtrU. 169 under wbofc command it was performed. Thit account will be ornamented with a great variety of plates, reprefentiiig views of the countries which we vifited, portraits of the natives, figures of their boats, arms^ and utenfils, together with a num- ber of particular charts of the new difcoveries ; and all tfaefe plates — are the joint property of Capt. Cook and my father.' So far as the Public only are concerned, the Author very fa* tisfadorily apologizes for the Teeming fuperfluity of offering his relation of this voyage to the world ; by obferving that the dif« ferent occupations, taftes, and purfuits of Capt. Cook and him« felf, muft neceflarily diverfify their relations, and be produc- tive of variety both with refpeA to incidents and obfervations % and that even the very fame objeds may naturally be fuppofed to have been feen by them in different points of view ; and the fame fads give rife to different refle£tions. He next, but fureiy with too much feverity, thus charaderifes Dr. Hawkef- worth*s> compilation, and fubjoins a hint relative to the publi* cation coming out under the name of Capt. Cook : Of the firff, he fays— -^ It was the fate of that hiftory, to be compiled by a perfon who bad not been on the voyage ; and to the frivolous obfervations, the uninterefting digreffions, and fophiftical principles of this Writer, the ill fuccefs of the work has been attributed ; though few are able to determine with what degree of juftice the blame is thrown upon the Com- pilcf. — With rclpeft to the latter he obferves, that « the adive life of Capt. Cook, and his indefatigable purfuits after difcoveries, have made it impoffible for him to fuperintend the printing of his own journals ; and the Public, I am much afraid, muff again converfe with him by means of an intirpntir. The Author terminates bis preface with fome particulars re« fpeding O'Mai [Omiah] efpecially relating to his mental powers, acquired accomplifliments, and equipment here. Af- ter obfervin| that this Iflander has either been confidered a« remarMbly ffupid, or very intelligent, according to the diffe- rent allowances made by thofe who judged of his abilities ; he afpeaks very favourably of his parts, and adduces, as one ftrong inftance at leaft of his intelligence, his amazing proficiency in the knowledge of the very complicated game of chefs. He likewife very readily iqnitated and adopted that eafy and grace* ful politenefs natural to the good company which he fre- quented ; and gave ^ other proofs of a quick perception and lively fancy/ as likewife of great fenfibility, on parting with his European friends. In the Author's account of O-Mai, he Aams by no means inclined to be the panegyrift of thofe under whofe tuition he remained near two years ; and who feem liot to have had much at heart the improvement of his underftanding, with refpeft to matten which might be hereafter produdivc of benefit both to himfelf TT^ ^ JI70 Hawkin8*i Hiflofy ofihg SdiKH andPraaia of Mujic. bimfelf and his country. * It can hardly be fuppofed/ he hh^ fervety * thatO'Mai never formed a wi(h to obtain fome know- ledge of our agriculture, arts, and manufa£lures ; but no friendly Mentor ever attempted to cherifli and to gratify this wifli, much lefs to improve his moral charader, to teach him our exalted ideas of virtuei and the fublime principles of re* Tealed religion/ It fhould feem likewife, from our Author's account of O* Mil's equipment, on bis return home, that government thought Coper to fit him out rather as a Conjurer than a Numa or angoCop^c. He was fent out to O-Taheitee, furniflied with a portable organ, a coat of mail, a fuit of armour, and an Eli^rUal Machine^ together with ^ an infinite variety of drefles, ornaments, and other trifles, which are daily invented in order to fupply our artificial wants \* but not provided with ^ articles of real ufe to his country •,• The Author terminates his Preface with a proper refiedion 4>n the benefits to be derived from voyages of difcovery, and with taking notice of the comparatively fmall expence at which they are carried on ; the whole amount of that in which he embarked not having exceeded the fum of 25,000 1. including all extraordinary difburfements. With refped to the relation itfelf, we can only at prefent fay, that, as far as we have proceeded in it, it has afforded us pleafure in the perufal. It is iiluftrated by a compr^henfive chart of the Southern Hemifphere, formed on a projedion in which the geographical difcoveries made by the two vefTels, and their refpe<^ive tracks, are exhibited at one view. * Government, however, is not ja((ly chargeable with this abfar^ dity ; they fupplied him, liberally, with iron cools, and all fach otenfils as were fuggefted to them, as likely to tend either to the pefent ufe, or future improvement, of his country. They fent with him, alfo, cattle and flieep ; encouraging, by that means, the only fpecies of agriculture which that happy foil could receive. xNume^ roQs acquaintance in this country were willing to gratify mm with whatever he Teemed to view with wiibful eyes: andthos, one gave bim an organ, another armour, and even an eleArical machine. ^^ AaT. VIII. A Gitural Hiftwy of tbi Scitmct and Praaia of Mmjk. By Sir John Hawkins. [Continued from onr Review for Fe- bruary laft, page 1 37.] IN our former article we gave the Reader fome fpecimens of the tafte and mufical opinions of the Author, principally extraAed from his preliminary difcourfe, but iiluftrated like- wife by paflages which ftruck our eyes even on a curfory peru- fal of the la(t volume of the work. This tafte, and thefe opi- nions, differ fo greatly from our own, and from thofe of every qualified judge with whom we are acquainted \ that we could not avoid marking them^ and exhibiting them as charafierif- tical Hawkins'x Hlfiory 9fthi Scinui and Praitici tf Mujie. aji, tical of the prerent worlr :— fo far, at leaft, as tafte, and a knowledge of the real excellencies of the art, and of the pre* fent (late of it, may be deemed eflcntial requifites towards the compilation of an Hiftory of Muflc. Waving, however, the conflderation of this matter for the prefent, we (hall proceed to give fome account of the manner in which the Author has executed this great, or at lead voluminous woilc. Here too, to begin with the iirft of tbefe volumes, we are forry to obferve that we can neither commend his plan, nor his exec«i« tion. The origin of all human arts or inventions is generally in* volved in clouds and darknefs ; and, accordingly, it cannot be imputed as a fault in him who undertakes to write the hiftory of a particular art, if he (hould leave that of it's early ages ia as dark a ftate as he found it. This is undoubtedly tbe cafe with our prefent hiftorian ; yet, though we do not mean to reproach him for his want of fuccefs in this particular, we have a fight to complain that he (hould fo forely perplex and mortify us and his other Readers with fo much of the mere femblance of information, and difpenfe fo little of the reality;-— that little, too, overwhelmed and fuffbcated in a mafs of quo* Cations, diagrams, and disjointed calculations. If the Author's plan laid him under the neceffity of treating fcientifically on that complicated, daik, and hackneyed fubjedf tbe mufic of the Ancients ;— fuppofing that he was not fur- niflied with any new lights to throw upon it, or had no new conjedures to offer relating to it;-— it was, furely, his duty to (hew fome mercy even on bis fcientific reader, by prrti- oufly and maturely digefting in his own mind whatever ^% known with certainty on the fubjefi, and prefenting him, 'in one connected view, with the fubftance of what he had coI*». leded from reading, comparing, and meditating on, the ort-J ginal authors, and their numerous and difcordant tranfcribert and commentators. Our Hiftorian has followed a different and much lefs diffi- cult method : as making tranfcripts from Authors is a much eafier taik than analvfing them, and giving a clear account of their doSrines, collected from the ftudy and comparifon of their different works.— We would afk the Author, fojr whaC clafs of readers are his long and yet mutilated quotations from Ariftoxenus, Euclid, Ptolemy, Boetius, &c. intended ?^-Ii it poffible that either tbe learned or unlearned inquirer cah com- prehend the fenfe of detached and mutilated extraSis froth works which have eluded the fagacity of the moft enlightened muSca} critics, who have diligently ftudied, with very little profit, the intire works from which thefe extrafis are taken?— *In e word, does the Author himfelf underftand the greater part of the very extrads which he has given us i We afy 2 Hawkini'x Htyiory of the Scienu and PraHia of Mufu. We (ball accordingly pafs over this part oF the Author'g performance, obferving only that at the end of his firft vo- luitte he brings his hiftory down to the time of Guido. In the proerefs of it, in the lubfequent volumes, the mufical read- er's patience is exercifed by the frequent interruptions that he meets with in his main purfuit ; from which he is ever and anon drawn off by his Author's various excurfions into fub-^ jeAs very diftantly or not at all conne£led with his principal dbjedl. Thus, in the fecond volume, having brought his hif- tory down to the time of Chaucer, an author whofe writings ftre very well known, he adually commences Reviewer of dhe Canterbury Tales ; gives lis an hiftory of the poet's plan» and particularly analyfes the prologues, becaufe * as they re- late to modes of life, they are charadleriftic of the times, and tend,' as the Author would perfuade us, ^ to elucidate the fub- jeS of the prefent inquiry.' How far they anfwer this pur- pofe will appear by a tranfcript or two from a part of the Author's Critique^ which hath as near a relation to nlufic as any of the other parts which we Omit. • Thcfe prologues' — fo elucidatory of the prefent fuh-- jed, our mujicat Hiftorian gravely obferves, ^ teach us that at Stratford, near Bow in Middlefex, was a fchool for girls, wherein the Freiich language, but very different from that of Paris, was taught, and that at meals not to wet the fingers deep in the fauce was one fign of a .polite female education. And here, he adds, * it mav not be improper to re- mark, that before the time of King James the Firft, a fork was an implement unknown in this country. Tom Coriate tbe traveller learned the ufe of it in Italy, and one which he brought with him from thence was here efleemed a great cu- riofity.*-— We omit a long note, tranfcribed from the Cru^ JBttesy wherein Tom himfelf gives an account of this mat- ter; at the end of which he declares, that * his familiar friend, Mr. Lawrence Whitaker^ in his merry humour, doubted not to call him at table, Pufcifer^ only for ufing a fork at feeding, but for no otkir cau/e.'—PsiiBng over certain points of information, relating to ferjeants at law, judges of affize, re- ports, and year-books, colleded from the prologues aforefaid, we proceed with him, in his enumeration of their contents;^ as follows : • —That the monks were lovers of hunting, and kept greyhounds — that the houfes of country gentlemen abounded with the choiceft viands — that a haberdaftier, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, and a maker of tapeftrv, were in the rank of fuch citizens as hoped to become aldermen of London; and that their wives claimed to be called Madam'*^thzt cooks were great cheats, and would drefs the fame meat more than 8 once Hawkins^i Hiftory of the Sciina and Prailiarf Mu/k. ^73 once— that tbe maftcrs of (hips were pirates, and made but little confcience of ftealing wine out of the ve(it49-of their - ' chapmen when the latter were afleep-^tbat phyiicians made aftrology a part of their ftudy—- that the weaving of woollen cloth was a very profitable trade, and that the neighbourhood- of Bath was one of the feats of that manufacture— that « pilgrimage to Rome, nay to Jerufalem, was not an extrava-, gant undertaking for the wife of a weaver — that the merce« nary fort of clergy were accuftomed to flock to London, id order to procure chauntries in the cathedral of St. Paul—* that at tbe Temple the members were not many more thaa thirty, twelve of whom were qualified to be flewardt to any peer of the realm— that their manciple was a rogue, and had cunning enough to cheat them all— that ftewards grew rich by lending their lords their own money-— and finally, that the fummoner— in the ecclefiallital court— -would fur a fmall fee fufFer a good fellow to have his concubine for a twelve- month/ Our ReviewiT proceeds, wandering and diverging more and • ^ * " t/>i^ more iiklHii^ multiform digrei&ons ; for after indulging the mo* dern reader with a regular analyfis of the Millcr^s and tbe Reeve's Tales, as fpecimens of his Author's ftyle and manner^ he treats of the origin and influence ai feudal Unitrts ; whicbt among other evils, produced that * ftate of bondage in which ^ j^^ a woman is denied the libmy of choofing the man (he likci for a huiband;* — and of chivalry, with refped to the origia of which he tells us, it may now • not be improper to inquire —as it contributed to attemper the almofl natural ferocity of the people, and reflc£t a luflre on the female charader '-— A very praife- worthy inquiry, mo(i afluredly, at a proper time and place ; but why our MuHyj Hiftortan (hould turn ^ Quixote, ^^fally forth to the tioly Land, to add a luftre to MtWA the female character, we cannot difcover. ^Alufic furely (hould / be his fole Dukinea : but our recreant and dtHoydl knight takes every oppcrtuniry of leaving the difconfolate damfcl be* hind, and is continually pricking his antiquarian Jittd in queft of other and (Grange millnd'cs. He defcends ro accoft even the wives and daughters of f/irmers, and mechanics— in ihort there is no end of his infiiielittes. Not to purfue our allufion any further — our Hiftorian next entertains us with a greiit number of ftanx^s — in the htack letter — from an ancient poem intitled ^ Thi Northirn Mtth^s Biijfmg i9 her Daughur\ in which the old lady admontfhes hrr to go to church, ferve God, look after her men , and take care of her key^; but does not drop the fmalleft hiht, good or bad, relating to mufic, either vocal or inftrumentaL Aa little^,^' | f nearly rcfpcfting this fubjc^, is to be found in the pretty /j R&ft Apr. 1777. T large ^ 274 Hawkins*! Ktftarj of the Selena and Previa rf Mujlc. '^^^u/i/iCy/w^^ large quotations, immediately following thefe, viImIi the Au- ^nr thor ffmmmm from a curious old book which, fays our Hifto- l)^ rian, ^though a great deal is contained in it, few have been tefppted to look into/ It is the work intitled * Di Proprieta* tibus.^Reruniy originally written in Latin, about the year ' 1366 by Bartholomaus ; and tranflated into Englifh in 1398 by 'uhn 7revi/aj vicAr of the parifh of Berkeley in the reign of Kichard the Second.^— Our Readers mull be^content with an initial fcntencc ot two of the different cxtrafts feleded from this work by our Hi dorian. ^ Treating of children, our monk, or rather his tranflatory u fays, that they are ^ fette| to.lernynge, and compelled to take f^ lernynge and chaftyfyngc. They are plyaunt of body, able and lyghte to moevynge, wytty to lerne carolles, and wyth- cute befynefie, &c.' and they love an apple more than golde, &c.' — De Puella^ he faith, * A mayde, chylde, and a damofel is called Puilla^ as it were clene and pure as the black of the eye. — Men byhove to take hede of maydens, for they ben .^. bote and moyfte of complexyon, and tendre, froale, plyaunt, and fayr of difpofycyon of body. — Treating Bi ^#m, he faith that ^ a man hath that name of myghte and vertue, and ftrengthe, for in myghte and in (Irengthe a man paflytb a woman/ In his account of his courting^ wedding and beha- ^ , '^^ viour to his bride, we meet with only this pafiage in which mufic is mentioned. — * He fpeakyih to her pleyfauntly and byholdeth her cheer in the face with pleyfynge, and glad cbere, and wyth a (harp eye, and aflentyth to her at lafte-^ and makyth revels, and feeftes, and fpoufayles, and gevyth many good geftes to frendes and giftes, and comfortyth and gladdith his giftes with fonges and pypes, and other myn- ^ ftralfye of mufyke: and afterwarde he bringeth her to the ' ♦\.j>ryvitees of his chambre, &c.' The Author at length returns to his fubjeft, where we wiU liogly attend him ; efpecially as he treats the mufical antiqua* rian with what may be deemed fome choice morfels. We mean hb accounts of the contents of two colle£^ions of ancient mufical tra^ to which he has had accefs. The firft is de- figned by the title of the Cotton Manufcriptj the original of which was, according to the Author's expreffion, ^ rendered ufelefs,' by the fire which happened in Afhburnham houfe, where it was depofited. Before this event, however, a copy of it had been procured at the expence of the late Dr. Pepufch. From a note at the conclufion of the firft tra£l contained in ity the whole colledion is faid to have been compleated in the year 1326. In the fecond of thefe tradls, the wjiter of ic in giving rules for exUmpore defcant, cautions the finger againft the ufe of difeords i and as he is perfcdly filent concerning their HawkinsV Hiflorj of the Science and PraSfUe of Mufit. ^75 their preparation and rcffolution, without which they are inv- tolerable, our prefent Author thinks that the ufe of difcords in mufical compofition was then unknown. Neverthelefs the anonymous author of the third tra£l, treat- ing of defcant, and fpeaking of 4ii» concords, fays, that < altho* ^Qi the dltom znd fcmiditone^ (the major and minor third) * arc not ^^ reckoned among the perfcft concords, yet that among the bcft organifts in fome countries, as in England, in the country called Wejiconire^ they are ufed as fuch. — Many good organi(U and makers of hymns and antiphons put difcords in the room of concords, without any rule or confideration, except that the difcord of a tone 6r fecond be taken before a perfeft concord.'— ** Here, fays our If idorian, it is to be obferved, that for the firft time we meet with the mention of difcords ;' — he ought to have added, in compofition, or mufic in parts: for furely difcbrds have been mentioned by almoft every writer on the fcience. The next colle£lion is intitled the manufcript of Waltham Holy Crofs^ and was principally written by John Wylde, who calls himfelf precentor of the monaftery at that place, and ia fuppofed to have flourifhed about the year 1400. Our Author gives a regular epitome of this manufcript, which contains in general an illudration of the principal mufical precepts of Boetius, Macrobius, and Guido ; and obferves, that though * thefe two coUedlions * feem to contain all of mufic that can be fuppofed to have been known at the time of writing them ; they make but a very inconfiderable part of thofe which appear to have been written in that period which occurred between the time of Guido and tiie invention of printing.' — * It is not to be wondered at,' he adds, ^ that the greater number of thefe authors were monks ; for not only their profeffion obliged them to the pradice of mufic, but their fcqueftered manner of life gave them leifure and opportunities of ftudying ic to great advantage.' 0 £^ Here our Hiftorian isMK by a feemingly invincible propen- HftLm [^ ^^7* to give us the ftate of monkery in detail, during the ^ three centuries preceding the reformation. He not only exhi- bits the various titles and fundions of all the members of the monaftic order, from the abbot and prior, to the Coquinariui^ Gardinariusy and Pcrtarius ; but he enumerates the offices — the Lavatorium^ < where the clothes of the monks were waflied, and where alfo at a conduit they waOied their hands ^* —the ^ Kitchtn^ with larder and pantry adjoining j'— the y?tf- bliSy * under the care and management of the Jiallarim^ or matter of the horfe, and provendarins, &c.' Nay he defcends to a claffification or rather review of the monkifh cavalry i coofiftiDg of ^ manni^ geldings for the faddle of the larger 276 HawkinsV Hiftorj of the Scierui and PraSluejf Mufic. fize ; Tuncini^ runts, fmall nags ; fummariij fumpter borfes ; and avirti^ cart or plough horfes.' Nor does he difdain in this inventory of monkifh goods and chattels, to regifter ^ the vaccijlmum^ or the cow^houfe, and the porcarium^ or the fwine ^ , ftye: and to leave the inc^ii^tive reader nothing further to defire, he recites the various regulations refpeding the lives and converfations of the monks ^ their times of praying, faft- ing, fleeping and waxching, &c* and adds (ome defideranda on the fubjedt, relating to the titles of officers among them^ many of whofe employments, alas ! ^ can now only be guefled at i' — ^ the coltonarius^ cupparius^ petagiarius^ fcrutellariui aulit^ g^ Jalfariui^ portarius^ care£iarius alUrarify peUiparius^ and hraji^ **** ntfr/ir;.'— -But it is high time to give our monkifh hiftorian a jog, and wake him out of this delightful reverie ; that we may attend to the main fubjeA. Before and after thefe diicuffions, the Author takes great pains to evince that the cantus men/urabiiis was not, as has been affirmed, the invention of John dt Murity in the 14th century, but of Franco in the eleventh. He then treats of the invent tion of counterpoint, and of the canto figwraU \ and gives a ! pretty copious account of the fugue and canon. This laft ubjedl he difcuITes cori atnon^ and with as marked a predileAiont as he does monkery and the black letter. He gives us feveral fjpecimens of this fpecies of compofitien, which, not long a^ ter its invention, about the beginning of the t6tfa ccnturjr, Vas modified into fugues by augmentation and diminution )— - fugues with their anfwers in the fourth, fifth, or eighth^ ei- ther above or below ; — perpetual fugues^ or, as they are com*' monly called, canons, written in one line {-—fugues to be Ajng re£fe ^ retro^ forwards or backwards; and others per arfin isf the/in^ one part rifing and the other defcending. Some of thefe, like the anagrams^ chronograms^ or rather the eggs^ a^rs and axes in poetry, were worked into the figures of tri^ eingUsy croj/esj and circks ; not to mention other curious coiH ^'OL w ceits mifigimmtSi fuch is that goodly device, which however *^ \ we belTeve was of poflerior date, of turning the paper upfide * down, and e:cecuting the deeply concerted contrivance back- wards, beginning at the bottom j— the very bathos of harmo- iilcal extravagance. Among oth^r curiofities in this way, the Author gives us a wonderful canon confifling of only 17 noteff, from Kircher^ • which may be fung,' fays the latter, * by four or five vpices more than 2000 ways.' Kircher mentions another fliort compofition, ^ which may be diftributed into 128 choirs, and fijag by 2,200,000 voices, qay by an infinite number;'—— beating the harpers in the Revelations hollow, whofe concert he quotes on this occafion ;~« Jndlheard the voice e/Aarfers harp-- i Hawk ins V Hijlory of the Scunce and PraSiice df Mujtc* 277 ing wiib their harps^ and they fung as ii wen a mw fong^ &C» And no man could ham that fong^ but the one hundred and ftr^y'^ fbur thoufand which were reditmed from the earth* chap. xiv. Among the examples of this fpecies of compofition— where mofic is bound in chains, amik turned topfy turvy— the Author prefents us with fooie hitherto inedited canons of Dr. Bull, a^d of Bird, taken from manufcripts to which he had accefs. After giving a fugue of the latter, tranfcrlbed from M'irley*z Introduffion^ ^ of two parts in one, per drfin i!f Thefin^ with the point re« verted,' the Author, in fober fadnefs, quotes Biitfer [Princi^ ptes of Mufic] as lavifli in his commendations of it, and ^ pointing out, and unfolding its excellencies in the following terms ; which will give the Reader fome idea of this kind of harmonical Ugerdemain, * The fifth and laft obfervation is, that all forts of fugues (reports and reverts of the fame, and of divers points in the ^ fame, aAd divers canons, aff^in the fame and divers parti) are fometimes mod elegantly intermeddled, as in that inimi* table leilbn of Mr. Bird's, containing two parts in one upon a plaii>-fong9 wherein the iirft part beginneth with a poifttg and then rcverteth it note for note in a fourth or eleventh ; add the fecond part firft reverteth the point in the fourth as the firft did, and then reporteth it in the unifon ; before the end whereof^ the firft part having refted three minims after his revert, fingeth a fecond point, ind reverteth it in the eighth ; and the ftipolid firft reverteth the point in a fourth, and then reporteth it In a fourth : laflly, the firft fingeth a third point, and reverteth it in a fifth, and then reporteth in an unifon* and fo clofltth it with fome annexed notes; and the fecond firft reverted^ it in a fifth, and then reporteth it in an unifon, and fo clofeth it with a fecond revert; where, to make up the full hafVOny, unto thefe three parts is added a fourth, which verf ftiumally toucheth ftill upon the points reported and reveited.* — * ifow every word of this is Jrabic to me /* quoth my un» cle Tobv.— We beg the Reader's pardon for this flip-* but the following paliaffe in Triftram Shandy's life and opi« nioas fuddenly lK>unced into our heads, and produced thit ^ apoftrophe. There is, in fa£t, a marvellous fimilitude betireen / AL 4k» mafter butler's account of the mufical fleams of tAtSbet ^/ Bird, wiih nis various reportings^ revertings^ and clofings^ of / firft and fecond points — and Shandy's defcription of the alle* / gorical vaultings and fummerfets of Gymnaft and tapt. Trippit^ given as famples of polemical divinity.— -Here at leaft is the paflage, fomewhat abridged. *-i-Then fuddenlv-^he fetched a gambol upon onefo9t^ and turning to the Uft handj failed not to carry his body perfelftly round% jt>ft into his former pofition.— Then with a marvel- T 3 lous %jS Blair*} Sirmons. OU8 ilrength and agility, turning towards the right hand^ he fetched another frifking gambol as before — and fo turned and whifled himfelf about three times j at the fourth revirfmg his body, and overturning it upjide down, and /"^r^i^ ^^ri.— Then TW/^/-/— incontinently turijed hc$l^ over head in the air — and made above a hundred frifks, turns, and demi-pommadas */ • This cant be fighting I fa id my uncle Toby,' on hearing Yorick read this paflage. — * Certes^ this cannot be mufid^^ exclaimed our brother, Martinus ScribUrus, when we read to - him the foregoing quotation, g.iven us by our Hiftorian. It is mufic, or is fo called, however, though the ears have ge- nerally little concern with it ; and it is of a fpecies which finds great favour in the eyes of our Hiftorian. No two meut the Reader mufl: know, can well differ more in their taftes and mufical opinions, than the Author and our ancient afib* ciate aforefaid ; who abominates this pedantry of ^x/x^ firft reported^ and then reverted, — mtL to be^ underftood only by Uoking at the fcore : and yet, notwithftanding his GridoH ideas, he is by no means an enemy to the temperate ufe of that modern invention, harmony ; when it lays no improper reftraints on the genius and fancy of the compofer. He re- liflies in the higheft degree the ^ quartettos, quintettos, periidical overtures, iic* of Haydn, Fanhall, Stamitz, &€••-• in Ihorty what our Author calls < the trajh daily obtruded on the world.' — Had we intrufted the critique of this work to our bro-* ther Martin, the intemperate mortal would abfolutely have O ^ # made d^ meat of our Hiftorian \ and would not even have m^ given him credit for the antiquarian fragments and other cu- riofities which his work really contains. We have hitherto .taken care, however, to fteer a middle courfe between them ; as we (ball continue to do in the remaining part of this cri« 'h ticifm. • Vol. IT. chap. 28. pig. loo. edit, of 1775. Ti. Art. IX. Sermons, by Hugh Blair, D. D. One of the Minifters of the High ChurCh, and Profcflbr of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres in the Umverfity» of Edinburgh. Svo, 69.-bound. CadelL 1777. XH O U CLH there is, perhaps, no fpecies of compoCtion which Amains fo far below its juft degree of perfedion rmons ; and though, in general, they excite no great fhare of the public attention^— yet the difcourfes before us cannot fail of being favourably received by readers of very difierent charaftcrs. The man of tajle and the polite fcbolar, will be pleafed with them, as elegant compofitions ; and the man of the world will approve the Preacher's judicious obfervations upon human life ^ but above all, thofe who read in order to attain BlairV Sirmons* ^Jq attain pra£lical knowledge, — with a view to be wl/e for timt. and wi/i for iternity^ will find their account in a frequent pc* rufal of the publication before us. The fubjeds, on which Dr. Blair difcourfes, are not do£iri. nal points of curious fpeculation, but fuch as relate to the con? A\xGt of life, and the difcipline of the heart and paflions ;-« and they are placed in fo happy, fo ftriking a point of view^ as muft, undoubtedly, make deep impreffions upon eveiy Reader^ who is defirous of af^ihg in a manner, worthy of his ratiouai nature, and his Chriftian profcflion. There aie two fermonst indeed, of a more philofophical cafl: than the reft ; one. On §ur impirfiSi Knowledge of a future State ; the other, On the Dif' erdert of the Pafftom \ and though they may be read with great advantage in a practical view, will be chiefly acccptabk to per- fons of a fpeculative turn. They are excellent difcourfes, and will do the Author great honour.— -In a word, we are of opinion, that Dr. Blair's Sermons are, in point of flyle, fen- timent, and compofition, equal to the moil celebrated per* formances of this kind in the Englifh language. A few ex* trads will enable our Readers to form a juit idea of their merit. In his fcrmon On the Diforders of the Pajftons^ after fome ftriking refledions naturally arifing from thefe words — Tet M Ml availetb me mthingy fo long as I fee Alordecai the Jew fitting at the King*s gate — the Preacher thus proceeds : * From this train of obfervation, which the text has fuggefied» can we avoid refledling upon the diforder in which human nature plainly appears at prefent to lie? We have beheld, in Hainan, the Sidare of that mifery which arifes from evil pallions ; of that un* appinefs^ which is incident to the higheil profperity ; of that dif« content, which is common to every date. W bether we confider him at a bad man, a profperoas man, or Amply as a man> in every light we behold reafon too weak for pafiion. This is the fource of the reigning evil ; this is the root of the univerfal difeafe. The Aory of j^aman only fhows us what human nature has, too generally, ap-. peared to be in tv^rf age. Hence, when we read the hillory of na- tions, what do we read but the hiftory of the follies and crimes of men ? We may dignify thofe recorded tranfadions, by calling themk ' the intngues of ftatefmen, and the exploits of conquerors ; but they are, in trnth, no other than the tSons of difcontent to efcape from its.mifery, and the druggies of contending paiGons among unhappy men. The hiftory of mankind has ever been a continued tragedy ; the world, a great theatre exhibiting the fame repeated fcene, of the follies of men (hooting forth into guilt, and of their pai&ons fer* menting, by a qnick procefs, into mifery. ' Bat can we believe that the nature of map came forth in this fiate from the hands of its gracious Creator ? Did he ^ame this world, and (lore it with inhabitants, folely that it might be reple- ni(hed with crimes aAd misfortunes ? — In the moral, as well as in the aatoral wtrld, we may plainly difcern the (igns of fome violent T 4 convnlfion. 48o BUir'i Sitmons. ConvaKibiiy «^bich has (hietered the original workmanfliip of the •Almighty. Amidil this wreck of human nature, traces Hill remain which itidicaie its Author. Thofe high powers of confcieoce and jreafon, that capacity ii r happineff, that ardour of enterprize, that j{low of aifediony which often break through the glooai of homaa vanity and guilt, are like the fcattered columns, the broken arches^ and defaced fculptures of fome f.«l!en temple, who(e ancient fplen- 'dour appears amidft its ruins So confpicuous in human natare are thofe charadlers, both of a high origin, and of a degraded ftate, that, by many religious feCls throughout the earth, they have been feen and conft/Tcd. A tradition feems to have pervaded almoft-all na* Ctons, that the human race had either through feme oiFeace forfeited^ Or through fome misfortune loft, that flation of primxval honour «which they once pcfleiTed. But while, from this doctrine,, ill under* flood, and involved in many fabulous tales, the nations wanderingr in Pagan darknefs could draw no confequences that werejoil} while, totally' Ignorant of the nature of the dil'eafe, they fought in vain fpr the remedy ; the fame divine revelation which hat informed as in what manner our apoftacy arofe, from the abufe of our rational powers, has initruded us alfohow we may be reAored to virtue, armd to happinefs* In his fcrmon on the words — Cimmum with y9Ur own hearty tic. the Dodor (Iiews, in the firft place, the advantages of fe- rious retirement and meditation ; and, in the fecond, he points out fome of the principal fubjeds which ought to employ us in cur retreat. The advantages of retiring to commune with §ur biarts^ are great, whether we regard our happinefs ia this world, or our preparation for the world to come, ' Let us confider.them, fird, fays our Author, with refpeft to our kappincfo in this world. It will readily occur to yon, that an entire fetreat from worldly affairs is not what religion requires ; nor does it* even enjoin a great retreat from them. Some ftations of life woald not permit this ; and there are few ftations which render it neceflary. The chief field, both of the duty and of the improvement of man, lies in a^live life. By the graces and virtues which he exercifes tnidft his fellow-creatures, he is trained up for heaven. A total retreat from the world, is fo far from being, according to the doc- trine of rhe Romifh church, the perfe^ion of religion, that, fome particular cafes excep ed, it is no other than the abufe of it. * Bur, though entire retreat woald lay us afide from the part for which Providence chiefly intended ns, it is certain, that without De- cagonal retreat, we mull adl that part very ill. There will be neither confillency fh the condadl, nor dignity in the charsfter, of one who fets apart no (hare of his time for meditation and refledlion. In the heat acrid bulMe of fifie, while paffion is tvtrf moment throw* ing falfe colours on the objects around us, nothing can be viewed in « Jnd lig^t. If you i^(h that Reafon ihonld exert her native power» yon muft 0ep aitde from the crowd, into the cool and (ilent (hade. It is there that, with fober and Heady eye, (he examines what is good Of 'ill, what is wife or fboliih, in human conduct ; (he looks back on the pad, (he- looks forward to the futare, and fbrmf 'plansj not for ihc Blair'j S&mml. tSf Ac prefent ihoment only, but for the whole of life. How (hotdd that man difcharge any part of hb daty arighc» who neirer fufTers kit paflioos to cool ? And how ihould hit paflions cooI» who is engaged* without interruption, in the tumult of the world ? This ince/Tant ttr may be called, the perpetual drunkennefi of life. It railes dbat eager fermenution of fpirit, which will be ever fending forth thm dangerous fomei of raftinefs and folly* Whereas he who minglee religious retreat with worldly affairs, remains calm, and matter of himfelf. He is not whirled round, and rendered^ giddy, by the in-* tation of the world ; but, from that iacred retirement, in whichno has been converfant among higher ob|e£U, comes forth into Am world with manly tranquillity, fortified by the principles which te has formed, and prepared for every ocoorreace that may itA^, nToi^^ i * As he who is unacquainted with retreat cannot fnftain any chn« radler with propriety, fo neither can he enjoy the world with any ad* vantage. Of the two dalTes of men who are moil apt t6 be negli* gent of this duty, the men of pleafnre, and the men of buiinefs, it is hard to fay which, fuffcr moft, in point of enjoyment, from that negledt. To the former, every moment appears to be loft, which partakes not of the vivacity of amofement. ^ To connedl one planixf gaiety with another, is their fole ftndy ; till, in a very fhoi^^met nothing remain bat to tread the fame beaten round; to enjoy what they have alrelay enjoyed, and to fee what they have often Aen*' Pleafures thus drawn to the dregs, become vapid and taftelefs. What might have pleafed long, ^f enjoyed with temperance, and mingled with retirement, being devoured with fuch eager hafte, fpeedily for- feits and difgttfts. Hence, thefe are the perfons, who, after having run through a rapid courfe of pleafure, after having glittered for % few years in the foremoft line of public amufemencs, are the moft apt to fly at laft to a melancholy retreat ; not led by religion or ita- fon, but driven by difappoint<:d hopes, and exhaufted fpirits, to the' peniive conclufion, that all is 'vanity and 'vexation of J'pirit, * If uninterrupted interconrfe with the world wears out the man of pleafure, it no lefs opprefTes the man of bafinefs and ambition- The ftrongeft fpirits muft at length fink under it. The happieft temper moft be foured by inceffanc returns of the oppofitioo, the inconftancf , and treachery of men. For he who lives always in th^ buftle of the world, lives in a perpetual warfare. Here, an enemy encounters ; there, a rival fnpplants him. The ingratitude of a friend ftings bin, this hour; and the pride of a fuperiour wounds him, the next. Ift vain he flies for relief, to trifline amufements. Thefe may afford a temporary opiate to care ; but tney communicate no ftrength to tlM* mind. On the contrary, they leave it more fofc and defenoeleft^' when the difturbances of life renew their attacks. ' Let him who wifties for an eflFedual cure to all the wounds which the world can inflid, retire from interconrfe with men tointercourfe with God. When he enters into his clofet, and ftiuts the door, let him (hot oat, at the fame time, all intruiion of worldly care \ and dwell among objects divine and immortal. Thofe fair profpe6ts of order and peace» ihali there open to his view, which form Che moft perfed contraft to the confiiiioQ and mifery of this earth. The celeftial inhabitants qoar- rcl not ; among them there it neither ingratitMde, nor envy, nor to* molt 282 Blair'i Sirmom. ttolt* Men may harafs one another ; but in the kingdom of GoJ; coacord and tranqoillity reign for ever.— From fuch objeds, there beams opon the mind of the pioaa man» a pare and enlivening light ; tlwre it diSnfed over hit heart, a holy calm. His agitated fpirit ro^ aflbmet its firmnefs, and regains its peace. The world finks in its xnporUiKe; and the load of mortality and mifery lofes aJmofl all its wei|;ht* The ^etn pafturts open, and the ftill lAJoters floiv around kim, befide which the Sbtfberd of T/ratl guides hia flock. The dif- tsrAancea and alarms, fo formidable to thofe who are engaged l« the tamoluof the world, feem to him only like thunder rolling afar x>fr; like the iioife of diftant waters, whofe found he hears, whofe courfe . he tracesv but whofe waves touch him nor.' The amiable virtue of gentUm/s^ as Di* Biair very juftly ob-* ferves in his fermon on this fubjed> is too feldom viewed in a feligious light ; and is more readily confidered by the bulk of men, as a mere felicity of nature, or an exterior accompli(h« nient of manners, than, as a Chriftian virtue which tbey are bound to cultivate. — He firft explains the nature of this virtue ; and then oiFers feme arguments to recommend, and fome di- ndioos to facilitate, the pradice of it. * I begin, fays he, with di(lingui(hing true gentlcpefs from paffive tamenefs of fpirit, and fi'om unlimited compliance with the manners of others. That paffive tamenefs which fubmiti, without Uruggie, to every incroachment of the violent and afTuming, forms no part of Chriflian duty ; but, on the contrary, is dellru£live of general hap-> pioefs and order. That unlimited complaifance, which, on every (Wcafion, fails in with the opinions and manners of others, is fo far fiom being a virtue, that ic is in itfelf a vice, and the parent of many vices. It overthrows all fteadinefs of principle ; and produces that finfuL conformity with the world, which taints the whole cha- racter. In the prefent corrupted flate of human manners, always to ' aflept and to comply, is the very woril maxim we can adopt. It is impoflibie to fupport the purity and dignity of Chriftian morals, withoot oppofing the worl4 on various occafions, even though we fhoold ftand alone.. That gentlenefs therefore which belongs to vir* toe, is to be carefully diflinguiih^d from the mean fpirit of cowards, and the fawning afifent of fycophants. It renounces no jafl right from fear. It gives up no important truth from flattery. It is in- deed not only confident with a firm mind, but it neceflarUy requires a manly fpirit, and a fixed principle, in order to give it any real value* Upon this folid ground only, the poli(h ol gentlenefs can with advantage be fuperinduced. * It flands oppofed, not to the mod determined regard for virtue and truth, but to harlhnefs and feverity, to arrogance and over- bearing, to violence and oppreffidn. It is, properly, that part of the great virtue of charity, which makes ns unwilling to give pain to any of our brethren. Compaflion prompts us to relieve their wants* Forbearance prevents us from retaliating their injuries* Meekneis reih-ains our angry pafiions ; candour, our fevere judgments. Gea<« tlenefs corredls whatever is ofienfive in our manners ; and, by a con* ftant train of humane attentions, Undies to alleviate the burden of common Blair'i Sermins* 283 common mifery. Its office^ theroferct is extenfive.' It is not, like fome other virtues^ called forth only on peculiar «mergeacies ; but it is continually in adlion, when we are engaged in intercoorfe with men. It ought to form our addrefs» to regulate our fpeech» and to diffufe itfelf over our whole behaviour* * I mull warn you, however, not to confound this gentle w/dmm luhicb is from aSove, with that artificial conrtefy, that iiudi^ fmoothnefs of manners, which is learned in the fchool of the world* Such accompliChments, the moft frivolous and empty may poflefs« Too often they are employed by the artfol as a faare ; too often af« faded by the hard and unfeeling, as a cover to the bsfenefs of their, minds. We cannot, at the iame time, avoid obferviog the homage, which, even in fuch inftances» the fpirit of the world is conibrained to pay to virtue. In order to render fociety agreeable, ic is found neoeffitr^ to aiTume fomewhat, that may at lead carry its appearance* Virtue IS the univeifal charm. Even its fliadow is courted, whea the fnbHance is wanting. The imitation of its form has been re- duced into an art; and, in the commerce of |ife, the firft ftudyof all who would either gain the efteem, or win the heans of others, is to learn the fpeech, and to adopt the mannen, of candour, gen* tlenefs, and humanity. But that gentlenefs which is t^e charade- riftic of a good man, has, like every other virtue, itsr feat in the heart : and, let me add, nothing except what flows from the heart, can render even external manners truly pleafing. For no alTumed behaviour can at all times hid-e,the real charafler. In that nnaffeded courtefy which fprings from a gentle mind, there is a charm infi- nitely more powerful, than in all the ftudied manners of the moft finiflied courtier. * True gen tlenefs is founded on a fenfe of what we owe to the God who made us, and to the common nature of which we all fhare. It arifes from refledion on our own failings and wants; and front' jttft views of the condition, and the duty of man. It is native feel*- ine, heightened and improved by principle. It is the heart which' eally relents; which feels for everything that is human; and it backward and (low to inilid the leaft wound. It is affable in its ad- . ^refs, and mild in its demeanour; ever ready to oblige, and willing to be obliged by others ; breathing habitual kindnefs towards friends, courtefy to ftrangers, long-fuffering to enemies. It exercifes autho- rity with moderation ; adminillcrs reproof with tendernefs ; confers favours with eafe and modefly. It is unafTuming in opinion, and temperate in zeal. It contends not eagerly about trifles ; flow to contradid, and ftill flower to blame ; but prompt to allay diflention, and to reftore peace. It neither intermeddles unnecefFarily with the affairs, nor pries inquifitively into the fecrets, of others. It delights above all things to alleviate diftrefs, and, if it cannot dry up the falling tear, to footh, at leaft, the grieving heart. Where it has not the power of being ufeful, it is never burdenfome. It feeks to pleafe, rather than to fhine and dazzle ; and conceals with care, that fnperiority either of talents, or of rank, which is oppreffive to thofe who are beneath it. In a word, it is that fpirit, and that tenor of manners, which the Gofpel of Chrift enjoins, when it commands ns tfi iiannt amthifi^t bwrdnu^ Is ujnu nnitb tk^i nut$ r^mi^ mul /# /• 384 Blaii^i Sifimnu ^iWiif "xitb tUfi a is placed, is the mind, the foul, the internal chara^er of onr fellow creatures ; which, furely^ is no lefs concealed, than the Divine Nature itfelf is, from the view of ienfe. From adions, we can only infer the difpofitions of m^ ; from what we fee of their behaviour, we collect what is invi/ible^ but the coojedlure which we form, is, at bell, imperfed; and wbea their adtions excite our love, much of cheir heart remaias ftill aa* known. I aflc then, in what refpefl God is lefs qualified than any other being, to be an objed of affedion ? Convinced that he exiAe; beholding his goodnefs fpread abroad in his works, exerted in the' government of the world, difplayed in fome meaiore to fenfe, in tbr anions of his Son Jefus Chrill ; are we not furnifhed with every cf« fential requilite which the heart demands, in order to indulge the moil warm, and at the fame time the moft rational emotions ? * If theie confiderations juftify (he reafonablenef^ of devotion, as exprefled in veneration, love, and gratitude, the fame train of thought will equally juftify it, when appearing in the forms of defire, delight, or refignation. The latter are, indeed, the confequencc of the former. For we cannot bat defire fome communication ^ah what, we iove; and wiH .naturally refign ourfeives to one, on whom' *** we ^, ^86 Blair^ Sirwms. we hrtt placed the fall confidence of affeaion. Tlie ifpirttioai ct « devoQt man after the favoar of God» are the efefU of that earoeft wiih for htppinefsy which glows in tstty breaft. All men have Somewhat that may be called die objed of their derotioo ; reputa- tion, pleafure, learning, riches, or whatever apparent good has ftroogly attached their heart. This becomes the center of attra^oii» which habitoalljr draws them towards it ; which quickens and regv* lates all their motions. While the men of the world are thoa clafled» aad easployed, according to the obje^ls which they feverally worihip, iuill he Only who direds his devotion towards the Sapreme Being, be exdaded from a place in the (yftem of rational condud ? or be id* lowed no paffions, which, in the conrfe of their purfuit, may melt with tendernefs, or rife into fervour ?— Having vindicated therea- Ibnablefs of devotion, I come, ' la the fecond place, to (how its importance, and die higli place which it poflefles in the fyllem of reUgipD. I addrefs my« &lf now to thofe, who, thongh they rejed not devotion as irra* tional» yet confider it as an nnneceffiiry refinement ; an attainment which may be fafely left to reclufe and fequeflered perfons, who aim mt uncommon fandity* The folid and material duties of a good life» thev hold to be in a ^reat meafnre independent of devout afi^ion } aad think them fufiiaently fnpported, by their neceflary connexion with our intereft, both in this and in a future world* They infift nuch upon religion being a calm, a fober, and rational principle of condud^. — I admit that it is very laudable to have a rational reli* gion. But I mnft admonilh you, that it is both reproachful and cri- ninal, to have an infenfible heart. If we reduce religion into fb . cool a ftate, as not to admit love, affedlion, and defire, we fhall leave it in poffeflion of fmall influence over human life. Look abroad into the world, and obferve how few a^ upon, deliberate and rational views of their true intereft. The bulk of mankind are impelled by their feelings. They are attracted by appearances of good. Tafle and inclination role their condoA. To dired their inclination and tafte towards* the higheft objedls ; to form a relilh within them, for virtuous and fplritnal enjoyment; to introduce religion into the heart, is the province of devotion ; and hence arifes its importance to the interefis of goodnefs. * Agreeably to this dodlrine, the great Author of our religion, who well knenu nubat *waj in man, laid the foundation of )\is whole fyfiem in the regeneration of the heart. The change which was to be ac- complilhed on his followers, he did not purpofe to effe^l, merely by regulating their external condufl ; but by forming within them a aew nature ; by taking anvay thtJfeart o/Jtone^ and giwng ibem a heart •fjiejhf that is, a heart relenting and tender, yielding to the Divine impulfe, and readily fufceptible of devout imprefiions. Tb9u Jbait &vi tbi Lfd tby G#y, nuitb all tby hearty and mind^ and /oul^ and Jhnngtb : This is tbt firfl and gr tat commandmint. My fin, gitn na thy kunrif u the call of God to each of us : and, indeed, if the heart "^ be withheld, it is not eafy to conceive, what other oAering we can prefent, that will be acceptable to him. ' Of what nature mud that man's religion be, who profefles to ;WQrflup God, and to believe in Qhriil, and yet raifea his thoughu 5 towards 'R\iix*s Sirmws. ttf towards God, and his Saviour, without any warmth of gratUudeor love ? 1 fpeak not of thofe occadonal decays of pious afflBj^lion, to which the bed are fubjedl, but of a total infenfibility to this pare of religion. Surely, let the outward behaviour be ever fo irreproack^ able, there muft be fome eiTential defedl in a heart, which remaioa always unmoved at the view of infinite goodnefs. The afFedliont cannot, in this cafe, be deemed to flow in their natural channel. Some concealed malignity mufl have tainted the inward frame. This is not the man whom you would chufe for your bofom-friend i or whofe heart you could expert to anfwer, with reciprocal warnith* to yours. His virtue, if it deferve that name, is not of the moft amiable fort ; and may, with reafon, receive the appellation (oftea injudiciouily beliowed) of cold and dry morality. Such a periba mufl, as yet, \itfarffm the kingdom 0fHta